Rotter's Internal-External Locus Research Articles

The Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Psychological Variables in Patients With Schizophrenia.

Depressive symptoms are common in schizophrenia and can be seen at any stage of the disease. Although various models have been proposed to explain the development of depression in schizophrenia, studies investigating related psychological factors are scarce and the studies that have been done usually focus on only a small number of possible factors. The goal of this study was to investigate the predictability of some psychological factors on depression in patients with schizophrenia. For this purpose, patients with high and low depression scores were compared. Two groups of individuals with schizophrenia, with (n=29) and without (n=31) depression, as determined by scores on the Calgary Depression Scale in Schizophrenia, were compared using a sociodemographic data form, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Rotter Internal-External Locus 2024 of Control Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Stress Coping Styles Scale. No differences were found between the 2 groups in terms of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, social support scores, and coping styles. Statistically significant differences were found between the groups on the PANSS positive, negative, and general psychopathology subscales, in PANSS total scores, in anxiety scores, and in locus of control scores. This study showed that high levels of negative, positive, and general psychopathological symptoms, external locus of control, and high anxiety scores may be predictive of depression in individuals with schizophrenia. Studies that examine psychological factors in larger patient groups may provide the opportunity to detect and target these factors earlier in the course of schizophrenia, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality.

PERSONAL FACTORS OF STUDENTS' ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION IN CONDITIONS OF USING DISTANCE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES

Abstract. Objective. This research was conducted to to theoretically analyse and empirically investigate the personal factors of students' academic procrastination in the context of distance learning technologies.
 Methods. The subjects were 63 students from different faculties and educational institutions, aged from 17 to 45, who are using distance learning technologies. Among them 55 females and 7 males. Data were gathered through C. Lay's General Procrastination Scale (adapted by T. Yu. Yudyeyeva), «The reasons for the personal tendency to delay tasks» (M. S. Dvornyk), «Scale of Academic Motivation» (T. O. Hordyeyeva, O. A. Sychov, Ye. M. Osin), 5PFQ (adapted by A. B. Khromov), J. Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (adapted by A. Syrtsova), Self-Change Potential questionnaire (V. R. Manukyan, I. R. Murtazina, N. V. Hrishyna) and were analyzed by the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Mann–Whitney U test and k-means cluster analysis.
 Results. The results showed that there was a meaningful and negative relation between academic procrastination and «conscientiousness», future orientation, belief in possibility of self-change as a factor of self-change potential. Besides, a meaningful and positive relation was observed between academic procrastination and «neuroticism», negative past orientation, extrinsic motivation.
 Conclusion. The results of the research can be recommended for application in the practical work of psychologists, in psychology of personality, creative psychology, psychology of health and social psychology. It also can be useful in the practice of correction and counseling psychology.
 The results of the study can be used to develop programs of reducing and prevention of students' academic procrastination in the context of distance learning technologies.

WORK LIFE BALANCE WITHIN THE PRIVATE SECTOR: THE PREDICTIVE ROLES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT AND LOCUS OF CONTROL

The study investigated social support and locus of control as predictors of work life balance among workers. One hundred and forty one (141) workers from Stine Rice Industry, Amichi served as participants in the study, comprising 90 males (66.08%) and 51 females (33.92%). Their age ranged between 18 – 50 years with a mean age of 30.04 years and standard deviation of 8.1 years. The participants were selected using systematic and convenient sampling technique. Fisher's work life balance Scale (Fisher, 2001), Rotter internal-external locus of control scale 1966 (Rotter, 1966), and multidimensional scale of perceived social support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet & Farley, 1988) was used for data collection. The design adopted in the research is a correlational design. Based on this, Multiple Linear Regression was adopted as the statistical tool for data analysis using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Three hypotheses were tested, and the results revealed that the first hypothesis which stated that social support would significantly predict work life balance among workers was accepted at (p>.05, t=2.161). The second hypothesis which stated that locus of control would significantly predict work life balance among workers was also accepted at (p>.05, t=-6.02). The third hypothesis which stated that social support and locus of control would jointly predict work life balance among workers was accepted at F(2,138)=24.214, p<.05 level of significant. Thus, based on the findings of this study, the researchers recommended that organizations should provide mechanisms that will provide support for workers in order to balance their work lives, should provide human resource initiatives that will enhance their productivity level. Also, the needs of employees are increasing owing to the many roles they play outside the work and family environment; managers are to be understanding when employees make requests to meet these needs. Limitations and implications of the study were also discussed.
 
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Assessment of the relationship between psychological locus of control and immune status in breast cancer patients: Thesis Abstract

Thesis Abstract Several recent studies confirm the immune disturbances in cancer patients in comparison with the healthy individual. Other studies confirmed the effective role of psychological status on the immune system. In breast cancer patient, depression associated with decreased inflammatory and immune function. Several studies suggested relationship between locus of control and depression as an external locus of control individuals have more symptoms of depression. Therefore, it is proposed that there is a direct relation between immune status and locus of control in breast cancer patients. Patients and participators responded to three questionnaires (God health locus of control, multidimensional health locus of control, and Rotter internalexternal locus of control). The first analysis was the calculation of the numbers and phenotype of CD4+ T, Treg and NK cells by flow-cytometry, measure gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines with real time PCR. Results show significant direct co- relation between IHLC and CD4+ T cells, IHLC and NK cells.

The Effect of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Cardiac Chest Pain Management Training on Perceived Control, Depression, Stress and Anxiety in the Spouses of the Patients with Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

ABSTRACTBackground: Sudden cardiac death is the most common cause of mortality worldwide. Most cases occur at home and the individuals most likely witnessed are family members. Spouses play a significant role in the recovery of such patients. We aimed to investigate the effect of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and cardiac chest pain management trainings on the perceived control, depression, stress and anxiety in the spouses of the patients with Myocardial Infarction (MI).Methods: The present randomized controlled trial study was performed on 78 spouses of the patients admitted to Cardiac Care Unit of the hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from August 2013 to April 2014. The subjects were randomly assigned into intervention (n=40) and control groups (n=38). The intervention group took part in educational workshop on CPR and cardiac chest pain management and followed-up for six weeks. Data were collected using Depression Anxiety Stress (DASS) Scale and Rotter’s internal-external locus of Control Scale. Statistical methods of data analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi-squared test, paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test, one way analysis of covariance, and multivariate analysis of covariance.Results: There were significant differences between intervention and control groups in perceived control and DASS subscales. After the intervention, perceived control scores reduced from 9.42±3.33 to 8.15±3.65 (P=0.001); depression from 28.85±11.99 to 21.65±8.64 (P=0.001); anxiety from 26.6±9.46 to 20.70±6.29 (P=0.02); and stress from 30.20±10.91 to 24.32±10.23 (P=0.01) in the intervention group.Conclusion: CPR and cardiac chest pain management trainings could effectively improve the perceived control, depression, anxiety, and stress in the spouses of the patients with MI. Trial Registration Number: IRCT201310128124N2.

Osobine ličnosti i lokus kontrole kao prediktori građanskog aktivizma

The aim of this study was to verify the possibility of predicting various forms of civil activism based on personality traits, locus of control, and some sociodemographic variables. In this study the participants were 278 activists from 25 NGOs. Data was collected using the Big Five Inventory, Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, Index of Civil Activism, and Activism Orientation Scale. The results indicated that Extraversion was a positive predictor of civil activism and conventional activism. Openness to experience was a positive predictor of conventional activism, while consciousness was a negative predictor of high risk activism. Locus of control, neuroticism and agreeableness were not significant predictors of any of the various activism forms. Personality traits, locus of control, and sociodemographic variables were able to explain a relatively small percentage of variance (< 26%) in different forms of activism.

Müzik Eğitimi Öğrencilerinde Bireysel Çalgı Performansı Başarısının Psikolojik ve Kişisel Özelliklere Göre İncelenmesi

Araştırmada, müzik eğitimi öğrencilerinde; akademik güdülenme, kaygı, denetim odağı gibi psikolojik ve çalgı geçmişi, günlük çalışma süresi gibi kişisel özelliklerin bireysel çalgı performansı başarısını yordama gücünün ve ilişkisinin test edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya 80 müzik öğrenci katılmıştır. Verilerinin toplanmasında; Akademik Güdülenme Ölçeği, Beck Kaygı Envanteri, Rotter İç-Dış Denetim Odağı Ölçeği ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, Pearson korelasyon analizi ve aşamalı regresyon analizi teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda, bireysel çalgı performansı başarısı, kaygı ile negatif, akademik güdülenme ve günlük çalışma süresi ile pozitif yönde ilişkili bulunmuştur. Kaygı ve akademik güdülenmenin bireysel çalgı performans başarısının anlamlı yordayıcıları olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalgı geçmişi ve denetim odağı gibi değişkenlerle, bireysel çalgı performans başarısı arasındaki ilişkilerin anlamlı olmadığı saptanmıştır.

An Analysis with Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale on Patients Who Attempted to Recurrent Suicide

An Analysis with Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale on Patients Who Attempted to Recurrent Suicide

High School Students' Career Decision-making Difficulties According to Locus of Control

This study intends to elaborate upon difficulties in career decisions of high school students with different locus of control. 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th grade students aged 14-19, 282 (%55.4) females, 227 (%44.6) males totaling 509 participants involved in research located in the south of Turkey. Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ) and Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (RIEFCS) were used to collect data. One-way analysis of variance was conducted to compare the participants' career decision- making difficulties in accordance with the locus of control. The findings indicate that total points obtained from the scale of career decision-making difficulties of the participants with external locus of control and lack of information of the scale with inconsistent information sub-dimensions have a higher score average than students with internal locus of control. Individuals with external locus of control experienced more difficulty in the process of decision-making due to the lack of necessary information or inconsistent information. This study contributes to practitioners working in the field of career for theory or application.

Why does college education matter? Unveiling the contributions of selection factors

This study investigates the contributions of pre-college selection factors that may partially lead to the college degree – health link by using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) cohort. Propensity score matching method finds that the effects of college degree on various health outcomes (self-rated health, physical component summary index, health limitations, CESD scale) are reduced by 51% on average (range: 37%–70%) in the matched sample. Among these observed factors, cognitive skill is the biggest confounder, followed by pre-college health and socioeconomic characteristics (marital aspiration, years of schooling, marriage, fertility, poverty status) and non-cognitive skills (e.g., self-esteem). Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control scale is not significantly associated with all four health measures. The effects of most indicators of family background (parental education, family stability, family size, religious background) on the health of adult children are not direct but through offspring's early adulthood health and socioeconomic status.

Investigating Prospective Teachers' Perceived Problem-solving Abilities in Relation to Gender, Major, Place Lived, and Locus of Control

The purpose of this study is to investigate prospective teachers' perceived personal problem-solving competencies in relation to gender, major, place lived, and internal-external locus of control. The Personal Problem-Solving Inventory and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale were used to collect data from freshman teacher candidates (N = 476). Data analysis procedures included descriptive statistics, an independent group t-test, ANOVA, correlational analysis, and hierarchical regression analyses. Findings suggest a significant positive correlation between perceived problem-solving skills and locus of control, place lived, gender, and two subcategories of major. Female participants' problem-solving ability was found to be higher than male participants'; however, male participants' scores indicated stronger internal locus of control than females'. Results show place lived, gender, locus of control, and two categories of major are significant predictors of perceived problem-solving ability (R2 = .125; P < .001). Implications for teacher education are discussed.

Autoestima, resiliencia, locus de control y riesgo suicida en estudiantes de enfermería

Assuming that suicide is the result of a series of factors acting cumulatively, the aim of this paper was to study the association of self-esteem, resilience and locus of control with the risk of suicidal behavior in a sample of nursing students. Observational, cross-sectional and correlational study with 186 nursing students who answered a questionnaire that contained, in addition to demographic data, the Spanish forms of Rosenberg self-esteem scale, the brief resilient coping scale, the Plutchik scale of suicide risk and the Rotter's internal-external locus of control scale. The scores of males and females are very similar on all scales except Locus of Control, where a significantly greater tendency of females attributed to external control. 6.4% of students have scores indicating suicide risk. Suicide risk scores correlated negatively and significantly with self-esteem and resilience and positively with locus of control. The multiple linear regression analysis identified self-esteem as the main variable related to suicide risk. The results suggest that students who have low self-esteem, have difficulty in adjusting to adverse situations and tend to the external attribution of the consequences of their actions may have an increased risk of suicidal behavior. Furthermore, the identification of self-esteem as the important factor involved in suicide risk can help in designing prevention programs.

Locus of Control or Self-Esteem; Which One is the Best Predictor of Academic Achievement in Iranian College Students.

BackgroundSelf-esteem and behavioral consequences, which are due to external or internal locus of control, are effective on academic achievement of students.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the prediction of locus of control and self-esteem in academic achievement among the students.Materials and MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 college students in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2014. Data collection tools were in three sections: demographic, Rotter internal-external locus of control scale and Coopersmith self-esteem inventory. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 21.ResultsResults showed that 29.8% and 76.2% of the participants had internal locus of control, and high self-esteem, respectively. There was a significant correlation between self-esteem, locus of control and academic achievement of the students. Self-esteem accounted for 39.5% of the variation in academic achievement.ConclusionsIt seems that interventions to increase self-esteem among student can help improve academic achievement among them.

The Relationship between Critical Thinking Disposition and Locus of Control in Pre-Service Teachers

The aim of the current research study was to examine the link between critical thinking dispositions and locus of control in pre-service teachers. The participants of this study were selected via easily accessible sampling technique. The participants consist of 347 pre-service teachers (203 female, 144 male) in Kutahya, Turkey. The Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale and Critical Thinking Dispositions Scale aided in data collection. Once the data was transferred to an electronic environment and did not show a normal distribution in terms of gender and grade variables, so Mann Whitney-U test was used in order to comparing analysis and Spearman’s correlation analysis was used for examining the level of relationship between variables. According to comparison analysis, the external locus of control and critical thinking dispositions differentiated with respect to gender and grade. In correlational analysis and regression analysis, there was a negative relationship between external locus of control and critical thinking dispositions. Results were discussed by the light of the related previous studies.

Locus of control, academic self-concept, and academic dishonesty among high ability college students

The purposes of the current study were to evaluate a measure of academic dishonesty and examine high ability college students’ loci of control and its effect on behaviors of academic dishonesty, as moderated by academic self-concept. A total of 357 high ability college students enrolled at two universities in the southwestern United States took part in this study. Variables and the moderation of academic self-concept were examined for the aggregate group (n = 357) and for the disaggregate honors and non-honors groups. Students completed the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966), the Self-Description Questionnaire III (Marsh, 1989), and a scale to measure academic dishonesty based on the work of Geddes (2011). A 17-item measure of academic dishonesty was developed. Results indicate locus of control does not significantly predict academic dishonesty for the non-honors group, but several relationships were found among variables for the aggregate group and for the honors and non-honors groups.

Demographic Profiling of the Locus of Control of Employees

This study examines variations in employees’ locus of control (LOC) across the demographic variables of gender, educational background and respondents’ age. The study is based on data collected from 565 employees, using an adapted version of the Rotter Internal–External Locus of Control Scale. Based on a survey of literature, three hypotheses were formulated relating the demographic variables of gender, educational background and age with LOC. The results of this study yielded evidence of variations based on all the three demographic parameters. T-tests and analyses of variance suggest that there is no uniform LOC across different groups of employees. Men, ‘Gen X’ and people with higher educational levels (postgraduates) demonstrate higher internal LOC when compared with counterpart demographic groups. Implications of the findings for organization and management practice are discussed.

Emotional intelligence and locus of control of adult patients with breast cancer receiving treatment

Background: This article investigates emotional intelligence and locus of control in an adult breast cancer population receiving treatment. Gaining insight into these constructs will contribute to improving breast cancer patients’ psychological well-being and to reducing physical vulnerability to disease before and during treatment. Method: The researcher used an exploratory, descriptive and correlational approach. Nonprobability purposive sampling was employed. Sixty-seven breast cancer patients receiving treatment participated in the research. A biographical questionnaire, the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale, and the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale were used to measure the constructs explored in this article. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Results: The sample yielded above-average levels of emotional intelligence and an internal locus of control. The results indicate a statistically and practically significant negative correlation between emotional intelligence and locus of control. The significant association found between higher and lower emotional intelligence groups and internal and external locus of control groups also confirmed these results. Conclusion: Having an understanding of the psychosocial variables that impact on individuals diagnosed with a chronic illness, in this case breast cancer, can assist interventionists working in the field of positive psychology. While the stressors and challenges that breast cancer patients face are well documented, this article highlights the strength factors emotional intelligence and locus of control as important mediators in the treatment and management of breast cancer.

The Effects of internal-external locus of control variables on burnout levels of teachers

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the teachers are internally controlled or externally controlled and investigate if this variable affects their burnout status in terms of their burnout levels and their style of explaining events. The sample of the study consisted of 291 teachers. Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale and Maslach Burnout Inventory were used as data gathering tools. The analyses concluded that the teachers generally have internal locus of control and they perceive themselves more burnout from the point of insensitivity and emotional burnout.

Perception of Risk for Subsequent Drinking and Driving Related Offenses and Locus of Control among First-Time DUI Offenders

It is estimated that approximately one third of first-time driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offenders are at risk for committing a subsequent offense. To reduce the risk of recidivism, most states require mandatory screening and counseling of convicted DUI offenders. Unfortunately, the majority of offenders are not receptive to either screening or recommendations for further interventions designed to reduce their level of risk. The current study examines the relationship between locus of control and receptivity to risk status. To test this hypothesis, both the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (I-E) and the Drinking Related Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (DRIE) were administered to a group of convicted first DUI offenders. The results indicate that the offenders manifesting a more internal locus of control were more receptive to risk information compared to their external locus of control counterparts. Important clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THINKING STYLES AND LEVEL OF EXTERNALITY: A STUDY Of TURKISH FEMALE PRESCHOOL STUDENT TEACHERS

The relationship between thinking styles and level of externality is examined in this study in which 108 female preschool student teachers at Marmara University participated. The participants responded to the Thinking Style Inventory (TSI; Sternberg &amp; Wagner, 1992) based on Sternberg's theory of mental self-government and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (RIELS; Rotter, 1966). The results revealed a close correspondence between thinking styles and level of externality. The findings showed that level of externality is negatively associated with legislative, judicial, hierarchic, global, and liberal thinking styles. The implications are discussed in detail.