Route Of Inoculation Research Articles

Extraordinary variance in meta-analysis of venom toxicity of 160 most lethal ophidians and guidelines for estimating human lethal dose range.

This is the first meta-analysis to characterize intra-ophidian-species variation in whole venom. Being the largest possible meta-analysis at this time, it encompasses all known records of animal lethality studies over the past 100 years. These results were not artifacts of resistant test-animal species and showed orders of magnitude beyond the 1.6 logs (40-fold change) range of lethal dose documented in the literature between amphibians, lizards, and mice. A total of 1003 lethal dose study results for 160 of the most lethal venomous ophidian species in the world were analyzed. LDLo was not different from LD50 across studies, indicating the true range of toxicity is probably larger. The belief that, for the route of inoculation, IC < IV < IP < IM < SC was well supported (R2 = 0.90). However, 5% of ICs were the highest dose, and 7% of SC inoculations were the lowest dose. Within the mouse test species, for one route of inoculation, the widest LD range was 2.96 logs (917-fold change, N = 20). Within mouse species, for multiple routes of inoculation, the widest LD range was 3.6 logs (4,150-fold change, N = 20). The strongest correlation for the range of lethal dose results was the number of studies (R2 = 0.56), followed by the number of test-animal species (R2 = 0.55) and then the number of routes of inoculation (R2 = 0.43). Scientists working with humans should use combined LDLo and LD50 meta-datasets for all data and calculate mean, median, minimum, range, and standard deviation as shown in the supplement spreadsheet, and the equations we provide. Standard deviation multiples may provide the desired safety for experimenters. For estimating the LD50 range and minimum lethal dose for species with little data, we recommend curating a meta-dataset of related snakes, and computational research to strengthen this estimation.

Tenacibaculum maritimum can boost inflammation in Dicentrarchus labrax upon peritoneal injection but cannot trigger tenacibaculosis disease.

Despite being a bacterial pathogen with devastating consequences, Tenacibaculum maritimum's pathogenesis is not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to elucidate if different inoculation routes (intraperitoneal - i.p - injection and bath challenge - known to induce mortality) can induce tenacibaculosis (i.e., using the same T. maritimum inoculum), as well as evaluate the short-term immune response of European sea bass (D. labrax). Additionally, the host response against i.p. injection of extracellular products (ECPs) was also studied. Fish were i.p. challenged with 5.5 × 105 CFU mL-1 of T. maritimum cells with or without ECPs (BECPs and BWO, respectively), ECPs alone or marine broth (mock). Another group of fish was bath-challenged with 5.5 × 105 CFU mL-1 to confirm the virulence of the bacterial inoculum. Undisturbed specimens were used as controls. The severity of both challenges was determined by following percentage survival. Blood, liver and head-kidney samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 24 and 48h post-challenge for assessing immune parameters, oxidative stress and gene expression. Total and differential peritoneal cell counts were performed. The presence of viable bacteria in the blood and peritoneal cavity was studied. Symptoms of tenacibaculosis, such as skin/fin abrasions, were only observed in the bath-challenged fish, where 0% survival was recorded, whereas 100% survival was observed after i.p. injection of the same bacterial inoculum. An increase in total leukocyte numbers in the peritoneal cavity was observed 3h post-injection of BECPs when compared to the other treatments. Blood total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and thrombocyte numbers dropped after the challenge, mainly in fish challenged with BECPs. At 48h post-challenge, bactericidal activity in the plasma increased in fish injected with bacteria (with and without ECPs). The same tendency was seen for some of the oxidative stress parameters. The increased expression of il1β, il6, il8, and hamp1 in fish challenged with ECPs and BECPs suggests a more exacerbated pro-inflammatory response in the head-kidney against these inocula. The infection trial and the observed immune responses showed that the infection route is a determinant factor regarding T. maritimum-induced pathogenesis in European sea bass.

Clarification of a unique mucosal vaccination route for improved systemic and mucosal immune response in broiler

There are often outbreaks of infectious diseases on farms, which not only disrupt production but also cause significant economic losses. Vaccines are given to prevent the spread of these infectious diseases, but they produce only systemic antibodies or antibodies in the mucosa of a particular system. So, a new mucosal vaccination route is needed where the vaccine will produce antibodies in the systemic circulation as well as in the mucosa of many systems. In our study, the cloaca was targeted because it is associated with the mucosa of many systems. Whole-mount and routine histological staining show both lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissues in the lamina propria of cloaca. These lymphatic tissues are made up of Bu-1+ B-cells, CD3+ T-cells, and KUL01+ macrophages and monocytes. So, this is a new mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, named cloaca-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT). The CALT contains antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, MHC II molecules, and T cells) and is equipped with blood vessels and high endothelial venules, which indicate its functional status. More antibodies were produced in the treatment group compared to the vehicle control group after administration of the infectious bursal disease (IBD) and the Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine through cloaca. In addition, the cloaca-associated route produces a higher number of antibodies than the other traditional routes, which reveals the uniqueness of this route. Cloacal-vaccinated chickens showed less damage to the follicle and epithelium of the bursa of Fabricius compared to other groups, indicating its lower cytotoxic effect. Therefore, the cloaca-associated mucosal vaccination route produces more antibodies than other mucosal vaccination routes, which will protect the chickens on the farm to a greater extent.

Mucosal adenovirus vaccine boosting elicits IgA and durably prevents XBB.1.16 infection in nonhuman primates

A mucosal route of vaccination could prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication at the site of infection and limit transmission. We compared protection against heterologous XBB.1.16 challenge in nonhuman primates (NHPs) ~5 months following intramuscular boosting with bivalent mRNA encoding WA1 and BA.5 spike proteins or mucosal boosting with a WA1–BA.5 bivalent chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored vaccine delivered by intranasal or aerosol device. NHPs boosted by either mucosal route had minimal virus replication in the nose and lungs, respectively. By contrast, protection by intramuscular mRNA was limited to the lower airways. The mucosally delivered vaccine elicited durable airway IgG and IgA responses and, unlike the intramuscular mRNA vaccine, induced spike-specific B cells in the lungs. IgG, IgA and T cell responses correlated with protection in the lungs, whereas mucosal IgA alone correlated with upper airway protection. This study highlights differential mucosal and serum correlates of protection and how mucosal vaccines can durably prevent infection against SARS-CoV-2.

Understanding herpes zoster vaccine hesitancy and information asymmetry: a qualitative study in China.

Herpes zoster is more prevalent among the older adult due to the age-related immune decline, leading to significant pain and complications. Although vaccination effectively prevents viral infections, vaccine hesitancy remains a major barrier to achieving high vaccination rates.To address this, we conducted a qualitative survey using Vaccine Hesitancy Determinants Matrix and 5C model to understand and improve vaccination rates in this group. Descriptive qualitative research design based on the philosophical underpinnings of naturalistic inquiry and purposive sampling methodology was conducted on adults aged 50 and above, as well as community health workers. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth personal interviews. The interview outline was constructed following a comprehensive review of the literature and consideration of the theoretical framework. Seventeen adults over 50 years and four community healthcare workers were included in this study. The study found that information asymmetry in immunization planning was evident at all stages of vaccine supply, dissemination and demand. The main manifestations included limited access to authoritative information, insufficient community awareness of herpes zoster as a route of vaccination, insufficient vocational training, significant gaps in vaccine knowledge, and high levels of complacency among individual residents. Herpes zoster vaccine hesitancy is prevalent among middle-aged and older adults in China due to information asymmetry, vaccine complacency, inadequate community services, and other multiple layers of factors. Public health strategies should aim to reduce cognitive biases and information gaps by disseminating diverse and credible vaccine information through social media, medical institutions, and offline channels to promote higher vaccination rates.

Impact of gastrointestinal inoculation and benznidazole treatment on infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (Y strain, DTU TcII) in Swiss mice

In Brazil, where Chagas disease is endemic, the most frequent form of transmission of the parasite is the oral route, associated with greater severity and worse response to benznidazole (BZ), the drug used in its treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of gastrointestinal infection (GI) and BZ treatment on the parasitological and histopathological parameters in mice inoculated with a strain of T. cruzi II. Swiss mice were inoculated by GI and intraperitoneal (IP) routes with 2x106 culture-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes of the Y strain (TcII) of T. cruzi and were treated with BZ in the acute phase of the infection. Fresh blood examination, qPCR, histopathological and biochemical evaluations (enzymatic dosages and oxidative stress-OS) were performed. BZ treatment of uninfected animals caused changes in the liver, increased the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes and OS, showing that the drug alone affects this organ. Inflammation and necrosis in the cardiac tissue were less intense and deaths occurred later in animals inoculated via the GI route than the animals inoculated via the IP route. BZ reduced the intensity of tissue lesions and avoided lethality in animals inoculated via the GI route, and decreased parasitemia and OS in those inoculated via both routes. Although BZ alone caused liver damage, it was less intense than that caused by both routes of inoculation. Infection with the Y strain of T. cruzi II via the GI route proved to be less virulent and pathogenic and responded better to treatment than the infection acquired via the IP route.

Aedes aegypti Mosquito Probing Enhances Dengue Virus Infection of Resident Myeloid Cells in Human Skin.

The most prevalent arthropod-borne viruses, including the dengue viruses, are primarily transmitted by infected mosquitoes. However, the dynamics of dengue virus (DENV) infection and dissemination in human skin following Aedes aegypti probing remain poorly understood. We exposed human skin explants to adult female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes following their infection with DENV-2 by intrathoracic injection. Skin explants inoculated with a similar quantity of DENV-2 by a bifurcated needle were used as controls. Quantitative in situ imaging revealed that DENV replication was greatest in keratinocytes in the base of the epidermis, accounting for 50-60% of all infected cells regardless of the route of inoculation. However, DENV inoculation by Ae. aegypti probing resulted in an earlier and increased viral replication in the dermis, infecting twice as many cells at 24 h when compared to needle inoculation. Within the dermis, enhanced replication of DENV by Ae. aegypti infected mosquitoes was mediated by increased local recruitment of skin-resident macrophages, dermal dendritic cells, and epidermal Langerhans cells relative to needle inoculation. An enhanced but less pronounced influx of resident myeloid cells to the site of mosquito probing was also observed in the absence of infection. Ae. aegypti probing also increased recruitment and infection of dermal mast cells. Our findings reveal for the first time that keratinocytes are the primary targets of DENV infection following Ae. aegypti inoculation, even though most of the virus is inoculated into the dermis during probing. The data also show that mosquito probing promotes the local recruitment and infection of skin-resident myeloid cells in the absence of an intact vasculature, indicating that influx of blood-derived neutrophils is not an essential requirement for DENV spread within and out of skin.

The Use of Antimicrobial Washes to Inactivate Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from In-Shell Pecans and Wash Water Contaminated by Different Inoculation Routes

In-shell pecans are typically harvested after falling from trees to the ground, presenting a potential route of contamination of foodborne pathogens from soil contact. In-shell pecans are often subjected to various processing or washing steps prior to being shelled. This study determined Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) reductions after treatment with antimicrobial washes on direct and soil-inoculated in-shell pecans and evaluated the cross-contamination potential of the spent pecan washes after treatment. Pecans were directly and soil-inoculated with an STEC cocktail (O157:H7, O157:NM, O121, O26). Direct inoculation was achieved by spraying the STEC cocktail on the pecans. For soil-inoculation pecans, autoclaved soil was sprayed with the STEC cocktail, homogenized for 2 min, and used to coat in-shell pecans. Inoculated pecans were washed in treatments of 2% lactic acid (LA), 1,000 ppm free chlorine (sodium hypochlorite; NaClO), hot water (HW; 85 ± 2 °C), or ambient water (C [control]; 18 ± 2 °C) for 2, 5, and 10 min and diluted to enumerate STEC populations. After treatments, 100 mL of the spent wash was vacuum filtered through a 0.45-µm membrane and plated on selective agar. HW significantly reduced STEC populations from pecans with and without soil regardless of treatment time (p < 0.05), NaClO reduced STEC populations more than the ambient control wash on directly inoculated pecans, but there were no significant differences between STEC reductions from ambient water (C), LA, and NaClO treatments on soil-inoculated pecans (p > 0.05). Larger STEC populations were enumerated from ambient water wash compared to the antimicrobial washes (p < 0.05). The HW, LA, and NaClO treatments were effective at maintaining the quality of the wash water, with STEC levels being generally at or below the detection limit (<1 CFU/100 mL), while HW was the most effective at reducing STEC from in-shell pecans with and without a soil coating (>5-log CFU/mL reductions).

Comparative safety and efficacy of autogenous vaccine administrated by different routes against furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida sub. salmonicida in large Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The development and growth of fish farming are hindered by viral and bacterial infectious diseases, which necessitate effective disease control measures. Furunculosis, primarily caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, stands out as a significant bacterial disease affecting salmonid fish farms, particularly rainbow trout. Vaccination has emerged as a crucial tool in combating this disease. The objective of this experiment was to assess and compare the efficacy and duration of different vaccine protocols against furunculosis in large trout under controlled rearing conditions, utilizing single and booster administrations via intraperitoneal, oral, and immersion routes. Among the various vaccination protocols tested, only those involving intraperitoneal injection, administered at least once, proved truly effective in preventing the expression of clinical signs of furunculosis and reducing mortality rates. A single intraperitoneal administration provided protection for up to 2352°-days, equivalent to approximately 5 months in water at 16 °C. However, intraperitoneal vaccination may lead to reduced growth in the fish due to resultant intraperitoneal adhesions. Additionally, protocols incorporating booster doses via intraperitoneal injection demonstrated efficacy regardless of the administration route of the primary vaccination. Nevertheless, the use of booster vaccinations via the intraperitoneal route did not confer any significant advantage over a single intraperitoneal injection in terms of efficacy.

Enhancing cross-protection against influenza by heterologous sequential immunization with mRNA LNP and protein nanoparticle vaccines

Enhancing influenza vaccine cross-protection is imperative to alleviate the significant public health burden of influenza. Heterologous sequential immunization may synergize diverse vaccine formulations and routes to improve vaccine potency and breadth. Here we investigate the effects of immunization strategies on the generation of cross-protective immune responses in female Balb/c mice, utilizing mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) and protein-based PHC nanoparticle vaccines targeting influenza hemagglutinin. Our findings emphasize the crucial role of priming vaccination in shaping Th bias and immunodominance hierarchies. mRNA LNP prime favors Th1-leaning responses, while PHC prime elicits Th2-skewing responses. We demonstrate that cellular and mucosal immune responses are pivotal correlates of cross-protection against influenza. Notably, intranasal PHC immunization outperforms its intramuscular counterpart in inducing mucosal immunity and conferring cross-protection. Sequential mRNA LNP prime and intranasal PHC boost demonstrate optimal cross-protection against antigenically drifted and shifted influenza strains. Our study offers valuable insights into tailoring immunization strategies to optimize influenza vaccine effectiveness.

Infectivity and pathogenesis characterization of getah virus (GETV) strain via different inoculation routes in mice

In recent years, the epidemiological profile of Getah virus (GETV) has become increasingly serious, posing a huge threat to animal and public health in China. GETV can cause multi-species infection, including horses, pigs, rats, cattle, kangaroos, reptiles and birds. However, there were few reports on the efficiency of the virus entering the host via routes of different systems. In the present study, a GETV strain (SC201807) was obtained from a piglet's blood in 2018 in Sichuan, China. First, we established a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) SYBR assay specific to GETV. Then, we evaluated the infection efficiency of different routes using mouse animal model. 108 male mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows: intramuscular, intraoral and intranasal infection routes, and negative control. All mice in the experimental group were inoculated with 4 × 102.85 TCID50 GETV virus. Tissue tropism experiments show that GETV has a wide range of tissue distribution, and intramuscular infection is the first to infect all tissues of the body, and suggest that oral infection may be a new GETV transmission route. Histopathological examination results showed that intramuscular injection of GETV mainly caused different degrees of pathological damage to the tissues, and could rapidly induce a large amount of inflammatory regulatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Our data may help us to evaluate the risk of transmission of Porcine Getah virus and provide an experimental basis for the prevention and control of Porcine Getah virus.

Randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 1 trial of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine ChAdOx1-85A delivered by aerosol versus intramuscular route

A BCG booster vaccination administered via the respiratory mucosa may establish protective immune responses at the primary site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The primary objective of this trial was to compare the safety and immunogenicity of inhaled versus intramuscular administered ChAdOx1-85A. We conducted a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 1 study (Swiss National Clinical Trials Portal number SNCTP000002920). After a dose-escalation vaccination in nine BCG-vaccinated healthy adults, a dose of 1×1010 vp of ChAdOx1-85A was administered to twenty BCG-vaccinated adults that were randomly allocated (1:1) into two groups: aerosol ChAdOx1-85A with intramuscular saline placebo or intramuscular ChAdOx1-85A with aerosol saline placebo, using block randomisation. A control group of ten BCG-naïve adults received aerosol ChAdOx1-85A at the same dose. Primary outcomes were solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) up to day 16 post-vaccination and Serious AEs (SAEs) up to 24 weeks; secondary outcomes were cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. Both vaccination routes were well tolerated with no SAEs. Intramuscular ChAdOx1-85A was associated with more local AEs (mostly pain at the injection site) than aerosol ChAdOx1-85A. Systemic AEs occurred in all groups, mainly fatigue and headaches, without differences between groups. Respiratory AEs were not different between BCG-vaccinated groups. Aerosol ChAdOx1-85A vaccination induced Ag85A BAL and systemic cellular immune responses with compartmentalisation of the immune responses: aerosol ChAdOx1-85A induced stronger BAL cellular responses, particularly IFNγ/IL17+CD4+T cells; intramuscular ChAdOx1-85A induced stronger systemic cellular and humoral responses. Inhaled ChAdOx1-85A was well-tolerated and induced lung mucosal and systemic Ag85A-specific T-cell responses. These data support further evaluation of aerosol ChAdOx1-85A and other viral vectors as a BCG-booster vaccination strategy.

Mastoparan-7 adjuvanted COBRA H1 and H3 hemagglutinin influenza vaccines

Adjuvants enhance, prolong, and modulate immune responses by vaccine antigens to maximize protective immunity and enable more effective immunization in the young and elderly. Most adjuvants are formulated with injectable vaccines. However, an intranasal route of vaccination may induce mucosal and systemic immune responses for enhancing protective immunity in individuals and be easier to administer compared to injectable vaccines. In this study, a next generation of broadly-reactive influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccines were developed using the Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Antigen (COBRA) methodology. These HA vaccines were formulated with Mastoparan 7 (M7-NH2) mast cell degranulating peptide adjuvant and administered intranasally to determine vaccine-induced seroconversion of antibodies against a panel of influenza viruses and protection following infection with H1N1 and H3N2 viruses in mice. Mice vaccinated intranasally with M7-NH2-adjuvanted COBRA HA vaccines had high HAIs against a panel of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses and were protected against both morbidity and mortality, with reduced viral lung titers, following challenge with an H1N1 influenza virus. Additionally, M7-NH2 adjuvanted COBRA HA vaccines induced Th2 skewed immune responses with robust IgG and isotype antibodies in the serum and mucosal lung lavages. Overall, this intranasally delivered M7-NH2 -adjuvanted COBRA HA vaccine provides effective protection against drifted H1N1 and H3N2 viruses.

Evaluation of bovine coronavirus in Korean native calves challenged through different inoculation routes

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a pneumoenteric virus that can infect the digestive and respiratory tracts of cattle, resulting in economic losses. Despite its significance, information regarding BCoV pathogenesis is limited. Hence, we investigated clinical signs, patterns of viral shedding, changes in antibody abundance, and cytokine/chemokine production in calves inoculated with BCoV via intranasal and oral. Six clinically healthy Korean native calves (< 30 days old), initially negative for BCoV, were divided into intranasal and oral groups and monitored for 15 days post-infection (dpi). BCoV-infected calves exhibited clinical signs such as nasal discharge and diarrhea, starting at 3 dpi and recovering by 12 dpi, with nasal discharge being the most common symptoms. Viral RNA was detected in nasal and fecal samples from all infected calves. Nasal shedding occurred before fecal shedding regardless of the inoculation route; however, fecal shedding persisted longer. Although the number of partitions was very few, viral RNA was identified in the blood of two calves in the oral group at 7 dpi and 9 dpi using digital RT-PCR analysis. The effectiveness of maternal antibodies in preventing viral replication and shedding appeared limited. Our results showed interleukin (IL)-8 as the most common and highly induced chemokine. During BCoV infection, the levels of IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β were significantly affected, suggesting that these emerge as potential and reliable biomarkers for predicting BCoV infection. This study underscores the importance of BCoV as a major pathogen causing diarrhea and respiratory disease.

Review of current perspectives and future outlook on bacterial disease prevention through vaccination in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer).

Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer, is an important aquatic species in mariculture. Intensive farming of this species has faced episodes of bacterial diseases, including those due to vibriosis, scale drop, and muscle necrosis disease, big belly disease, photobacteriosis, columnaris, streptococcosis, aeromoniasis, and tenacibaculosis. Vaccination is one of the most efficient, non-antibiotic, and eco-friendly strategies for protecting fish against bacterial diseases, contributing to aquaculture expansion and ensuring food security. As of now, although numerous vaccines have undergone laboratory research, only one commercially available inactivated vaccine, suitable for both immersion and injection administration, is accessible for preventing Streptococcus iniae. Several key challenges in developing vaccines for Asian seabass must be addressed, such as the current limited understanding of immunological responses to vaccines, the costs associated with vaccine production, forms, and routes of vaccine application, and how to increase the adoption of vaccines by farmers. The future of vaccine development for the Asian seabass industry, therefore, is discussed with these key critical issues in mind. The focus is on improving our understanding of Asian seabass immunity, including maternal immunity, immunocompetence, and immune responses post-vaccination, as well as developing tools to assess vaccine effectiveness. The need for an alignment of fish vaccines with state-of-the-art vaccine technologies employed in human and terrestrial animal healthcare is also discussed. This review also discusses the necessity of providing locally-produced autogenous vaccines, especially for immersion and oral vaccines, to benefit small-scale fish farmers, and the potential benefits that might be extended through changes to current husbandry practices such as the vaccination of broodstock and earlier life stages of their off-spring.

Need for standardization of Influenza A virus-induced cell death in vivo to improve consistency of inter-laboratory research findings.

The involvement of necroptosis in the control of influenza A virus (IAV) infection has been reported in multiple studies. Downstream of the nucleic acid sensor ZBP1, RIPK3 kinase activity is critically involved in the induction of necroptotic cell death by phosphorylating MLKL, while RIPK3 as a scaffold can induce apoptosis. Paradoxically, RIPK3-deficiency of mice may result in increased or decreased susceptibility to IAV infection. Here, we critically review the published reports on the involvement of RIPK3 in IAV infection susceptibility and try to identify differences in experimental settings that could explain seemingly conflicting outcomes. Analysis of the experimental reports revealed differences in the IAV challenge dose, the IAV inoculum preparation, IAV titer assessment, as well as the route of inoculation between studies. Furthermore, differences were noticed in the inclusion of littermate controls, which show high variance in viral sensitivity. Our evaluation argues for a standardized setup for IAV infection experiments including the preparation of the IAV virus, the use of different IAV infectious doses description and the proper experimental genetic controls of the mouse strains to increase inter-laboratory consistency in this field. Workflow for IAV infection studies in vivo: Viral preparation and titer assessment should be as standardized as possible with the use of a universal repository (such as BEI resources). Infection studies in genetically modified mice and littermate controls should include dose-response experimentation, following a defined infection route and inoculation volume. Data are generated by consistent analysis methods.

Parsonage-Turner Syndrome following axillary nerve injury from an intramuscular injection of COVID-19 vaccine and proposal of the intradermal route as an alternative route of vaccination

Parsonage-Turner Syndrome following axillary nerve injury from an intramuscular injection of COVID-19 vaccine and proposal of the intradermal route as an alternative route of vaccination

Global Dynamics Analysis of Non-Local Delayed Reaction-Diffusion Avian Influenza Model with Vaccination and Multiple Transmission Routes in the Spatial Heterogeneous Environment

Global Dynamics Analysis of Non-Local Delayed Reaction-Diffusion Avian Influenza Model with Vaccination and Multiple Transmission Routes in the Spatial Heterogeneous Environment

A Cross-Sectional Study of Vaccination-Related Education in Pharmacy Programs in the Middle East

ObjectivePharmacists play pivotal roles in improving vaccination rates. However, absence of vaccination-related undergraduate education impedes their ability for these roles. The study aims were to scope vaccination-related education in pharmacy colleges in the Middle East (ME) and to describe potential facilitators and barriers to vaccination administration education using Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. MethodsA multinational survey of pharmacy faculty across 14 Arabic-speaking ME countries, involving 132 colleges, examined vaccination education. Data collection involved contacting deans for faculty nominations. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. ResultsThe questionnaire response rate was 64.7% (89/132), with 89.9% of colleges including vaccination in their curricula. The topics commonly covered included vaccine development (n = 44, 97.8%), vaccine routes of administration (n = 43, 97.7%), and vaccine indications (n = 38, 95%). Planning and marketing vaccination programs (n = 35, 77.8%), documentation and record-keeping of vaccinations (n = 33, 75.0%), and legal and regulatory issues related to vaccinations (n = 32, 69.6%) were the least adequately covered topics. Most common methods used in teaching were didactic lectures (n = 74, 92.5%). Overall, 53 of 87 respondents (60.9%) responded that their college does not currently teach “vaccination administration”. Lack of resources, attitudes of other health professionals and not prioritizing vaccination were considered as barriers for implementing vaccination administration. ConclusionMost pharmacy colleges in the ME cover vaccination-related topics in undergraduate curricula, yet they underemphasize vaccination administration and lack experiential learning methods. Implementing vaccination administration education requires addressing barriers related to the outer and inner settings, and planning, with stakeholder engagement.

Two immunodominant antigens from Madurella mycetomatis were identified by IgG antibodies in infected mice

Abstract Madurella mycetomatis is the most frequent etiological agent of eumycetoma, a chronic infectious disease that is acquired by traumatic inoculation of the microbe, mainly in the lower limbs. It usually affects young people between the ages of 15 and 30 and its treatment is complicated, involving surgical approach and chronic use of antifungals. To date there is lack of accessible immunological test for the diagnosis of this disease. In this work we obtained protein antigens from the cellular extract of M. mycetomatis, which can be used in the design of an immunodiagnostic test. 8-12 week old female BALB/C mice were infected with a suspension of M. mycetomatis using 3 different inoculation routes: intraperitoneal, dorsal subcutaneous and foot pad. Crude cellular extract of M. mycetomatis, protein antigens were analyzed on an SDS-PAGE gel, which were recognized by serum of mice infected with M. mycetomatis using the Western blot technique. The IgG anti-M. mycetomatis identified 2 immunodominant antigens were recognized by antibodies in all infected mice with M. mycetomatis. The identification of these antigens in sera from patients with eumycetoma has diagnostic potential.