Router Processing Research Articles

Assessment of surface roughness in milling of wood with different material temperature and cutting parameters

Effects of wood temperature were studied during CNC router processing relative to the resulting surface roughness, addressing a considerable gap in wood machining research. Three wood species (Scots pine, beech, and poplar) were machined at four temperatures (-20 °C, 0 °C, 20 °C, and 50 °C) to simulate diverse climatic conditions. The experiments were conducted at varied spindle speeds (6000, 12000, and 18000 rpm) and feed rates (3000 and 6000 mm/min). Surface roughness was measured using a portable tester in accordance with relevant ISO standards. A full factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of wood species, temperature, spindle speed, and feed rate on surface roughness. Results revealed a strong correlation between processing temperature and surface roughness, with a 25.9% increase in roughness observed as temperature rose from -20 °C to 50 °C. This temperature effect was consistent across all wood species, though its magnitude varied. The study also found that wood type, spindle speed, and feed rate significantly influenced surface quality, interacting with temperature effects. These findings suggest that controlling wood temperature during processing could be crucial for maintaining consistent surface quality in industrial applications, especially in facilities operating under variable environmental conditions.

Modeliranje dizajna boje površine namještaja CNC laserskom modifikacijom

Today, handcrafted furniture surface treatment techniques are less used due to application difficulties and high costs. Recently, the use of CNC router processing machines has resulted in a revival of these techniques. However, since this method is insufficient in micro-processes and color modifications that require precision, these processes have started to be performed with lasers. In this research, the beech wood surface was processed using a CNC laser processing machine with a carbon dioxide gas tube by applying different engraving power and engraving speeds. Product design and manufacturing parameters were determined in the CIE L*a*b* color system using the regression modeling method. A sample application was made by applying laser engraving to a furniture surface designed according to the obtained parameters. As a result of the study, it has been explained that using L* color group regression modeling method and CAD/CAM supported laser technology in furniture top surface color design processes is suitable for industrial engineering approach. It has been determined that many surface color design techniques can be applied with laser to furniture designed for CNC laser production.

A decentralized analysis of multiparty protocols

Protocols provide the unifying glue in concurrent and distributed software today; verifying that message-passing programs conform to such governing protocols is important but difficult. Static approaches based on multiparty session types (MPST) use protocols as types to avoid protocol violations and deadlocks in programs. An elusive problem for MPST is to ensure both protocol conformance and deadlock-freedom for implementations with interleaved and delegated protocols. We propose a decentralized analysis of multiparty protocols, specified as global types and implemented as interacting processes in an asynchronous π -calculus. Our solution rests upon two novel notions: router processes and relative types . While router processes use the global type to enable the composition of participant implementations in arbitrary process networks, relative types extract from the global type the intended interactions and dependencies between pairs of participants. In our analysis, processes are typed using APCP, a type system that ensures protocol conformance and deadlock-freedom with respect to binary protocols, developed in prior work. Our decentralized, router-based analysis enables the sound and complete transference of protocol conformance and deadlock-freedom from APCP to multiparty protocols. • A new analysis of multiparty protocols expressed as Multiparty Session Types (MPST). • The analysis relies on APCP, a typed process calculus for binary sessions with asynchronous communication. • Novel notions: router processes (which connect implementations) and relative types (protocols between pairs of participants). • The analysis ensures protocol-conformance and deadlock-freedom; it also supports delegation and interleaving. • Process implementations can have arbitrary topologies; decentralized and centralized networks arise as instances.

Compensation for Delays and Losses of Packages in Dynamic Online Games

A couple of decades ago, data rates on the network were measured in kilobytes per second, and even then, online game developers had some problems with the packet loss and transmission delays. Now the transfer rate is hundreds of times higher, and the problem of delay compensation is even more relevant.For many dynamic online games, a transmission delay of as little as 20 ms can be quite noticeable, negatively affecting the gameplay and emotions of the game, which can repel players.The problem is exacerbated by the fact that along with the need to compensate for the time of delivery of packets, on the client side there are other non-network factors that are beyond the control of developers, which make the total delay 5-10 ms longer. Because of this, the desire to get rid of network delays as much and as well as possible becomes a necessity, and developers are forced to look for optimal ways to solve this problem.The problem statement is as follows: to review the causes of delays in online games and possible solu- tions, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of certain approaches. The problem is considered at the 4 levels of the TCP / IP network model, as well as at the application level. The approaches are given for the most commonly used protocols for each layer, but basic ideas can be easily transferred to other implementations.The main causes of delays under consideration: propagation delay, router queue delay, transmission delay, and processing delays.This article shows the impact of network delays on the online games and the ways to compensate for them, along with the theory of data transmission protocols in the network and the ways to solve the problems that arise in the development of algorithms.Recommendations for solving the compensation problem can be taken into account when designing and launching online shooters, strategies, etc. Thanks to the given receptions it is possible to minimize the general delay on the transfer of packets in a network, thanks to which the game on the client looks as if the player plays in the Single Player mode.

Comparative Study on Wood CNC Routing Methods for Transposing a Traditional Motif from Romanian Textile Heritage into Furniture Decoration

This paper presents experimental research on the Computer Numerical Control (CNC) routing of a traditional motif collected from Ţara Bârsei (Transylvania region) using two methods, namely, engraving (Engrave) and carving (V-Carve). The analysis of the CNC router processes includes the calculation of the path lengths, an assessment of the processing time and wood mass loss, and an evaluation of the tool wearing by investigating the tool cutting edge on a Stereo Microscope NIKON SMZ 18 before and after processing the ornament on wood. An aesthetic evaluation of the ornament routed on wood, using both the engraving and carving methods, is also conducted, whilst a microscopic analysis of the processed areas highlights the defects that occurred on the wood surface depending on the tool path.

Hybrid modelling of the RED algorithm in the Julia language

This work is devoted to studying the possibilities of hybrid modeling of communication network algorithms in the Julia programming language. A simulation of the system, which consists of an incoming stream processed according to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and a router processing traffic according to the Random Early Detection (RED) algorithm, is carried out. This model contains both continuous and discrete elements, for example, a discrete probability function of random packet dropping in the case of queue congestion.

Buffer Sizing for Multimedia Flows in Packet-Switching NoCs

Wormhole packet switching, used in many NoC designs, introduces jitter. This may produce violations of application deadlines. Several works in the literature propose stream workload models, and techniques for buffer sizing. These works do not consider the concurrency between different flows, or the NoC model is too abstract, masking the jitter introduced by data packaging and router processing. One technique to deal with jitter is to introduce a decoupling buffer (D-buffer) on the target IP. This buffer receives data from the NoC with jitter, while the target IP consumes data from this buffer at the application rate, without jitter. Two problems must be solved to implement D-buffers: (i) which size must the buffer have? (ii) how much time should be expected before data consumption starts (threshold)? This work proposes a general method to define D-buffer size and threshold, considering the influence of packaging, arbitration, routing and concurrency between flows. A traffic model for stream applications is detailed and used to characterize jitter sources in wormhole packet switching. Experimental results demonstrate the impact on multimedia flows with fixed and variable packet sizes (from real traffic traces). Simple traffic models employing constant frame sizes result in small D-buffers. On the other hand, employing multimedia frames from application traces (i.e. real application data) increases buffer size and threshold while still suppressing jitter. Another parameter analyzed in the paper is the percentage of deadline violations as a function of D-buffer size. The method guarantees throughput with no deadline violation and does not modify the NoC structure. The cost of adding such D-buffers is an increased latency and extra silicon area.

Delay prediction algorithm based on bidirectional associative memory neural network

In this paper, a delay prediction algorithm based on bidirectional associative memory neural network is proposed. The algorithm firstly uses RTT similarity to define and establish the delay function of router processing. Then, the random coefficient and other parameters of uncertain factors such as network congestion rate and network delay are calculated, to establish the prediction model of network delay. Then, the bidirectional associative memory neural network algorithm is combined with the normal distribution, and the obtained model is input to get the network delay law. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can predict the network delay with high accuracy, and is a feasible prediction algorithm.

Opportunistic Piggyback Marking for IP Traceback

IP traceback is a solution for attributing cyber attacks, and it is also useful for accounting user traffic and network diagnosis. Marking-based traceback (MBT) has been considered a promising traceback approach, and has received considerable attention. However, we find that the traceback message delivery problem in MBT, which is important to the successful completion of a traceback, has not been adequately studied in the literature. To address this issue, we present the design, analysis, and evaluation of opportunistic piggyback marking (OPM) for IP traceback in this paper. The OPM distinguishes itself from the existing works by decoupling the traceback message content encoding and delivery functions in MBT, and efficiently achieves expedited and robust traceback message delivery by exploiting piggyback marking opportunities. Based on the proposed OPM scheme, we then present the flexible marking-based traceback framework, which is a novel design paradigm for IP traceback and has several favorable features for practical deployment of IP traceback. Through the numerical analysis and the comprehensive simulation evaluations, we demonstrate that our design effectively reduces the traceback completion delay and router processing overhead, and increases the message delivery ratio compared with other baseline approaches.

Global Mobility Management Scheme for Seamless Mobile Multicasting Service Support in PMIPv6 Networks

The development of multimedia applications has followed the development of high-speed networks. By improving the performance of mobile devices, it is possible to provide high-transfer-speed broadband and seamless mobile multicasting services between indoor and outdoor environments. Multicasting services support efficient group communications. However, mobile multicasting services have two constraints: tunnel convergence and handoff latency. In order to solve these problems, many protocols and handoff methods have been studied. In this paper, we propose inter local mobility anchor (inter-LMA) optimized handoff model for mobile multicasting services in proxy mobility IPv6 based (PMIPv6-based) networks. The proposed model removes the tunnel convergence issue and reduces the router processing costs. Further, it the proposed model allows for the execution of fast handoff operations with adaptive transmission mechanisms. In addition, the proposed scheme exhibits low packet delivery costs and handoff latency in comparison with existing schemes and ensures fast handoff when moving the inter-LMA domain.

Evaluation of the performance of techniques to transmit ipv6 data through ipv4 networks

This article presents the simulation of an IPv4 network connected to two IPv6 isles. Those protocols are not compatible; therefore, transition mechanisms were implemented to fulfill a fundamental role. Meanwhile, this reaches the total deployment of IPv6, such as: Tunneling and Address translation. The first, encapsulates an IPv6 packet inside an IPv4 Header so that it can be moved through he network; the second, translates the address and the protocol of those packets crossing through it. To assess the performance of each technique when the data is sent, the changes with respect to memory consumption and router processing were analyzed.

프록시 모바일 IPv6 네트워크에서 멀티캐스팅 서비스 지원을 위한 글로벌 이동성관리 기법

The development of multimedia applications followed by development of high-speed networks has improved the performance of mobile devices with high transfer speed broadband. Mobile internet access has made possible seamless indoor and outdoor mobile multicast services. Multicasting services are used to support efficient group communications. However, mobile multicasting services have two constraints: tunnel convergence and handover latency. Many protocols and handover methods have been proposed to address these problems. The inter-LMA optimized handover model for multicasting services has previously been proposed for PMIPv6-based networks. The proposed model removes the tunnel convergence issue and reduces router processing costs. It also makes possible the performance of fast handover operations with adaptive transmission mechanisms. In addition, the proposed scheme exhibits low packet delivery costs and handover latency in comparison with existing schemes, and ensures fast handover when moving the inter-LMA domain

Evaluating the influence of multiplexing schemes and buffer implementation on perceived VoIP conversation quality

This work presents a study of RTP multiplexing schemes, which are compared with the normal use of RTP, in terms of experienced quality. Bandwidth saving, latency and packet loss for different options are studied, and some tests of Voice over IP (VoIP) traffic are carried out in order to compare the quality obtained using different implementations of the router buffer. Voice quality is calculated using ITU R-factor, which is a widely accepted quality estimator. The tests show the bandwidth savings of multiplexing, and also the importance of packet size for certain buffers, as latency and packet loss may be affected. The customer’s experience improvement is measured, showing that the use of multiplexing can be interesting in some scenarios, like an enterprise with different offices connected via the Internet. The system is also tested using different numbers of samples per packet, and the distribution of the flows into different tunnels is found to be an important factor in order to achieve an optimal perceived quality for each kind of buffer. Grouping all the flows into a single tunnel will not always be the best solution, as the increase of the number of flows does not improve bandwidth efficiency indefinitely. If the buffer penalizes big packets, it will be better to group the flows into a number of tunnels. The router processing capacity has to be taken into account too, as the limit of packets per second it can manage must not be exceeded. The obtained results show that multiplexing is a good way to improve customer’s experience of VoIP in scenarios where many RTP flows share the same path.

R3

Network resiliency is crucial to IP network operations. Existing techniques to recover from one or a series of failures do not offer performance predictability and may cause serious congestion. In this paper, we propose Resilient Routing Reconfiguration (R3), a novel routing protection scheme that is (i) provably congestion-free under a large number of failure scenarios; (ii) efficient by having low router processing overhead and memory requirements; (iii) flexible in accommodating different performance requirements (e.g., handling realistic failure scenarios, prioritized traffic, and the trade-off between performance and resilience); and (iv) robust to both topology failures and traffic variations. We implement R3 on Linux using a simple extension of MPLS, called MPLS-ff. We then conduct extensive Emulab experiments and simulations using realistic network topologies and traffic demands. Our results show that R3 achieves near-optimal performance and is at least 50% better than the existing schemes under a wide range of failure scenarios.

Mobility management based on proxy mobile IPv6 for multicasting services in home networks

Advances in broadband Internet access and enhanced performance of mobile devices have enabled seamless mobile IPTV service between indoor and outdoor. Mobile IPTV service is based on mobile multicasting to support efficient group communication. However, mobile multicasting has two constraints that we consider: a tunnel convergence problem and high handover latency. To reduce the two constraints, we propose a mobile multicasting model that is feasible for PMIPv6 domain. The proposed model removes tunnel convergence and reduces router processing. We then propose a fast handover scheme using a context transfer mechanism suitable for the proposed model. We also show that the proposed scheme outperforms previously proposed schemes in terms of packet delivery cost and handover latency.

C28 AFRPプリント基板のルータ加工面の毛羽立ちを防ぐ加工パスの検討(OS-4 生産システムとCAD/CAM(2))

Electricity and electronic equipment that uses the portable terminal are rapidly widespread to a general society of miniaturizing, making to high performance, and the diversification, and have evolved to making to the multifunction in recent years. Along with it, excellent AFRP printed wiring board in laser beam machining has come to be used. And the necessity of the router processing to the printed wiring board increases rapidly by an excellent aramid fiber strengthening. However, the example of the report of research concerning the router processing to the AFRP printed wiring board is very few at the present stage. Then, it paid attention to shagginess as a quality evaluation on the processing side of the exteriials router processing in the AFRP printed wiring board in this research. As a result of the experiment, it proposes a new processing method.

1123 AFRPプリント基板へのルータ加工の新たな加工パスの検討 : 仕上げ面品質と加工能率の最適化(GS-13 プリント基板加工)

1123 AFRPプリント基板へのルータ加工の新たな加工パスの検討 : 仕上げ面品質と加工能率の最適化(GS-13 プリント基板加工)

An explicit router feedback framework for high bandwidth-delay product networks

Links with high bandwidth ranging from 1 to 10Gbps are increasingly in use worldwide. Congestion control with the positive use of router feedback that explicitly indicates network conditions is a promising way to address the performance issues of congestion control especially in such high-speed networks. In this paper, we propose SIRENS, a scalable, robust, and flexible fine-grained explicit router feedback framework. SIRENS is a per-hop and in-band notification scheme where each router captures a snapshot of the various kinds of downstream link status along the IP-level path from a sender to a receiver and notifies the receiver of the status. The receiver can find out the overall path status by assembling all the cumulative notifications that indicate the status in each of the single hops and by feedback can share this information with the sender. Such per-hop information is needed by end-hosts if we are to flexibly design novel congestion control mechanisms or to significantly improve the performance of conventional forms of congestion control. We show the feasibility of SIRENS in terms of router processing overhead through the development and evaluation of a network-processor-based high-performance network emulator. As a typical application of SIRENS, we show the configuration of TCP Limited Slow-Start. Through the implementation and evaluation, we have made sure that a sender can shift from the slow-start phase to the congestion avoidance phase without any packet drop, and can achieve more effective bandwidth utilization.

1416 プリント基板の外形ルータ加工における加工面の品質(GS-13 生産加工・生産システム(2))

1416 プリント基板の外形ルータ加工における加工面の品質(GS-13 生産加工・生産システム(2))

Modeling and Improvement of PIM-SM Protocol

PIM-SM (protocol-independent multicast-dense mode) is currently the preferred intra-domain multicast routing protocol. One problem that impedes its widely use is its high overhead of control messages. In order to improve and optimize the PIM-SM, its performance model should be established and the nicety performance analysis should be made above all. In this paper, the Stochastic Petri Net (SPN) model of the whole PIM-SM protocol is established, and the analysis and the experiments are made on the router processing load caused and the network bandwidth consumed by each type of the protocol messages, based on the model and router realization. It is discovered that register message and Join/Prune message cause most router processing load, while Join/Prune message and Bootstrap message consume most network bandwidth. According to the conclusion of performance analysis, an improvement is made on PIM-SM, which is achieving better performance compared with the former protocol.