Rotavirus In Infants Research Articles

Immunogenicity and Safety of a Hexavalent DTwP-IPV-HB-PRP~T Vaccine Versus Separate DTwP-HB-PRP~T, bOPV, and IPV Vaccines Administered at 2, 4, 6 Months of Age Concomitantly With Rotavirus and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Healthy Infants in Thailand.

This study investigated the immunogenicity and safety of a fully liquid, hexavalent, diphtheria (D)-tetanus (T)-whole-cell pertussis (wP)-inactivated poliovirus (IPV)-hepatitis B (HB)-Haemophilus influenzae b (PRP-T) vaccine compared to licensed DTwP-HB-PRP~T, IPV, and bivalent oral poliovirus (bOPV) vaccines following co-administration with other pediatric vaccines [pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and rotavirus vaccine]. Phase III, randomized, open-label study in Thailand. Healthy infants received DTwP-IPV-HB-PRP~T at 2, 4 and 6 months of age (N = 228), or DTwP-HB-PRP~T and bOPV (2, 4 and 6 months of age) and IPV (4 months of age) (N = 231). All participants received PCV13 (2, 4 and 6 months of age) and rotavirus vaccine (2 and 4 months of age). Immunogenicity for all antigens was assessed using validated assays, and noninferiority post-third dose was evaluated for anti-D, anti-T, anti-pertussis [anti-pertussis toxin (anti-PT) and anti-fimbriae 2/3 (anti-FIM)], anti-polio 1, 2, 3, anti-HB, and anti-PRP~T. Safety was assessed using parental reports. Noninferiority was demonstrated for each antigen, and overall noninferiority of DTwP-IPV-HB-PRP~T versus DTwP-HB-PRP~T+bOPV+IPV was concluded. Similarity in each group was observed for the GMC ratio for antirotavirus antibodies (20.9 and 17.3, respectively) and anti-PCV13 antibodies (range: 8.46-32.6 and 7.53-33.1, respectively). Two serious adverse events were related to DTwP-IPV-HB-PRP~T (febrile convulsion and acute febrile illness) and 1 was related to DTwP-HB-PRP~T+bOPV+IPV (febrile seizure), but overall there were no safety concerns with similar rates of participants experiencing solicited (99.1% and 98.3%) and unsolicited (19.3% and 19.5%) adverse events in each group. This study confirmed the suitability of DTwP-IPV-HB-PRP~T primary series vaccination in combination with rotavirus and PCV13 vaccines.

Effect of Probiotics on Rotavirus and Non-Rotavirus Diarrhea in Infants: Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: In this trial, we have observed efficacy of two different probiotics in Rotavirus and non-Rotavirus diarrhea in infants of 6 months to 12 months. Method: The study was done to observe efficacy of two different probiotic strains in Rotavirus and non- Rotavirus diarrhea in infants. The study included the infants suffering from acute severe diarrhea. 105 infants were selected and they were divided randomly into three groups. There were 35 infants in one group. The samples of stool were sent to microbiology lab for Rotavirus testing. The treatment plan was standard treatment of diarrhea for infants in group A. The treatment plan for infants of group B and group C included same standard management of diarrhea, in addition they also received probiotics Enterococcus faecium SF68 and Saccharomyces boulardii respectively. Results: There was reduction in stool output and improvement in consistency of stool in infants of group B and C as compared to infants of group A. There was decrease in stool frequency in non-Rotavirus diarrhea in infants of group B and C while there was no significant difference between groups regarding Rotavirus diarrhea. Conclusion: Probiotics helped to decrease the stool output in non-Rotavirus diarrhea. There was not any significant difference in groups regarding Rotavirus diarrhea. How to cite: Khan FA, Irum z, Khan MZ, Yousaf N, Piracha MI, Zaheer S. Effect of Probiotics on Rotavirus and Non- Rotavirus Diarrhea in Infants: Randomized Controlled Trial. Esculapio - JSIMS 2022;18(03):248-252 Keywords: Rotavirus, Non-Rotavirus, Saccharomyces boulardii,, Enterococcus faecium Sf68

Molecular epidemiology of group A rotavirus in outpatient diarrhea infants and children in Chongqing, China, 2011-2015.

Human group A rotavirus (RVA) is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in children under 5 years old worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotype distribution of RVA in the Midwest of China. Sentinel-based surveillance of acute diarrhea was conducted at Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from 2011 to 2015. RVA was tested by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The partial VP4 genes and VP7 genes of rotavirus were amplified and sequenced, and genotyping and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Among the 2236 stool specimens collected from children with acute gastroenteritis, 681 (30.46%) were positive for RVA. The majority of children (89.28%) who tested positive for RVA were children aged ≤2 years. The seasonal peak of RVA was in the winter. As for genotype, four strain combinations, G9P[8], G3P[8], G1P[8], and G2P[4] contributed to 75.62% (515/681) of the RVA-associated diarrhea cases. After a marked increase in G9P[8] (30.77%) in 2013, G9P[8] became the predominant genotype in 2014 and 2015, whilst the prevalence of G1P[8] was decreased to 2.72% in 2015. Unusual G-P combinations (eg, G1P[4], G9P[4], G4P[6], G3P[4], G2P[8]) were also detected sporadically over the study period. Phylogenetic tree analysis results showed that the VP7 sequences of G9 strains were clustered into two main lineages, and 77.34% of them were clustered into lineage VI, with the highest nucleotide similarity to the strain JS12-17(China). VP4 gene sequences of P[8] strains were almost P[8]-lineage 3. Substantial temporal variation in the circulation of various genotypes of rotavirus in Chongqing was observed during 2011-2015, and highlights the need for continuous surveillance of RVA infection for better understanding and control of RVA infection.

Complementary Nutrition and Breastfeeding In Rotavirus Diarrhea

Background: Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis due to severe diarrhea and related hospitalizations and infant deaths, especially in the infant stage in both developed and developing countries. The aim of this study is to retrospectively determine the frequency, seasonal distribution and nutritional relationship of rotavirus in infants who were admitted to our hospital with the diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis. Material and Method: 383 infants who were admitted to the hospital between October 2016 and March 2018 with the diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis and examined for rotavirus antigen in feces. Results: The average age of 383 infants taken to study is 8.2 months. 41.8% of the patients were female (n:160) and 58.2% were male (n:223). When stool specimens were examined, 33.68% (n:129) rotavirus antigens were detected in 383 cases. Of these 129 cases in whom rotavirus antigen was detected, 41.9% were female (n:54) and 58.1% were male (n:75). Discussion: We think that rotavirus should be kept in mind as an agent of acute diarrhea especially in winter and spring in infants. Thus unnecessary and costly investigations and treatments can be prevented. Additionally, breastfeeding only in the first 180 days will reduce the frequency of rotavirus diarrhea in the infant period. Keywords: Breastfeeding, complementary nutrition, infant, rotavirus

Genotyping and clinical factors in pediatric diarrhea caused by rotaviruses: one-year surveillance in Surabaya, Indonesia.

BackgroundRotavirus infections are a major cause of diarrhea in children in both developed and developing countries. Rotavirus genetics, patient immunity, and environmental factors are thought to be related to the severity of acute diarrhea due to rotavirus in infants and young children. The objective of this study was to provide a correlation between rotavirus genotypes, clinical factors and degree of severity of acute diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Surabaya, Indonesia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in children aged 1–60 months with acute diarrhea hospitalized in Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia from April to December 2013. Rotavirus in stool specimens was identified by ELISA and genotyping (G-type and P-type) using multiplex reverse transcription PCR. Severity was measured using the Ruuska and Vesikari scoring system. The clinical factors were investigated included patient’s age (months), hydration, antibiotic administration, nutritional state, co-bacterial infection and co-viral infection.ResultsA total of 88 children met the criteria; 80.7% were aged 6–24 months, watery diarrhea was the most common type (77.3%) and 73.6% of the subjects were co-infected with bacteria, of which pathogenic Escherichia coli was the most common (42.5%). The predominant VP7 genotyping (G-type) was G2 (31.8%) and that of VP4 genotyping (P-type) was P[4] (31.8%). The predominant rotavirus genotype was G2P[4] (19.3%); G1P[4] and G9P[4] were uncommon with a prevalence of 4.5%. There were significant differences between the common genotype and uncommon genotype with respect to the total severity score of diarrhea (p <0.05). G3, G4 and G9 were significantly correlated with severe diarrhea (p = 0.009) in multivariate analyses and with frequency of diarrhea (>10 times a day) (p = 0.045) in univariate analyses, but there was no significant correlation between P typing and severity of diarrhea. For combination genotyping of G and P, G2P[4] was significantly correlated with severe diarrhea in multivariate analyses (p = 0.029).ConclusionsThere is a correlation between rotavirus genotype and severity of acute diarrhea in children. Genotype G2P[4] has the highest prevalence. G3, G4, G9 and G2P[4] combination genotype were found to be associated with severe diarrhea.

Vaccine-derived Human-bovine Double Reassortant Rotavirus in Infants With Acute Gastroenteritis

We describe 3 cases of acute gastroenteritis in healthy infants after vaccination with RotaTeq, shedding a G1P[8] human-bovine double reassortant rotavirus in stools. Such a double reassortant virus appears stable in vitro and may explain diarrheal symptoms in a small percentage of RotaTeq recipients, and might also be transmitted to contacts in the environment.

Vaccine-Acquired Rotavirus in Infants with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

Vaccine-Acquired Rotavirus in Infants with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

Breastfeeding protects against acute gastroenteritis due to rotavirus in infants

To assess whether breastfeeding protects against acute gastroenteritis (AGE) due to rotavirus (RV) infection compared to RV-negative AGE (RV-) in children age 0-12 months. Data from a community-based study of children with AGE from 30 pediatric practices in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria were evaluated. A case-control design was conducted with RV-positive AGE (RV+) cases and RV- AGE as controls. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using log-linear regression models adjusting for child's age, family size, number of siblings, child care attendance, and nationality. A total of 1,256 stool samples were collected from infants with AGE; 315 (25%) were RV+ and 941 RV-. Being breastfed in the period of disease inception reduced the risk of AGE due to RV+ (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.37-0.76). In infants 0-6 months of age, the protective effect was stronger (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.19-0.55) than in 7-12-month-old children. Our study adds to the evidence of a protective concurrent effect of breastfeeding against rotavirus infection in infants, particularly in children 6 months and younger. Breastfeeding is important to diminish rotavirus-related gastroenteritis in infants before vaccination can be introduced.

Vaccine-Acquired Rotavirus in Infants With Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal: July 2010 - Volume 29 - Issue 7 - p 599 doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181d79847

Vaccine-Acquired Rotavirus in Infants with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

Live pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine is recommended in the United States for routine immunization of infants. We describe three infants, two with failure to thrive, who had dehydration and diarrhea within 1 month after their first or second rotavirus immunization and subsequently received a diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency. Rotavirus was detected, by means of reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay, in stool specimens obtained from all three infants, and gene-sequence analysis revealed the presence of vaccine rotavirus. These infections raise concerns regarding the safety of rotavirus vaccine in severely immunocompromised patients.

Molecular and epidemiological trend of rotavirus infection among infants and children in Japan

This study investigated the prevalence of group A, B, and C rotavirus (RAV, RBV, RCV) and adenovirus (AdV) infections in infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Japan from July 2006 to June 2007. A total of 628 fecal specimens collected from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in five different places (Maizuru, Tokyo, Sapporo, Saga and Osaka) in Japan during the period of July 2006–June 2007 were examined for RAV, RBV, RCV and AdV by RT-multiplex PCR. RAV was further characterized to G-typing and P-typing by RT-multiplex PCR and sequencing method. It was found that 123 (19.6%) fecal specimens were positive for RAV followed by AdV of 4.5%. RBV and RCV could not be detected in this study. Serotype G1 (58.5%) was identified at high levels followed by G9 (20.3%), G2 (11.4%), and G3 (7.3%). P genotyping revealed P[8] as predominant (84.6%) followed by P[4] (13.8%) and P[6] (1.6%). During the 2006/2007 rotavirus season, G1P[8] strains were most common with G9P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G1P[4] and G9P[6] also detected. It is clear from this study that RAV is still the cause of diseases in Japan. To our knowledge, this is the first report of RV P[6] strain in humans in Japan.

Nosocomial infection due to rotavirus in infants in Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran.

Rotavirus is one of the most common causes of acute diarrhoea during infancy, and the spread of this infection due to rotavirus in paediatric wards can cause acute diarrhoea during hospitalization, and, in turn, prolong hospitalization or rehospitalization. It is, therefore, important to evaluate the problem and to find an appropriate approach to decrease the rate of infection. The incidence of nosocomial infection due to rotavirus was studied in 80 children aged 3-24 months from November 2003 to April 2004 in the Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Rotavirus antigen was detected by latex aggulutation in stool samples obtained during hospitalization and up to 72 hours after discharge from the hospital. The prevalence of nosocomial infection due to rotavirus was 26.25%, which is a considerable prevalence compared to similar studies which reported a prevalence of 27.7%, 19.4%, and 14.6%. Overall, 15% of the 21 children with positive rotavirus antigen in their stools had acute diarrhoea during hospitalization and up to 72 hours after discharge (symptomatic nosocomial infection), and 11.25% of all children (n=80) studied had asymptomatic nosocomial infection. Regarding the low frequency of nosocomial infection due to rotavirus in other studies which have only studied symptomatic cases during hospitalization and reported a prevalence of 3.3 and 9%, it is suggested that the real estimation of nosocomial infection due to rotavirus in asymptomatic cases that might become symptomatic after discharge from hospital should also be considered. Due to the relatively high frequency of nosocomial infection in the Alzahra Hospital, it is necessary to follow stricter health issues, e.g. isolation of patients with diarrhoea and hand-washing before and after the examination of every patient.

Passive immunity against rotavirus in infants

Passive immunity against rotavirus in infants

Passive immunity against rotavirus in infants.

Passive immunity against a variety of gastrointestinal infections, using orally administered human antibodies, has been tried in a number of clinical trials. Recently, antibodies from other species such as cows and chickens, which have shown efficacy in experimental animal systems, have also been tried in humans. This review summarizes published data on the use of immunoglobulin-containing preparations for prophylaxis and therapy against rotavirus infections in infants and children, and directions for their future use are suggested.

Epidemiology of rotavirus in infants and protection against symptomatic illness afforded by primary infection and vaccination

This study assessed the frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic primary and secondary infections with rotavirus in children under 24 months and determined protection against symptomatic illness afforded by rhesus and human-rhesus rotavirus reassortant vaccines. Successive cohorts of children ( n=236) were followed through five winter rotavirus seasons with cultures of each reported episode of diarrheal disease and serologic determination of rotavirus exposure on paired sera bracketing the winter. An average of 46% of children experienced rotavirus infection in each season with almost all infected by two years of age. The relative risk of rotavirus associated gastroenteritis in naive children versus naturally immune children was 2.4 (1.1, 5.3). The relative risk of rotavirus associated gastroenteritis in naive children versus vaccinees was 4.1 (1.6, 10.7). In a community with predominantly serotype G1 rotavirus rhesus rotavirus-based vaccines are as protective against rotavirus gastroenteritis as prior natural infection.

Human Milk Glycoconjugates That Inhibit Pathogens

Breast-fed infants have lower incidence of diarrhea, respiratory disease, and otitis media. The protection by human milk has long been attributed to the presence of secretory IgA. However, human milk contains large numbers and amounts of complex carbohydrates, including glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosaminoglycans, mucins, and especially oligosaccharides. The oligosaccharides comprise the third most abundant solid constituent of human milk, and contain a myriad of structures. Complex carbohydrate moieties of glycoconjugates and oligosaccharides are synthesized by the many glycosyltransferases in the mammary gland; those with homology to cell surface glycoconjugate pathogen receptors may inhibit pathogen binding, thereby protecting the nursing infant. Several examples are reviewed: A fucosyloligosaccharide inhibits the diarrheagenic effect of stable toxin of Escherichia coli. A different fucosyloligosaccharide inhibits infection by Campylobacter jejuni. Binding of Streptococcus pneumoniae and of enteropathogenic E. coli to their respective receptors is inhibited by human milk oligosaccharides. The 46-kD glycoprotein, lactadherin, inhibits rotavirus binding and infectivity. Low levels of lactadherin in human milk are associated with a higher incidence of symptomatic rotavirus in breast-fed infants. A mannosylated glycopeptide inhibits binding by enterohemorrhagic E. coli. A glycosaminoglycan inhibits binding of gp120 to CD4, the first step in HIV infection. Human milk mucin inhibits binding by S-fimbriated E. coli. The ganglioside, GM1, reduces diarrhea production by cholera toxin and labile toxin of E. coli. The neutral glycosphingolipid, Gb3, binds to Shigatoxin. Thus, many complex carbohydrates of human milk may be novel antipathogenic agents, and the milk glycoconjugates and oligosaccharides may be a major source of protection for breastfeeding infants.

Detection of Group C Rotavirus in Infants with Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia

The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine liver tissue from patients with cholestatic disease for the presence of group C rotavirus RNA. The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for genes 5 and 6 was used, and the PCR products were subjected to liquid hybridization with a 32P-labeled probe. A second amplification with nested primers was also used. Samples from 32 subjects (20 with biliary atresia or choledochal cyst and 12 controls) were tested. Ten of 20 biliary atresia patients were positive for group C rotavirus RNA; no controls were positive (P < .003). Three of the positive patients were positive for both genes 5 and 6. Six of the 10 had > 1 sample that was positive. These data suggest a possible relationship between group C rotavirus and extrahepatic biliary atresia in the 10 patients in whom virus RNA was detected.

Formula Supplemented with Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus Prevents Diarrhea and Shedding of Rotavirus in Infants

Formula Supplemented with Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus Prevents Diarrhea and Shedding of Rotavirus in Infants

Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus in black infants in South Africa.

The molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections in black infants in Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa, was investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Between 1983 and 1986, 14 different RNA electrophoretic patterns were observed for children with acute gastroenteritis. These electrophoretypes showed a sequential pattern of appearance, with a limited number being present at any one time. In contrast, for neonates only one RNA electrophoretype was detected, which persisted for at least 3 years.

Presence of Two Distinct Types of Rotavirus in Infants and Young Children Hospitalized with Acute Gastroenteritis in Mexico City, 1977

Between December 1976 and January 1978, infection with rotavirus was detected by electron microscopy in 61 (25%) of 242 infants and young children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis at two hospitals in Mexico City. This type of infection was more frequent in autumn than in winter. The presence of virus could also be detected by the electrophoretic pattern of its segmented, double-standed ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the stool samples taken from 52 (85%) of the 61 patients who were shown by electron microscopic examination to excrete rotavirus. Two distinct patterns, previously called 2s and 21, were observed, which were distinguishable by the relative migration of the second, 10th, and 11th viral RNA segments in gel electrophoresis; the 21 pattern was observed much more frequently than with the 2s pattern.