Routine Follow-up Of Patients Research Articles

Dramatic Hemorrhagic Papilledema After Surgical Resection of Meningioma

To date there is no consensus regarding ophthalmology follow-up of patients with papilledema after resection of an intracranial mass. We present a case of drastically worsening papilledema after resection of an intracranial meningioma and discuss the possible mechanisms behind this. This article aims to highlight the potential utility of routine ophthalmology follow-up for patients with papilledema after resection of an intracranial mass. Further works could quantify the incidence of post-operative worsening or recurring papilledema, their association with a pathological cause, and its effect on vision.

Effectiveness, reach, uptake and feasibility of digital health interventions for adults with venous thromboembolism: protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionPrevention of recurrence after an episode of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and also the post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), is still a recognised challenge. In this meta-analysis, we will summarise existing evidence to...

Adherence to Growth Hormone Treatment in Children During COVID-19 Pandemic

Treatment adherence is crucial for the success of growth hormone (GH) therapy. Reported nonadherence rates in GH treatment have varied widely. Several factors may have an impact on adherence. Apart from these factors, the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including problems with hospital admission and routine follow-up of patients using GH treatment, may have additionally affected the adherence rate. The primary objective of this study was to investigate adherence to treatment in patients receiving GH. In addition, potential problems with GH treatment during the pandemic were investigated. This was a multicenter survey study that was sent to pediatric endocrinologists in pandemic period (June 2021-December 2021). Patient data, diagnosis, history of pituitary surgery, current GH doses, duration of GH therapy, the person administering therapy (either parent/patient), duration of missed doses, reasons for missed doses, as well as problems associated with GH therapy, and missed dose data and the causes in the recent year (after the onset of the pandemic) were queried. Treatment adherence was categorized based on missed dose rates over the past month (0 to 5%, full adherence; 5.1 to 10% moderate adherence; >10% nonadherence). The study cohort consisted of 427 cases (56.2% male) from thirteen centers. Median age of diagnosis was 8.13 (0.13-16) years. Treatment indications were isolated GH deficiency (61.4%), multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (14%), Turner syndrome (7.5%), idiopathic GH deficiency (7.5%), small for gestational age (2.8%), and "others" (6.8%). GH therapy was administered by parents in 70% and by patients in 30%. Mean daily dose was 32.3 mcg/kg, the annual growth rate was 1.15 SDS (min -2.74, max 9.3). Overall GH adherence rate was good in 70.3%, moderate in 14.7%, and poor in 15% of the patients. The reasons for nonadherence were mainly due to forgetfulness, being tired, inability to access medication, and/or pen problems. It was noteworthy that there was a negative effect on adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic reported by 22% of patients and the main reasons given were problems obtaining an appointment, taking the medication, and anxiety about going to hospital. There was no difference between genders in the adherence rate. Nonadherence to GH treatment decreased significantly when the patient: administered the treatment; was older; had longer duration of treatment; and during the pandemic. There was a non-significant decrease in annual growth rate as nonadherence rate increased. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the poor adherence rate was 15%, and duration of GH therapy and older age were important factors. There was a negative effect on adherence during the pandemic period.

The Role of Surveillance Imaging in Patients with Advanced Laryngeal Cancer

Background: While almost one-third of patients treated for laryngeal cancer will experience disease recurrence, the current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines do not recommend routine post-treatment imaging follow-up. We aimed to examine the yield of post-treatment imaging surveillance among patients with primary advanced laryngeal cancer. Methods: Patients treated for advanced-stage laryngeal carcinoma between 2000 and 2020 in a tertiary care medical center were retrospectively reviewed. Data collected included demographics, clinical and pathological features, treatment modalities, tumor recurrence data including the diagnostic modality (patient’s symptoms, physical examination, or imaging), and outcome. Results: The cohort included 123 patients with advanced-stage laryngeal cancer. Thirty-five (28.7%) patients experienced disease recurrence with fourteen recurrences (40%) diagnosed by imaging. Patients diagnosed by imaging had a shorter time to recurrence diagnosis (23.8 vs. 45.9 months, p-value = 0.016), with similar 5-year overall and disease-specific survival (20.6% vs. 26.6%, log-rank p-value = 0.53 and 62.1% vs. 59.7%, log-rank p-value = 0.87, respectively). Conclusions: Performance of routine post-treatment imaging follow-up in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer was associated with a shorter time to diagnosis of recurrence and similar survival rates. Imaging follow-up should be considered in cases where clinical follow-up is limited and according to the judgment of the treating physician.

Heterotopic ossification, osteolysis and implant failure following cervical total disc replacement with the M6-C™ artificial disc

IntroductionA recent study reported a 34% mid-term revision rate after M6-C™ cervical total disc replacement (CTDR) for wear-related osteolysis. Here, we aim to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and radiographic characteristics of periprosthetic bony changes and implant failure of the M6-C™ artificial disc.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed radiographic (conventional X-ray, CT scan) and clinical outcomes (EQ-5D-5L, Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for neck and arm pain) data collected during routine follow-up of patients who underwent CTDR with the M6-C™ between 2011 and 2015.ResultsIn total, 85 patients underwent CTDR with the M6-C™. Follow-up data were available for 43 patients (54% female, mean age 44 years) with 50 implants and a mean follow-up of 8.1 years (6.5–11 years). Implant failure with the presence of severe osteolysis was identified in 5 (12%) patients who were all male (p = 0.016) and implanted at the C5/6 level (p = 0.11). All failed implants required revision surgery. The overall prevalence of osteolysis was 44% (22/50 implants) and 34% (17/50 implants) for significant heterotopic ossification. Patients with high-grade osteolysis showed higher VAS arm pain (p = 0.05) and lower EQ-5D-VAS health VAS (p = 0.03).ConclusionWe report a lower reoperation rate for failed M6-C™ implants than previously published, but confirmed that osteolysis and heterotopic ossification are common following CTDR with the M6-C™ and may be asymptomatic. Therefore, we strongly recommend ongoing clinical and radiographic monitoring after CTDR with the M6-C™, particularly for male patients implanted at the C5/6 level.

New trends associated with disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis

Background/Aim: The severity and extent of ulcerative colitis (UC) guide us in determining the treatment method for each case. It has been suggested in the literature that high neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratios can serve as markers of active ulcerative colitis. This study retrospectively analyzes the relationship between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio with clinical activity indices and endoscopic activity indices in predicting disease severity in patients with ulcerative colitis. There are few studies in the literature regarding the relationship between platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and disease activation in ulcerative colitis. This study contributes to the follow-up and outcomes of these patients, as there is a lack of sufficient retrospective studies on the platelet/lymphocyte ratio in patients diagnosed with UC in our country and worldwide. Methods: This study is a population-based, single-center, case-controlled study. It was conducted by retrospectively analyzing the hospital information system for data recorded during the routine diagnosis and treatment of ulcerative colitis patients followed and treated at Celal Bayar University Medical Faculty Gastroenterology Division between January 2014 and December 2021. A total of 135 patients with ulcerative colitis were included in the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups, active disease and disease in remission, based on clinical activity indices and endoscopic activity indices. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) levels were checked during routine follow-up of patients with ulcerative colitis. These values were recorded at the first presentation to the hospital and 3 months after treatment. Results: Laboratory values at presentation were compared with those at the third month of treatment in a group of 113 patients with UC in remission: NLR (5.529 (3.485) and 4.374 (2.335), [P<0.001]), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (26.81 (20.42) and 21.78 (19.32), [P=0.015]), C-reactive protein (4.087 (6.729) and 1.696 (3.525), [P<0.001]), and white blood cell count (9,864 (3,514) and 8,067 (1,927), [P<0.001]) were found to be lower than the baseline values. As expected, decreases in inflammatory markers were observed in patients in remission. In a group of 22 patients with active disease, values at presentation were compared with those at the third month of treatment: neutrophil count (8,508 (2,908) and 9,646 (3,265), [P=0.037]) and platelet count (289,591 (95,123) and 323,364 (127,647), [P=0.010]) were found to be high. Similarly, ESR (19.63 (15.43) and 27.89 (21.11), [P=0.036]) was found to be high. These values were higher in active disease compared to the time of admission. Conclusion: In our study, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratios and platelet-lymphocyte ratios were significantly higher in patients with active ulcerative colitis. The level of inflammatory markers in ulcerative colitis patients at the time of diagnosis and in the early stages of the disease is helpful in predicting the course of the disease, and this was shown to be related to clinical, endoscopic, and laboratory indices. These inflammatory markers can predict disease activity alone or in combination. However, a threshold value could not be calculated due to the insufficient number of patients, and thus, more comprehensive prospective studies are needed.

Liaw's Ellipse Anteversion Method for Distinguishing Acetabular Component Retroversion from Anteversion on Plain Radiographs.

Improper acetabulum component position is a significant risk factor for postoperative dislocation after total hip arthroplasty. Several radiographic two-dimensional methods exist for measuring acetabulum component anteversion, but they cannot distinguish between anteversion and retroversion. "Liaw's version," initially proposed as a simple mathematical standardized two-dimensional method, was modified to the computerized ellipse method, proving superior accuracy to traditional two-dimensional methods. In this article, we demonstrated its application in detecting and measuring retroverted acetabulum component. We obtained anteroposterior pelvis radiographs from a patient undergoing total hip arthroplasty on the day of surgery and 2 weeks postoperatively. The computerized ellipse method was used to measure the acetabulum component orientation. Upon comparison, the difference between θ assigned to be retroverted (9.52-8.56 = 0.96) is much smaller than the difference between θ assigned to be anteverted (23.81-18.86 = 4.95), leading us to determine retroversion. This was further confirmed by computed tomography at the 6-week follow-up. We propose that using the computerized ellipse method to measure Liaw's version can be a valuable tool in identifying acetabulum component retroversion on anteroposterior radiographs during routine postoperative follow-up and retrospective assessments of total hip arthroplasty patients.

Feasibility and acceptability of mobile phone-based triage tool to identify discharged trauma patients in need of further care in Cameroon

BackgroundLack of routine follow-up for trauma patients after hospital discharge likely contributes to high rates of injury-related complications in Cameroon. Mobile phone contact may facilitate timely follow-up and reduce disability...

Transient liver elastography in the follow-up of Fontan patients: results of a nation wide survey in Germany.

Fontan-palliated patients are at risk for the development of Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD). Currently, there is no consensus on how to stage FALD. Transient elastography (TE) is a rapid, non-invasive method to assess FALD and liver fibrosis. To assess the availability and conditions of using TE to monitor liver disease in Fontan patients in german centers for pediatric cardiology and to propose the introduction of a standardized national protocol for the monitoring of liver disease, we developed a questionnaire. In total, 95 valid questionnaires were collected. Only 20% of the centers offer the TE investigation directly. Most of the centers transfer the patients to another department or center (40%) or didńt offer TE (40%). In only 2.6% of the centers TE is performed directly by the cardiologist. Most of the centers transfer the patients to a other department. In 29.2% TE is performed only at a certain age of the patients and in 27.7% it is performed if the patients present symptoms of failing Fontan. In only 13.9% of the centers TE is proposed in all the Fontan patients on a routine basis. Most often TE is performed only from the beginning of the adolescence. In the majority of answers it was not known if the patients are fasting for the examination (68%) or not and if the TE examination had to be performed in a specific breathing phase during TE (Inspiration/Expiration, 90%). In the majority, TE is not offered routinely (46.9%). To date in Germany, TE is only used in a few numbers of centers specialized in Fontan follow-up. A standardized protocol to use TE is currently not existing. With regard to the feasibility of the examination, it is evident that TE is a quick, cheap and easy method to distinguish between cases with and without progressive FALD. This makes TE a useful and prognostic tool for screening of liver disease and to failing Fontan circulation. We propose a systematic TE evaluation of possible liver congestion and fibrosis, as a part of the routine follow-up of Fontan patients.

Analysis of the costs associated with the follow-up of HIV patients discontinuing antiretroviral treatment due to lack of effectiveness or unacceptable toxicity in Spain

ObjectiveTo assess the use of resources and the costs associated with following up patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus after discontinuation of an antiretroviral treatment and initiation of a new one due to a lack of effectiveness or unacceptable toxicity, as compared to the costs involved in the routine follow-up of patients on antiretroviral treatment, from the Spanish National Health System perspective. MethodThe use of resources (clinical tests, medical visits, and hospital pharmacy visits) associated with following three profiles of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (stable ones, those discontinuing an existing antiretroviral treatment and being switched to a new one due to a lack of effectiveness, and those discontinuing an existing antiretroviral treatment and being switched to a new one due to unacceptable toxicity) was identified, based on clinical practice guidelines and the findings of a multidisciplinary expert panel (n = 5). The experts agreed on the main adverse events leading to discontinuation, classifying them into gastrointestinal, renal, osseous, musculoskeletal, dermatological, hepatic, lipid profile-related, neuropsychiatric and sexual alterations. Unit costs were identified from official healthcare costs databases. The cost (€, 2020) of following up each patient profile was estimated, excluding the cost of the antiretroviral treatment itself, with a time horizon of two years. ResultsThe per-patient cost of following up stable patients over two years was estimated at €4,148 (tests: €2,293; visits: €1,855). Patient follow-up after discontinuation of an existing antiretroviral treatment and initiation of a different one due to a lack of effectiveness was estimated at €5,434 (tests: €2,777; visits: €2,657). The cost of follow-up after discontinuation of an existing regimen and initiation of a new one due to unacceptable toxicity varied according to the adverse event prompting the switch, ranging from €4,690 for lipid profile dysregulation, to €5,304, for musculoskeletal alterations. In this patient profile, the cost of tests ranged from €2,403 to €3,017, and that of visits from €2,287 to €2,842. ConclusionsThe cost associated with following up of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus after discontinuation of an existing antiretroviral regimen and initiation of a new one is higher than that of routine follow-up, without taking the cost of drugs into account. The treatment discontinuation rate is a relevant factor when selecting the most appropriate therapy for each patient.

Aromatase Inhibitors May Increase the Risk of Cardiometabolic Complications in Adolescent Boys.

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are increasingly used in children and adolescents to augment adult height. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects AIs have on cardiac morphology, functions and their relation to several metabolic parameters in adolescent boys. Three groups matched for sex (boys, n = 67), age (median age 13.5 years), weight, height, body mass index, and puberty stages were enrolled: (i) Group 1: 23 patients using AIs (only AI(n = 6) or in combination with growth hormone (GH) (n = 17)) for at least 6 months; (ii) Group 2: 22 patients using only GH, and (iii) Group 3: 22 healthy boys. Two-dimensional, M-mode conventional Doppler and tissue Doppler examinations of the left ventricle (LV) were performed. Bioelectrical bioimpedance analyses was conducted and follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, total testosterone, lipid, and hemogram parameters were obtained. Patients in Group 1 had significantly higher serum total testosterone (p < 0.001) and hemoglobin (p < 0.001) levels, fat free mass (p = 0.005), LV mass (LVM) (p = 0.002), as well as increased LV posterior wall diameter (LVPWD) (p = 0.002), interventricular septum diameter (IVSD) (p = 0.019), and myocardial systolic wave velocity (Sm)(p = 0.020) compared to the two other control groups. No significant differences were observed in terms of diastolic and systolic functions and lipid profiles (p > 0.05). There were positive correlations between total testosterone, hemoglobin levels, LVM, LVPWD and IVSD (p < 0.05). Increased LVM, LVPWD, IVSD and Sm of patients receiving AI therapy in comparison to the control groups, and the significant correlations of these parameters with total testosterone and hemoglobin levels were determined as potential side effects of AIs. These findings emphasize the need of routine cardiac follow-up in patients using AIs.

The TeleTriageTeam, Offering Continuity of Personalized Care Through Telemedicine: Development and Evaluation.

The COVID-19 pandemic taught us how to rethink care delivery. It catalyzed creative solutions to amplify the potential of personnel and facilities. This paper presents and evaluates a promptly introduced triaging solution that evolved into a tool to tackle the ever-growing waiting lists at an academic ophthalmology department, the TeleTriageTeam (TTT). A team of undergraduate optometry students, tutor optometrists, and ophthalmologists collaborate to maintain continuity of eye care. In this ongoing project, we combine innovative interprofessional task allocation, teaching, and remote care delivery. In this paper, we described a novel approach, the TTT; reported its clinical effectiveness and impact on waiting lists; and discussed its transformation to a sustainable method for delivering remote eye care. Real-world clinical data of all patients assessed by the TTT between April 16, 2020, and December 31, 2021, are covered in this paper. Business data on waiting lists and patient portal access were collected from the capacity management team and IT department of our hospital. Interim analyses were performed at different time points during the project, and this study presents a synthesis of these analyses. A total of 3658 cases were assessed by the TTT. For approximately half (1789/3658, 48.91%) of the assessed cases, an alternative to a conventional face-to-face consultation was found. The waiting lists that had built up during the first months of the pandemic diminished and have been stable since the end of 2020, even during periods of imposed lockdown restrictions and reduced capacity. Patient portal access decreased with age, and patients who were invited to perform a remote, web-based eye test at home were on average younger than patients who were not invited. Our promptly introduced approach to remotely review cases and prioritize urgency has been successful in maintaining continuity of care and education throughout the pandemic and has evolved into a telemedicine service that is of great interest for future purposes, especially in the routine follow-up of patients with chronic diseases. TTT appears to be a potentially preferred practice in other clinics and medical specialties. The paradox is that judicious clinical decision-making based on remotely collected data is possible, only if we as caregivers are willing to change our routines and cognitions regarding face-to-face care delivery.

In-Person Clinic Visits After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Lessons Learned From COVID-19 Pandemic

IntroductionThe utility of routine in-person clinic appointments after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is uncertain, especially after the increase of telehealth visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of routine in-person follow-up for patients undergoing LC prior to changes implemented during the pandemic and to determine whether a return to routine in-person follow-up is warranted. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed follow-up encounters for all patients undergoing LC from April 2018 to February 2020. All patients were routinely scheduled for in-person postoperative clinic follow-up 2-4 wk after discharge. Follow-up was considered nonroutine if new studies or medications were ordered, the patient was referred to the emergency department or readmitted, or malignancy was identified on pathology review. ResultsOf 661 patients undergoing LC, 449 (68%) attended their scheduled in-person postoperative appointment and 212 (32%) did not. The postoperative appointment was nonroutine for 39 patients (9% of clinic attenders). Readmission occurred in 42 patients, with no differences between clinic attenders and nonattenders (P = 0.12). Furthermore, attending a postoperative clinic visit did not affect odds of readmission (odds ratio: 0.705, 95% confidence interval: 0.368, 1.351; P = 0.29). Readmission occurred on median day 9 after discharge in both groups. ConclusionsThe incidence of nonroutine follow-up after LC is low, and attendance at follow-up clinic was not associated with reduced readmissions. A return to routinely scheduling in-person follow-up 2-4 wk after discharge may not be warranted. Telehealth visits within 1 wk of discharge after LC should be considered.

Mobile health follow-up screening to risk stratify patients in need of further care in a low resource setting: Results from a prospective multisite implementation study.

Routine in-person follow-up for injured patients after hospital discharge is unfeasible in low- and middle-income countries where trauma morbidity and mortality are the highest. Mobile technology screening may facilitate early detection of complications and timely treatment. In this prospective, multisite implementation study, we cross-validate the performance of a cellphone screening tool developed to risk stratify trauma patients in need of further care after discharge in Cameroon. Between June 2019 and August 2022, research assistants contacted trauma patients by cellphone 2 weeks after discharge to administer a 14-question follow-up survey. All surveyed patients were asked to return for a physical examination. Physicians blinded to survey results categorized patients as low or moderate or high risk (HR) for poor outcomes without further care. Logistic regression tested associations between each survey question and physician examination. Predictive survey questions generated a preliminary model with high sensitivity for identifying patients in need of further care. Of 1,712 successfully contacted patient households, 96% (1643) participated in telephone triage compared with 33% (560) who returned for physician examination. Physicians designated 39% (220) as being HR. On multiple logistic regression, 8 of 13 candidate triage questions were independently associated with HR. Positive survey response on the resultant eight question screen yielded 89.2% sensitivity for HR with a 10.8% false negative rate. Weighted for variable importance based on triage risk scores, 39% of triaged patients screened as low risk, 39% as moderate risk, and 22% as high risk for HR. Likelihood of HR was significantly greater for patients screening as high (odds ratio, 5.9) or moderate risk (odds ratio, 1.9; both p < 0.01). Cellphone triage provides sensitive risk stratification of patients in need of further care after hospital discharge in Cameroon. Given low in-person return rates, limited resources should highly prioritize efforts to repatriate patients screening as high risk for poor outcomes. Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III.

Comparison of echocardiographic aortic stiffness index measurements and pulse wave velocity measurements in obese and overweight children.

Aortic/arterial stiffness is a reliable, independent predictor and a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. Arterial stiffness is assessed by pulse wave velocity and echocardiography. The purpose of this study is to analyse aortic/arterial stiffness in patients using echocardiographic and pulse wave velocity techniques. The participants of this study consisted of 62 patients who presented to the Gazi University Pediatric Endocrinology and Pediatric Cardiology outpatient clinics, including 21 obese, 20 overweight, and 21 normal-weight patients. Echocardiography was performed on all patients, and echocardiographic measurements were compared to pulse wave velocity measurements. The mean (min-max) arterial strain measurements were 0.146 ± 0.0 (0.06-0.3) in the obese group and 0.106 ± 0.0 (0.05-0.18) in the overweight group. In comparison to the overweight group, the obese group had greater arterial strain measurements. The pulse wave velocity measurements in the obese and overweight groups were greater than those in the normal weight group (p > 0.05). Elastic modulus and aortic stiffness ß index values were shown to be positively correlated with pulse wave velocity measurements in the obese group (r = 0.56, r = 0.53, respectively; p = 0.008, p = 0.01, respectively). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements were correlated with pulse wave velocity measurements in the obese group (r = 0.98, p = 0.0001, respectively). In our study, echocardiographic aortic measurements showing the vessel wall were correlated with pulse wave velocity measurements. Echocardiographic evaluation should be included in the routine follow-up of patients because pulse wave velocity measurement devices are not available in all centres, echocardiography is available in many centres, it is easily applicable, and it facilitates the follow-up of patients.

Effect of diabetic macular oedema on serum iron status indicators

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance The role of subclinical inflammation in the pathophysiology of diabetic macular oedema (DME), which is known to be quite complex, is of much interest. Serum ferritin level, which is an indicator of body iron stores, is both an inflammatory marker for various neurodegenerative diseases and an important indicator in the evaluation of iron-induced oxidative stress. Background Iron metabolism indicators play a role in the formation and development of diabetic retinopathy, which is known to be associated with subclinical inflammation, and may also play a role in the pathogenesis of DME. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of serum iron metabolism markers in the pathogenesis of DME. Materials and methods The files of all nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) patients who were scheduled for the first intravitreal injection for DME in the eye clinic between January 2019 and January 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. By examining the files of all diabetes mellitus patients who attended the outpatient eye clinic on the same dates, those without retinopathy and those with NPDR but not DME were recorded. All results, including a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, laboratory data of fasting blood tests, and an internal medicine outpatient examination were collected for analysis. Results Of the 157 participants, 44 were NPDR patients with oedema, 50 were NPDR patients without oedema, and 63 were patients without retinopathy. There was a significant difference between the groups in respect of creatinine, high-density lipoprotein, mean corpuscular volume, serum iron and ferritin, total iron binding capacity and transferrin saturation (p < 0.050). Ferritin values were found to be significantly higher in patients with macular oedema. Other iron status markers were found to be significantly lower (p < 0.050). Conclusion Evaluation of serum iron status indicators in the routine follow-up of diabetic patients may be of diagnostic and/or prognostic benefit in terms of DME.

Clinical value of fecal calprotectin for evaluating disease activity in patients with Crohn's disease.

Objective: To explore the clinical value of fecal calprotectin (FC) for evaluating disease activity in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and its relationship with disease location. Methods: Patients with CD were enrolled retrospectively, and clinical data, including FC levels, were collected. Clinical activity was assessed using the Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI). Endoscopic activity was assessed using a simple endoscopic score for Crohn's disease (SES-CD). The partial SES-CD (pSES-CD) was scored for the size of ulcers in each segment as defined by the SES-CD and was calculated as the sum of segmental ulcer scores. Results: This study included 273 CD patients. The FC level was significantly positively correlated with the CDAI and SES-CD, with correlation coefficients of 0.666 and 0.674, respectively. The median FC levels in patients with clinical remission and mildly active and moderately-severely active disease were 41.01, 164.20, and 444.45μg/g. These values were 26.94, 66.77, and 327.22μg/g during endoscopic remission and mildly and moderately-severely active stages, respectively. Compared with c-reactive protein (CRP), the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and other biomarker parameters, FC was better at predicting disease activity for CD patients. For an FC <74.52μg/g, the area under the curve (AUC) for predicting clinical remission was 0.86, with a sensitivity of 89.47% and a specificity of 71.70%. Moreover, endoscopic remission was predicted with a sensitivity of 68.02% and a specificity of 85.53%. The AUC was 0.83, and the cutoff value was 80.84μg/g. In patients with ileal and (ileo) colonic CD, FC was significantly correlated with the CDAI, SES-CD, and pSES-CD. The correlation coefficients were 0.711 (CDAI), 0.473 (SES-CD), and 0.369 (pSES-CD) in patients with ileal CD and 0.687, 0.745, and 0.714 in patients with (ileo) colonic CD, respectively. For patients in remission, those in the active stage, and those with large or very large ulcers, differences in FC levels were not significant between patients with ileal and (ileo) colonic CD. Conclusion: FC is a reliable predictor of disease activity in patients with CD, including those with ileal CD. FC is thus recommended for the routine follow-up of patients with CD.

Bladder metastasis from epidermal growth factor receptor mutant lung cancer: A case report

Bladder metastasis from lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation is extremely rare. Here, we report a case of bladder metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutation. A 53-year-old female patient was diagnosed with advanced lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR exon 19 deletion. Multiple nodules on the bladder wall were found by regular examination of the pelvic cavity through computed tomography during targeted therapy. Further cystoscopy and histological examination of bladder biopsy tissues confirmed the bladder metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma. In addition, genetic analysis of the bladder metastasis revealed EGFR T790M mutation. The patient achieved a good response to a third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. During routine follow-up of lung cancer patients, imaging examination of the pelvic cavity should be performed to avoid missing bladder metastasis. The ultimate diagnosis of bladder metastasis sill depends on the pathological result of biopsy tissues.

A study of auditory brainstem response in vitiligo patients

Introduction and Aim: Vitiligo is a hypomelanotic, idiopathic disease influencing entire pigmentary system which includes stria vascularis of internal ear described by depigmented patches in the skin because of absence of melanin and functioning melanocytes in the epidermis. The aim of this study was to assess the audiological irregularities by assessing the brain stem auditory evoked potential in vitiligo patients and comparing with the healthy controls. Materials and Methods: Forty clinically confirmed vitiligo patients of 20 to 40 years of both genders, with or without therapy were enlisted from the Dermatology and cosmetology outpatient clinics, Government Stanley Hospital. Forty controls with similar ages and genders were chosen. The Neuro perfect Medicaid polyrite instrument was used in recording Brainstem Evoked Reaction Audiometry (BERA) in both vitiligo individuals and controls. Inter-Peak Latencies (IPL) and Absolute Wave Latencies (AWL)were measured and analysed by using SPSS version 17. Student's independent 't' test was done for comparing the groups. Results: AWL and IPL of the two ears were measured and both were compared in the study and control groups. In the left ear, AWL III of study subjects had a significant increase 3.34+0.16 than that of controls 3.27+0.19; IPL I-III also significantly increased in the study subjects 1.91+0.16 than the controls 1.77+0.17. In the right ear, AWL III of study subjects had a significant increase 3.18+0.17 than the controls 3.06+0.15; IPL I-III also significantly increased in the study subjects 1.79+0.17 than the controls 1.64+0.16. Conclusion: BERA findings were abnormal in clinically asymptomatic research subjects, suggesting that this test should be included in the routine follow-up of vitiligo patients to detect audiological subclinical involvement.

Do live-stream telemedicine follow-up appointments for a Ponseti-treated clubfoot caseload compare favourably with a face-to-face review? Observed clinical outcomes and treatment provision during the COVID-19 pandemic

Restrictions on face-to-face (F2F) healthcare services during the recent COVID-19 pandemic necessitated novel provision of care for Ponseti-treated clubfoot patients. This retrospective review compares the effectiveness of telemedicine (TM) using live-stream videoconferencing compared to conventional F2F review, in two cohorts of 78 patients attending routine follow-up, during Ponseti-treated clubfoot bracing in their first 5 years. Rates of compliance, recurrence of deformity, and type of intervention provided were compared between cohorts. The TM cohort was re-evaluated F2F as part of routine follow-up care. Attendance rates were compared between cohorts and with an equivalent time period the previous year. There was no significant difference in the rate of compliance between cohorts (77% in the TM group, 74% in the F2F group), or in the rate of recurrence. Subsequent F2F review of the TM cohort showed that compliance had improved in some patients, indicating successful TM intervention. There were no missed cases of recurrence. TM follow-up appointments offered similar rates of management of skin problems, brace adjustment, and provision of exercises. At least one element of intervention was provided in 64% of the TM group, and 72% of the F2F group. TM connection was successful in 74% of booked appointments. The number of patients attending was similar to F2F bookings one year prior. The use of TM for routine follow-up of Ponseti-treated clubfoot patients can be as clinically effective as F2F assessment, and has potential for integration into routine follow-up care.