Round Of Reform Research Articles

ВЛАСТЬ И ОБЩЕСТВО В УСЛОВИЯХ ВОЕННО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО КРИЗИСА: КУБАНО-ЧЕРНОМОРСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ В НАЧАЛЕ 1920-Х ГГ.

The Bolsheviks’ relationship with the rural population of the Kuban-Black Sea region was marked by the active use of war communist methods from the moment Soviet power was restored and be-fore the actual implementation of the main provisions of food and land policy in the structure of the NEP. Repression against the rural population, as well as forced food confiscation, ultimately led to a rise in military-political confrontation between the government and society. The interval between an official military-communist policy and the practical implementation of the NEP in the region lasted up to a year and a half, ending in 1923. The challenges of the transition phase, as well as the construction of a model of the connection between the RCP (b) and the region’s popu-lace, were largely explained by the region’s peculiarities, which blended class, class, and inter-ethnic tensions. As a result, the Bolsheviks agreed to a compromise in the following round of re-forms, which began in 1924 as part of the “Facing the Countryside” course, abandoning coercive tactics in domestic affairs.

Reflections on the development of education in Argentina and the current education system

The role of education is crucial to the advancement of societies, as it is a key means of nurturing future leaders and innovators and reflects a country's culture and values as well as its social system. As a large country located in South America, Argentina's education system has undergone many rounds of reform and evolution, resulting in a unique and distinctive trajectory and model. This study will analyze in depth the growth of education in Argentina, including the structure of education from the colonial period to the modern day, and will discuss the problems encountered and potential opportunities for development.

How the impossible became possible: evolving frames and narratives on responsibility and responsiveness from the Eurocrisis to NextGenerationEU

ABSTRACT This paper explains how a turn in EU governance which was unthinkable only a few months prior became possible in 2020. Rather than a sudden paradigm shift brought about by the pandemic, we argue that it occurred through successive episodes of reinterpreting the rules and layering on new instruments while fostering investment and fiscal sharing on top of the pre-existing ordoliberal regime. Through a discursive institutionalist lens, the paper supports these claims by studying the frames and narratives of French, German and EU leaders during three rounds of reforms, namely the flexibilization of the European Semester (2014–2016), the adoption of the Budgetary Instrument for Convergence and Competitiveness (BICC) (2017–2019), and the adoption of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (2020–2021). The analysis shows that an increased awareness of a responsiveness imperative, going beyond national constituencies, transformed European elites’ conceptions of ‘responsible’ government thus at least momentarily closing the gap between responsibility and responsiveness.

Effect of market structure on renewable energy Development—A simulation study of a regional electricity market in China

To achieve the carbon-neutral goal set for 2060, China has promoted renewable energy development for more than two decades. Meanwhile, China's electricity market is undergoing a new round of reform by introducing more market-oriented mechanisms and changing the market structure. This paper investigates the impact of three electric utility market structures experimented with in China on promoting renewable energy through a simulation model. The three market structures are vertical monopoly, weak monopoly (separation of power generators and grids), and monopolistic competition (Cournot-Nash competition). The model is calibrated with the actual data of the regional utility network in Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan areas. The simulation results show that the electricity market structure plays a vital role in renewable electricity, and the competition among utilities tends to benefit renewable energy development (wind power here). The study's conclusions are helpful to our understanding of further reforms in the electric utility industry and the long-term clean energy target in China.

Analysis of the Development Strategies of McDonald’s

Fast-food chain industry in China has been thriving for the last thirty years, with an acceleration of urbanization and changes in consumers’ willingness to eat outside. It is foreseeable that the future market of the fast-food chain industry is going to be more competitive and fiercer, and how companies develop in the such environment by developing reasonable market and management strategies is vital. In this case, McDonald’s is a good example to be referred to. This passage analyses McDonald’s performance with its competitors adopting different financial metrics, including revenue streams, profit margins, and P/E ratios. SWOT Analysis is as well adopted to analyze how Mcdonald’s is able to fully take advantage of its strengths and seize the opportunities to solve weaknesses and decrease threats. In addition, after CITIC and CITIC Capital have taken up a total controlling stake of 52% in Mcdonald’s (China), a new round of reform in development strategies has begun. This passage argues that Mcdonald’s (China) updated its localization strategies and plans of expansion, including innovating its products and advertisements strategies, along with the development of digital order and payment methods to attract more young consumers. It is concluded that, with a high marginal rate of 82% for franchise stores, McDonald’s (China) plans to expand in third and fourth-tier cities and sink markets of China to boost revenues when the first-tier cities have reached saturation, accompanied by Green Development to fulfill its ESG goals and maintain sustainable development.

Research on the New Round of Individual Income Tax Policy Reform

In order to analyze the reform effect of individual income tax policy in 2018, the income redistribution effect of various individual income tax collection schemes is compared through the tracking survey data of China Family Panel Studies. The research shows that the personal income tax reform has reduced the tax burden of taxpayers on the whole. Among the four reform measures, only the implementation of comprehensive income tax has a positive effect on the distribution effect. As the main beneficiaries are mainly high-income people, this round of reform has weakened the redistribution effect on residents’ income. Therefore, measures such as adhering to the direction of comprehensive taxation, prudently reforming the basic reduction of fees and tax rates, subsidizing low-income people and strengthening the supervision of high-income people will help to enhance the redistribution effect of individual income tax.

Can the Reform of Rural Collective Property Rights System Improve Agricultural Total Factor Productivity?

Based on the theory of property rights and division of labor, this paper constructs the mechanism of rural collective property rights system reform to promote agricultural total factor productivity (TFP). And using PSM-DID analysis of the impact of the reform on agricultural TFP. The results show that the reform has improved the agricultural TFP. This study is beneficial to objectively evaluate the effect of rural collective property right system reform, and is of great significance to explore the focus and key path of the new round of reform under the background of common prosperity.

ПЕРСОНАЛОЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ

Since 1993, in the Russian Federation, only according to formal criteria, there have been at least 5 attempts to reform the civil public service. With each new round of reforms, the number of laws and regulations regulating the civil service increased and the transformations multiplied. But the quality of reforms and the socio-economic and political consequences they caused remained low. The author’s many years of research experience on the issues of the state civil service, as well as the practice of consulting activities and work on the jury of the All-Russian competition “Best HR Practices and Initiatives in the System of State and Municipal Administration” suggested that one of the reasons for the failures lies in ignoring the special property of state organizations - their personal dependence. The purpose of this article is to develop the concept of personnel-dependent organizations as applied to the state civil service system. A detailed analysis of the characteristics of personnel-dependent organizations is carried out, their impact on approaches to personnel management in the civil service, and recommendations are offered for restructuring the management of the civil service system, taking into account its personnel-dependent nature.

Research and Application of Business Law Information Management System Based on Big Data

China’s manufacturing industry has set off a wave of digital transformation innovation, and the commercial law information management system, as one of the important tools to enhance the intelligent management ability of enterprises, will also face a new round of reform and upgrade. Building an “intelligent commercial law information management system platform” is the primary transformation path for traditional manufacturing enterprises to realize intelligent upgrading of commercial law information management system. The “intelligent commercial law information management system platform” is a management information sharing service platform that enables enterprises to achieve the goal of collaborative management by integrating their own business models and product technology needs with the help of emerging digital technologies, which can help enterprises realize the organic integration of business processes, risk management, value creation, and other management needs and change the original. The platform can help enterprises realize the organic integration of business processes, risk management, value creation, and other management needs and change the focus of the traditional financial shared service center, so that the enterprise business law information management system can be shifted to the enterprise strategy-oriented, focusing on risk control, decision support, and other high-level management. Therefore, it is particularly important to evaluate and optimize the “intelligent business law information management system platform” of manufacturing enterprises in the process of digital transformation. In this context, this paper conducts research and application of commercial law information management system based on big data, conducts an in-depth study on the current status of commercial law information management system in China, and provides an outlook on commercial law information management in China by establishing a relevant model system.

Институт торговых представительств Российской федерации на современном этапе: оценка промежуточных итогов его реформирования

Introduction: trade missions of the Russian Federation are the central institution for driving export development and promoting the interests of domestic exporters in foreign markets. Since May 2018, these structures have been undergoing a new round of reforms following their transfer into the competence of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation. Objectives: to study the current round of reforms in the system of trade missions, including the analysis of changes in personnel, innovations in the functions of these foreign economic structures and their references in media. Methods: the concept of business diplomacy, focusing on the micro-level of foreign economic actors’ activity; biographical method; analysis of formal documents on foreign economic activity. Results: the position of trade missions in the export support system, in relation to other foreign trade structures, has been defined; the main documents on foreign economic activity have been considered from the standpoint of uncertainty in goal setting; innovations in the functions of trade missions have been considered; the characteristics of trade missions’ personnel have been studied, including changes before and after the start of the last round of reforms. Conclusions: the role of trade missions in the export support system, as well as the results of their activities still elicit a mixed reaction. This stems from several reasons, including the unsatisfactory results of previous reform attempts (in 2012 and 2016) and the implicit interim results of the current reform. Trade missions, despite their dependence on the macroeconomic environment, remain as the main instrument of costs reduction and easier penetration into the markets. After the trade missions transfer into the competence of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce of the Russian Federation, there have been indications of changes aimed at raising the quality of their services and, in general, an overall change to more efficient foreign trade institutions. This is manifested in the renewal of the trade representatives’ composition, among which there are more and more people with work experience in business.

Whether high government subsidies reduce the healthcare provision of township healthcare centers in rural China

BackgroundChina’s government launched a large-scale healthcare reform from 2009. One of the main targets of this round reform was to improve the primary health care system. Major reforms for primary healthcare institutions include increasing government investment. However, there are insufficient empirical studies based on large sample to catch long-term effect of increased government subsidy and lack of sufficient incentives on township healthcare centers (THCs), therefore, this study aims to provide additional empirical evidence on the concern by conducting an empirical analysis of THCs in Shaanxi province in China.MethodsWe collected nine years (2009 to 2017) data of THCs from the Health Finance Annual Report System (HFARS) that was acquired from the Health Commission of Shaanxi Province. We applied two-way fixed effect model and continue difference-in-difference (DID) model to estimate the effect of percentage of government subsidy on medical provision.ResultsA clear jump of the average percentage of government subsidy to total revenue of THCs can be found in Shaanxi province in 2011, and the average percentage has been more than 60% after 2011. Continue DID models indicate every 1% percentage of government subsidy to total revenue increase after 2011 resulted in a decrease of 1.1 to 3.5% in THCs healthcare provision (1.9% in medical revenue, 1.2% in outpatient visit, 3.5% in total occupy beds of inpatient, 1.1% in surgery revenue, 2.1% in sickbed utilization rate). The results show that the THCs with high government subsidy reduce the number of medical services after 2011.ConclusionsWe think that it is no doubt that the government should take more responsibility for the financing of primary healthcare institutions, the problem is when government plays a central role in the financing and delivery of primary health care services, more effective incentives should be developed.

Effect of healthcare system reforms on public hospitals’ revenue structures: Evidence from Beijing, China

To reduce the heavy reliance of public hospitals on drug sales and use of advanced technologies and to contain the escalating medical expenditures, Beijing implemented two rounds of comprehensive public hospital reform in 2017 and 2019, respectively. The first round focused on separating drug sales from hospital revenue (reform1), and the second round extended to include zero markup on medical consumables and price adjustments for medical services (reform2). To estimate how these two rounds of reform have affected public hospitals' revenue structures, we used observational data of medical revenues from 2016 to 2019 covering 354 healthcare facilities. A Panel-interrupted time-series (PITS) model was used to analyze the effects. The results suggest that the reforms have changed the structure of public hospitals' revenues. The proportion of drug sales in hospital revenues fell from 43.96% in 2016 (pre-reform) to 34.08% in 2019 (post-reform); the proportions of medical consumables decreased by 0.73% after reform 2; and the proportion of medical consultation service fees increased from 15.16% in 2016 to 24.51% in 2019. PITS analysis showed that the proportion of drug sales dropped by 5.46% in the month of reform 1, and it dropped by 0.20% per month on average after reform 2(p < 0.001). The proportion of medical consumables decreased by 0.04% per month on average after reform 2 (p < 0.001). The proportion of medical consultation service increased by 7.13% in the month of reform 1, and it increased by 0.14% per month on average after reform 2(p < 0.001). Similar trends were seen in hospital revenue structures from both inpatient services and from outpatient and accident and emergency services. Thus, Beijing's reforms successfully contained rising medical expenditures and optimized hospitals' revenue structures. These reforms can provide a reference for further public hospital reforms in China and other countries with similar systems.

THE GROWTH FACTORS OF TELECOM INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Globalization, privatization and liberalization accelerated all round reforms in many sectors, especially in developing economies, in the world. Developing countries- like India have realized the importance of communication in the later part of 20th century. According to DoT (2020), today Indian Telecommunication Sector is one of the fastest growing telecom sectors and it has become the second largest network in the world, next to China. The Government of India really has encouraged the telecom sector to penetrate in the new markets across the country by adopting appropriate policies. Therefore this sector is found to be in a growing path and with its potential will continue to do so in the future also. Keeping these in view, the present study analyzes the history &amp; evolution of Indian Telecom Sector, its growth &amp; developments in present scenario along with the future opportunities of the sector in India.

Research on the Legal System of Shareholders’ Rights Exercise for China’s State-owned Enterprises

In the context of the new round of reform of China’s state-owned enterprises, the modernization of governance system and governance capabilities has put forward new requirements for Chinese central enterprises to exercise shareholders’ rights, which not only means value reconstruction, business restructuring and process reengineering, but also requires central enterprises to make positive responses in terms of corporate governance, group management and control, and shareholder exercise. This study effectively integrates corporate governance and group management and control, constructs a modern legal system for shareholder exercise, and provides useful legal guarantee and reference for central enterprises to exercise shareholders’ rights.

China’s Environmental Vertical Management Reform: An Effective and Sustainable Way Forward or Trouble in Itself?

An environmental management system provides the institutional foundation for sound environmental governance. Conventional environmental management systems, deriving from the combination of the vertical management of competent authorities and the localized management of local governments, can lead to local protectionism and implementation deviation at the local level. Since 2016, environmental vertical management reform has been performed as a significant part of the overall promotion of the ecological civilization in China. Representing the most fundamental reform of China’s local environmental management system since the Environmental Protection Law of 1989, the environmental vertical management reform focuses on the reconstruction and adjustment of the environmental management functions among the local governments, and their environment protection authorities at the provincial, city, and county levels. In this paper, we provide an overview of the basic theory of the vertical management model, as well as the motivation for—and the legal/policy background, focuses/content, local practices, and results of—the environmental vertical management reform in China. In the discussion section, we analyze the current problems that impede the effectiveness and sustainability of this reform. On the basis of the analysis of the present and the problems, we raise the question of whether this round of reform is effective and will be sustainable in the future. In response to the challenges, feasible recommendations are proposed. These suggestions include firmly promoting the rule of law in the process of implementing the reform, enhancing the institutional supply and capacity building at the grassroots level, and taking advantage of the holistic governance under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC).

Research on information disclosure strategies of electricity retailers under new electricity reform in China

The Chinese government has issued “No.9 document” to start a new round of reform. Retail competition mechanism has been launched and more participants are encouraged to involve into the sell side. However, the electricity retail market is still imperfect and needs continuously improving at current stage, in which information disclosure mechanism is of great significance. This paper analyzes and compares the information disclosure strategies of power retailers under new electricity reform in China. The results show that the retail companies with better service quality are more inclined to disclose information, while sellers with poor service quality tend to hide information. Information non-transparency will result in some inefficiencies inevitably and perfect information disclosure system is expected to promote competition, thus ensuring market fairness. These findings may provide some references for the future development of the electricity retail market and electricity reform.

Federal or Unitary? The Power-sharing Debate in Sri Lanka

ABSTRACTSri Lanka’s power-sharing debate is focused on the labels ‘federal and ‘unitary’. A recent Judgment of the Supreme Court recognising the fluidity of these terms, and a creative reform proposal defining Sri Lanka as a ‘aekiya rajyaya/orumitha nadu’, present opportunities for consensus. Yet there are also powerful obstacles, including the virtual collapse of Sri Lanka’s coalition government and exclusivist nationalist ideologies. Regardless of the outcome of this round of reform, however, reformers must focus on the political if Sri Lanka is to ever reach a just and equitable solution to the ethnic conflict.

Deepening Supply-Side Structural Reforms in Coal Power with a Power Market

ABSTRACT The new round of reforms in power system gradually liberalizes the wholesale market for power generation, but the current average dispatch model does not support the new market system. We use Guangdong Province as a case study to analyze the cost of new entry (CONE) and net revenue of new and old coal power plants. We find that the real CONE of low-efficiency plants that were put into production earlier is significantly lower than that of the new high-efficiency plants. Meanwhile, the fact that net revenues are higher for low-efficiency plants than high-efficiency plants has led to distortion in the incentives aimed at retiring old low-efficiency plants from the market, and new investment is economically justified under existing market rules. By simulating a market system, we find that the “scarce returns” of peak plants are depressed because of excessive capacity, which leads to losses from all coal power plants. Accelerating market reforms, including reshaping the market mechanism of short-term operations and long-term investment decision-making is key to the successful implementation of supply-side reform policies. They are important for ensuring both economic operations in the short-run wholesale market and the long-term sufficiency of the power supply via careful regulatory mechanisms.

Esearch on Classification Reform of Chinese State-Owned Enterprises

The classification reform of state-owned enterprises is a major movement in the process of the new round of reform of state-owned enterprises in China. This paper will focus on the implementation of the classification reform of state-owned enterprises, and conduct research and analysis on the implementation path, current situation and difficulties of the classification reform of state-owned enterprises. The first part of the implementation path is divided into three levels: the transfer of capital to the management of the property level, the formation of a differentiated governance structure combining internal and external governance, and the clarification of the authority of state-owned assets. The implementation logic of the three levels is elaborated. The second part of the local provinces&amp;#39; relevant initiatives were introduced from the functional positioning and classification, the implementation of supervision and the implementation of the mixed ownership reform. The third part focuses on the key points and difficulties of the reform of state-owned enterprises. It mainly studies the practical issues of &amp;ldquo;diversified and multi-functional&amp;rdquo; classification reform of state-owned enterprises and regulatory conflicts, &amp;ldquo;rights&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;human rights&amp;rdquo;. The fourth part promotes the policy recommendations for the effective implementation of the classification reform of state-owned enterprises.

The Impact of Big Data and Cloud Computing on Traditional Accounting Industry

With the development of big data and cloud computing is changing and influencing all aspects of the socio-economic operation, especially in the commercial field. At the same time, it also changes the way people think about analyzing, processing, and using information. Traditional accounting, as a tool and means of providing information, faces a new round of reforms in the era of big data. This article begins with the concept and characteristics of big data and cloud computing, and analyzes the relationship between the two, and then studies how modern companies respond to the impact and challenges brought by big data to the financial system, and proposes the integration of traditional accounting and big data and cloud computing. This will play a role in promoting the transformation of corporate financial models, improving competitiveness, and promoting development.