MANET Routing Research Articles

Exploiting Conventional MANET Routing in UAV’s Based Environment

Nowadays, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), have indeed revolutionized various industries and opened up new possibilities. Additionally, a Flying Ad hoc Network (FANET), a group of UAVs can perform specific functions like delivering goods, assisting people after a disaster, monitoring the weather and environment, among others. FANET is another kind of ad-hoc mobile network. It is capable of connecting with its environment and other nodes to obtain critical information. It is particularly difficult to route across FANETs because of how mobility they are and how fast they may change layouts. Therefore, routing algorithms are crucial for improving the performance of ad-hoc networks. This article will analyse the performance of the AODV, DSDV, and TORA routing protocols in the FANET environment. The NS-2 simulator has been used for testing parameters such as jitter, throughput, End-to-End delay, and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The simulation results indicate that TORA outperforms AODV and DSDV routing protocols across all performance metrics except End-to-End Delay.

Utilizing a Routing Table of Proactive MANET Routing Protocol to Monitor a Group of People Mobility

Utilizing a Routing Table of Proactive MANET Routing Protocol to Monitor a Group of People Mobility

Efficient Routing in MANETs by Optimizing Packet Loss

Efficient Routing in MANETs by Optimizing Packet Loss

Enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm for Multi-Objective Node Disjoint Routing

Objectives: The research goal is to identify node-disjoint pathways maximizing path lifetime, delivery ratio, etc. while establishing several node-disjoint paths to optimize routing and enhance interference reduction and PDR efficiency. Methods: In the MANET, the Enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm (EWOA) is utilized to discover the most secure routing path. The dataset used in this research comprises simulated scenarios representing various network conditions and configurations, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed work. The software employed for simulation and analysis includes an NS-3 network simulation tool, allowing the model to evaluate the performance of the proposed routing protocol in diverse MANET scenarios. The parameters considered during the evaluation include throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and routing overhead. The modifications involve enhancing the routing algorithm to prioritize node-disjoint pathways, thus improving interference reduction, energy efficiency, and overall network performance. Findings: The EWOA for Multi-Objective Node Disjoint Routing demonstrates superior performance compared to existing routing protocols such as SRABC and OLSR across various key metrics. Specifically, in terms of end-to-end delay, EWOA consistently outperforms SRABC and OLSR by reducing delay by 1.3% and 4.7%, respectively. Additionally, EWOA achieves a higher packet delivery ratio, surpassing SRABC and OLSR by 4.3% and 0.4%, respectively. Moreover, EWOA exhibits higher throughput, with a throughput increase of 11.3% compared to SRABC and 6.2% compared to OLSR. Furthermore, EWOA demonstrates lower routing overhead, reducing overhead by 9.6% compared to SRABC and 3.1% compared to OLSR. These findings highlight the efficacy of EWOA in optimizing multi-objective routing in MANETs, offering improved network performance and efficiency compared to existing protocols. Novelty: The Multi-Objective Node Disjoint Routing Protocol with Enhanced Whale Optimization is utilized in MANET to choose the best route, reducing latency resulting from link failure and distributing traffic loads across multiple paths. Keywords: Optimization, Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Secure Routing Algorithm Blockchain Technology (SRABC)), MANET

Comprehensive Study and Review Various Routing Protocols in MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc networks are composed of various interconnections among large number of nodes deployed for monitoring the system by means of measurement of its parameters. Recent research in wireless sensor networks has led to various new protocols which are particularly designed for routing in MANETs. To design these networks, the factors needed to be considered are the coverage area, mobility, power consumption, communication capabilities etc. These papers discuss characteristics and performance of AODV, DSR, GRP, OLSR and TORA routing protocol. The paper attempts to explores the best suited routing protocol in various conditions and environments.

Analyze the Impact of Mobility and Pause Time on ACO based Manet Routing Protocols - Review

Abstract: Recently, many researchers have studied its performance within Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). Every ad hoc network protocol focuses on a different set of measurements and traits. The majority of the currently utilized mobility models are employed to provide realistic movement patterns for MANET scenarios. A crucial element in the creation of MANET protocols is simulation. The future topology of a network can be predicted, which enables Quality of service- aware routing to choose a dependable link for data transmission. Ant algorithms, also known as swarm intelligence, are a wider field of study that deals with algorithmic approaches that are motivated by the behaviour of ant colonies and other insects. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a subset of this larger topic. Based on the pheromone value deposited over the link, we identified two categories for the link quality in the proposed approach. We have demonstrated how the network's performance is enhanced by the suggested technique. The nodes are moving in the specified terrain dimensions through the Enhanced Manhattan Mobility Model (EMMM). The five QoS performance metrics are analyzed over three MANET routing protocols. The comparison is made over two important factors-mobility and pause time with the proposed ACO technique of reliable links. In the first experiment of different speeds, DSR is 25.5% better than AODV and 5.3% better than DSDVin metric packet dropping, 1.15% better than AODV and 1.01% better than DSDV in Packet Delivery Ratio, 1.5% better than AODV and 1.04% better than DSDV in packet overhead, and 62.7% better than AODV and 73.1% better than DSDV in average end-to-end delay. In the second experiment of pause times, DSR is 25.05% better than AODV and 4.5% better than DSDV in packet dropping, 1.18% better than AODV and 1.01% better than DSDV in packet delivery ratio, 1.01% better than DSDV in throughput, 0 to 0.002% in packet overhead, and 0.02% to 0.005% shorter delay.

An Efficient Delay Centric Speed and Directional Routing (DMDR) for Improved Routing in MANET

An Efficient Delay Centric Speed and Directional Routing (DMDR) for Improved Routing in MANET

Energy Efficient Routing Technique Using Enthalpy Ant Net Routing for Zone-Based MANETS

Routes discovery that can provide reliable data transmission in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks is challenging due to its wireless channel characteristics and dynamic transmission environment. Ad-hoc networks frequently experience link failure because nodes are mobile and their positions are not fixed. The cellular ad hoc community's dynamic nature makes it possible to analyze multi-route routing protocols specifically. One of the most trustworthy and environment-friendly routing methods is the Zone Routing Protocol used in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Offering timely and trustworthy communication services, however, depends critically on maintaining the Quality of Service, electricity performance, and outstanding resource management. In this research, we suggested an energy-efficient routing method for zone-based MANETs called enthalpy and net routing. First, a completely fuzzy quarter clustering based on an Energy guide is used to perform the clustering. With the help of fuzzy memberships, the AFCM set of rules permits the input of statistics for each elegance. In the second, the best route is selected using Enthalpy Ant Net Routing (EANR) while taking the following factors into account: community disconnection, channel error, buffer overflow, and contention at the link layer. The results of the experiment show that the collection of rules performs better than many existing algorithms in terms of community longevity, electricity consumption, and other metrics.

Enhancing Network Design through Statistical Evaluation of MANET Routing Protocols

Enhancing Network Design through Statistical Evaluation of MANET Routing Protocols

Performance evaluation of proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing protocols for small, medium, and large mobile ad hoc networks

The popularity of wireless ad hoc networks is increasing daily. Examples of such networks are MANETs, VANETs, and Sensor networks. These types of wireless networks are dynamic and have different working features in common, and it is not always obvious to know which network type should be used given the needs of users. Determining the best protocols for a particular sort of wireless network’s problems is frequently another challenge. We evaluate the above-mentioned networks to fill this gap and ultimately demonstrate that MANET is the best option since it can be easily deployed anywhere, at any time, to meet the needs of the majority of users. For evaluation purposes, we used prominent network evaluation parameter metrics, i.e., End-to-end Delay, Network Throughput, and Packet delivery ratio. We compare three different MANET routing protocol types—PROACTIVE, REACTIVE, and HYBRID—one from each type; DSDV [Proactive], TORA [Hybrid], and AODV [Reactive]. The simulations and their results for both small and large systems were done on the OPNET simulator. According to MANET, DSDV outperforms other protocols in networks with high node densities in terms of the same metrics, while TORA performs better in networks with low node densities in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and throughput.

An Operative IoT Grounded AEEBLR (Ant-Founded Efficient Energy and Balanced Load Routing) Method for Path Conjunction in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Approach

An architecture for a wireless network that is constantly developing, decentralized, and multi-hop is called a mobile ad hoc network. MANETs are able to function in many different contexts where regular networks are unable. As can be seen from the advantages listed above, these networks are well-suited for a wide variety of applications, some of which include military and commercial use, as well as applications relating to disaster management, rescue operations, and defense. Energy conservation is a standard factor that indicates the overall network lifetime in mobile ad hoc networks that operate on rechargeable or replaceable battery. This is because usage, battery power consumption in relation to transmission range, type of application running on each device, location, and other influences all play a part in determining the overall network lifetime. An earlier study used a method called ant colony optimization, which is a form of swarm intelligence enthused by the activity of foraging ants in colonies. The best possible travel plan was found using this strategy. Current MANETS routing systems face difficulties in load balancing and energy efficiency that must be overcome if optimal path convergence is to be achieved. When deciding on the next hop node, the IoT based AEEBLR method is recommended. The latency, energy consumption, congestion, and connection quality are all taken into account before making a final decision. The likelihood of selecting the next-hop node as the neighbor node is determined using these metrics. It is the following hop's probability that determines which ant agent goes forward and which goes backward. This paves the door for the creation of many paths, from which the most effective might be chosen for transmission. The results of the implementation show that the suggested AEEBLR technique outperforms the existing AESR approach when the number of packets, the number of nodes, and the mobility of nodes are all varied.

Power Aware MANET Routing Protocol for Efficient Packet Transmission Using T–Test and Sleep and Awake Strategy

The majority of the suggested routing protocols have not given any attention to energy consumption whatsoever, despite the fact that advances in battery design have not yet reached the point where a device can be able to operate for a longer amount of time. Energy-efficient routing is one of the crucial issues that must be taken into account in MANETs. Numerous scholars have offered highly effective solutions for this problem. Since all nodes in MANETs are connected to and run by low-power battery devices, energy-aware routing is without a doubt the highest design standard The lifespan of the network is eventually shortened when an intermediary node is shut down due to a power outage because it not only impacts the node's own system but also its capacity to relay packets on behalf of others. The untimely shutdown of a node damages the entire network system because packet forwarding on the route will become fully disconnected as soon as a node Electronics 2020, 9, 1129 5 of 64 fails due to a power outage. However, the preceding node continues to wastefully retransmit the same packets up to a specific threshold, wasting both its power and bandwidth in the process. The preceding node then informs the source that the path is severed as a result of this. Finally, route finding is once more carried out by the source node, which uses a lot of energy in the network. This work suggested a new routing method that uses the T-test procedure to discover the most effective path between nodes. This proposed technique recursively identifies the optimum way between nodes for communication, ensuring that each node participating in route discovery has enough energy for transmission. The T-Test procedure defines and supports the criteria for evaluating the nodes that are chosen and rejected during the route discovery process. This technique, in conjunction with T-Test, enables successful packet transmission in MANET packet flows with sleep and awake strategies. It is also developed using network simulation and compared to the present routing system, indicating that it performs better overall.

Reliable routing in MANET with mobility prediction via long short-term memory

A MANET consists of a self-configured group of transportable mobile nodes that lacks a central infrastructure to manage network traffic. To facilitate communication, govern route discovery, and manage resources, all moving nodes in multi-hop wireless networks (MANETs) work together. These networks struggle with dependability, energy consumption, and collision avoidance. The goal of this research project is to establish a new, dependable MANET routing model, where the selection of predictor nodes comes first. For selecting predictor nodes based on factors like distance, security (risk), Receiver Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and energy, the adaptive weighted clustering algorithm (AWCA) is used in this case. Using the Interfused Slime and Battle Royale Optimization with Arithmetic Crossover (IS&BRO–AC) model, the node with the lower weight is selected as the Cluster Head (CH). Additionally, mobility prediction is carried out, in which the node mobility is forecast using Improved Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) while taking distance and Receiver Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) into account. Based on the forecast, trustworthy data transfer is implemented, ensuring more accurate and dependable MANET routing. The examination of RSSI, PDR, and other metrics is completed at the end.

An adaptive congestion and energy aware multipath routing scheme for mobile ad-hoc networks through stable link prediction

Advancement in mobile ad-hoc network (MANET's) has offered solutions to wide range of real-time applications. MANET's consist of group of battery operated wireless mobile nodes that forms a dynamic topology and functions autonomously without infrastructure. Mobile nodes are limited to resource, bandwidth, energy and memory. Due to mobile nature of the nodes, mobility and resource limitations are the two major factors that affect MANET's performance. Frequent topology changes and mobility affects the link stability between two nodes, frequent link interruption results in network congestion, lead to packet drop and increase retransmission delays. During multihop data transmissions, the wireless channel is shared among neighbour nodes. Determining the channel status and predicting the quality of link is still a challenging issue. Existing MANET's routing scheme considers optimal hop count as a metric for data transmission and selects the shortest path. Due to nodes movement, frequent link failure occurs, resulting in packet loss and retransmission of packet, which restablished path avoids packets loss, and alternate paths can be discovered within time such that congestion is controlled and delay is minimised. Therefore, it is required to design routing scheme for MANET's that can adapt to network changes and conditions to support quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Congestion and Energy Aware Multipath Routing Scheme (ACEAMR) to provision QoS requirements in MANET's. ACEAMR discovers stable, energy aware, and congestion free paths towards destination. The congestion level at node is determined by computing queue utilization through adaptive feedback mechanism. ACEAMR integrates stable link prediction (SLP) to estimate the link quality and channel availability for reliable data transmission. Energy aware nodes are computed using fitness function of nodes having sufficient energy to extend network lifetime. Simulation results show that proposed ACEAMR achieves 30 % of higher throughput, 25 % more in packet delivery ratio, 27 % less delay and 28 % energy efficient compared to LLECP-AOMDV, OLEADM and AOMDV schemes.

Peli-Remo Optimization Algorithm for Reliable routing in MANET: K-means node clustering process and CNN based Energy Prediction

MANET, an ad hoc wireless network is made up of several nodes connected, governed by certain rules for packet movement from one node point to another. The structure of communication may be designed using a variety of protocols. For an ad hoc network, routing protocols are used to manage the connections. It must manage several issues, including supporting mobile devices and reducing overhead when nodes only have access to a portion of the resources. In order to improve the communication, this article suggests an effective MANET cluster-based routing paradigm for multimedia communication. The clustering process is started using the K-means clustering method. The Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) model will first predict the node energy. The cluster head will be chosen using the Hybrid Remora with Pelicon Optimization technique (HRPOA), that integrates the Remora optimization technique and the Pelican optimization algorithm. Further, reliable retransmission will increase the communication's reliability.

AN IMPROVEMENT OF NETWORK SECURITY IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING NOVEL THREAT DETECTION AND MITIGATION TECHNIQUES

MANETs are important as intermediary routers, yet they are an infrastructure-free communication network that falls under autonomous devices. There are two types of MANET routing protocols: proactive and reactive. Proactive routing protocols are known as OLSR, whereas reactive routing methods are known as AODV [1] and DSR [2]. Compared to proactive OLSR [3,], reactive AODV and DSR are more efficient and scalable due to their reduced routing expense.
 AODV and DSR were designed with the assumption that all nodes should trust each other and that there should be no malicious spying between nodes in the network. As a result, the existence of any node poses security difficulties. Also, bandwidth is vital in network communication because wireless links are considerably better than wired links. Noise, interference from other signals, and fading could all damage wireless link communications.

A Novel Fuzzy Marine White Shark Optimization Based Efficient Routing and Enhancing Network Lifetime in MANET

A Novel Fuzzy Marine White Shark Optimization Based Efficient Routing and Enhancing Network Lifetime in MANET

Optimizing Routing in MANETs with Energy Conservation

Context: In Wireless Networks, MANETs can dynamically create a network without relying on a central hub or infrastructure. These features will be helpful for scenarios such as disaster relief or military operations. However, the absence of a central authority presents challenges concerning security and routing, affecting the network's stability and capabilities. Approach: A proposed scheme incorporates the consideration of the power factor when selecting routes to handle the challenges efficiently. These are integrated with the widely used AODV routing protocol and simulated using the NS-2 simulator. We evaluate the simulated results to determine the impact of the proposed scheme on the network. Findings: The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the suggested approach significantly improves network performance concerning power consumption and stability. Including the power factor in route selection positively influences the network's capacity to maintain efficient communication and reduce the energy consumed. Type of paper: Review based Analysis.

Ad Hoc Wireless Networks With QoS Guarntees For LTE Femtocell-Macrocell Networks

LTE analysis is this thesis' goal. Femtocell Network Implementation Indoor data traffic is predicted to dominate future data traffic. Using macrocellular coverage in high-traffic areas is difficult and expensive. Femtocells, low-power cellular base stations, can improve coverage and data throughput. A connected femtocell-macrocell network improves coverage, QoS, cost, and energy efficiency. In an integrated network, the number of Femtocell Access Points (FAPs) and macrocell-femtocell interference must be considered to ensure service quality. Control transfer, interference management, and resource allocation affect service quality. A seamless transition between macrocell and femtocell networks ensures service quality. Due to their small size, femtocells may handover often. Thus, effective decision methods are needed for smooth macrocell-femtocell transitions. One handover selection technique for macrocells to femtocells and another for femtocells to macrocells is provided. These algorithms consider numerous parameters, including UE velocity and RSS strength. Boosting throughput and spectrum efficiency while lowering packet loss ratio, handover latency, and packet delay can improve quality of service. Several quality of service measures were used to evaluate the handover strategy. LTE-compatible MANETs are another option. MANET topology management and routing techniques were studied in this work. GPSR routing and Boos flock topology management were used to build the network. Simulations are done using MatLab's "MONSTeR" model. The model is built with MatLab LTE system tools. Anyone can use the model on GitHub. This power-saving approach also affects user QoE in throughput and retransmissions. By training, testing, and validating our models using the KDD Cup 2015 dataset, we may improve femtocell networks employing mobile ad hoc network communication. The data show that switching from "always-on" to "on-when-needed" may sustain QoE

Scheduling Algorithm for Wireless Network Using FIFO – A Study

Since the network is managed by no fixed infrastructure, the MANET does indeed have a number of issues, including frequent link failures, hidden nodes, a changing topology because of mobility, increased interference and constrained bandwidth because of the shared medium, and rapid power consumption on the mobile nodes. Due to these and other factors, it has developed into a difficult study subject. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) MANET group has suggested several design principles for MANET routing protocols. Many different technologies, including satellite systems, television remote controls, computer interface devices, and GPS systems, can use wireless networks. "Faulty nodes" are nodes that act improperly as a result of an error or accident. The other category is referred to as "malicious nodes," and it includes those that have been taken advantage of by an attacker. FIFO queuing is used in the NS2 simulator's scheduling method. In order to achieve Quality of Service (QoS), the performance of the First in First out (FIFO) scheduling method is assessed in this paper.