Rotation Invariant Local Binary Pattern Research Articles

Verifiable Privacy-Enhanced Rotation Invariant LBP Feature Extraction in Fog Computing

Rotation invariant local binary pattern (RI-LBP) features have been applied in diverse scenarios with the advantages of gray-scale and rotation invariance. Secure fog computing has become an emerging paradigm for enterprises or individuals with a huge volume of private data but limited computing power for feature extraction. Prior secure outsourcing protocols based on LBP and RI-LBP simply focus on local data privacy, which can only resist ciphertext-only attack, and also make extracted features exposed to the cloud. This work focuses on how to effectively ensure data confidentiality and feature integrity. We propose a verifiable privacy-enhanced protocol for RI-LBP feature extraction (VRLBP) based on the fog computing paradigm, which mitigates the aforementioned challenges by involving the proposed symmetric cryptographic scheme where local data and extracted features are proven secure against chosen plaintext attack. Meanwhile, the stage of verification can check the correctness of outsourced features with an overwhelming probability and constant computational complexity. The security analysis and computational costs demonstrate that VRLBP can reduce the computation overhead to around 30% of original feature extraction in a privacy-preserving manner. To exhibit the practical utility, VRLBP is implemented for deepfake detection on five public datasets. Extensive evaluations indicate that VRLBP achieves almost the same accuracy as the original RI-LBP algorithm and outperforms the state-of-the-art protocols.

Decision Support System in Identification of Lesions in the Dense Breast on Digital Mammograms

Background The most common cancer affecting women globally is breast cancer. The most effective and extensively used tool for identifying breast abnormalities in the early stage is mammography screening. However, it is less effective when there is high breast density. Therefore, the radiologist considers a sonomammography in addition to mammography to identify and characterize the lesion. Therefore, we aim at modelling a decision support system to identify a lesion in a dense breast using a mammogram and thereby avoiding additional sonomammogram. Methods In this work, the image pixels were pre-processed to produce super-pixels that are very meaningful and easy to analyse. Texture features extracted using a rotation invariant local binary pattern (RI-LBP) approach from super-pixels. Feature Selection algorithm was used to extract the top 5 features. The performance of various machine learning models was studied, and the best model was used for the prediction of the presence or absence of lesions in the mammogram images. Results The findings suggest that breast masses localized in the dense background can be described by features produced from RI-LBP super-pixel patterns in very effective and efficient ways. The experiment showed that with 500 super-pixels and only 5 RI-LBP features, the Support Vector machine model with gaussian kernel yielded an accuracy value of 90.38% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve score of 0.96 for the mammogram dataset.

Radiomics for Parkinson's disease classification using advanced texture-based biomarkers

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases and its manual diagnosis leads to time-consuming process. MRI-based computer-aided diagnosis helps medical experts to diagnose PD more precisely and fast. Texture-based radiomic analysis is carried out on 3D MRI scans of T1 weighted and resting-state modalities. 43 subjects from Neurocon and 40 subjects from Tao-Wu dataset were examined, which consisted of 36 scans of healthy controls and 47 scans of Parkinson's patients. Total 360 2D MRI images are selected among around 17000 slices of T1-weighted and resting scans of selected 72 subjects. Local binary pattern (LBP) method was applied with custom variants to acquire advanced textural biomarkers from MRI images. LBP histogram helped to learn discriminative local patterns to detect and classify Parkinson's disease. Using recursive feature elimination, data dimensions of around 150-300 LBP histogram features were reduced to 13-21 most significant features based on score, and important features were analysed using SVM and random forest algorithms. Variant-I of LBP has performed well with highest test accuracy of 83.33%, precision of 84.62%, recall of 91.67%, and f1-score of 88%. Classification accuracies were obtained from 61.11% to 83.33% and AUC-ROC values range from 0.43 to 0.86 using four variants of LBP.•Parkinson's classification is carried out using an advanced biomedical texture feature. Texture extraction using four variants of uniform, rotation invariant LBP method is performed for radiomic analysis of Parkinson's disorder.•Proposed method with support vector machine classifier is experimented and an accuracy of 83.33% is achieved with 10-fold cross validation for detection of Parkinson's patients from MRI-based radiomic analysis.•The proposed predictive model has proved the potential of textures of extended version of LBP, which have demonstrated subtle variations in local appearance for Parkinson's detection.

SD-CapsNet: A Siamese Dense Capsule Network for SAR Image Registration with Complex Scenes

SAR image registration is the basis for applications such as change detection, image fusion, and three-dimensional reconstruction. Although CNN-based SAR image registration methods have achieved competitive results, they are insensitive to small displacement errors in matched point pairs and do not provide a comprehensive description of keypoint information in complex scenes. In addition, existing keypoint detectors are unable to obtain a uniform distribution of keypoints in SAR images with complex scenes. In this paper, we propose a texture constraint-based phase congruency (TCPC) keypoint detector that uses a rotation-invariant local binary pattern operator (RI-LBP) to remove keypoints that may be located at overlay or shadow locations. Then, we propose a Siamese dense capsule network (SD-CapsNet) to extract more accurate feature descriptors. Then, we define and verify that the feature descriptors in capsule form contain intensity, texture, orientation, and structure information that is useful for SAR image registration. In addition, we define a novel distance metric for the feature descriptors in capsule form and feed it into the Hard L2 loss function for model training. Experimental results for six pairs of SAR images demonstrate that, compared to other state-of-the-art methods, our proposed method achieves more robust results in complex scenes, with the number of correctly matched keypoint pairs (NCM) at least 2 to 3 times higher than the comparison methods, a root mean square error (RMSE) at most 0.27 lower than the compared methods.

Micro image classification of 19 high-value hardwood species based on texture feature fusion

For classification of wood species with similar microstructure, 19 high-value hardwood species of Papilionaceae, Ebenaceae, and Caesalpiniaceae were used as experimental objects. Images of transverse sections, radial sections, and tangential sections were collected by Micro CT. Local binary patterns (LBP) are often used for feature extraction. LBP deformed forms such as uniform LBP, rotation-invariant LBP, and rotation-invariant uniform LBP were fused with Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) to form three fusion features. The fusion features were combined with support vector machine (SVM) or BP neural network to realize wood classification. The texture feature fusion method was found to be better than the single feature classification. Among them, the effect of uniform LBP and GLCM fusion was the best, and the classification accuracy combined with SVM was the highest. The evaluation of the classification of 19 kinds of hardwood mainly depended on transverse sections, and its accuracy was higher than that of the radial and tangential sections. Therefore, the classification results of transverse sections should be taken as the main evaluation basis for the classification of the 19 high-value hardwood species.

Mineral Texture Identification Using Local Binary Patterns Equipped with a Classification and Recognition Updating System (CARUS)

In this paper, a rotation-invariant local binary pattern operator equipped with a local contrast measure (riLBPc) is employed to characterize the type of mineral twinning by inspecting the texture properties of crystals. The proposed method uses photomicrographs of minerals and produces LBP histograms, which might be compared with those included in a predefined database using the Kullback–Leibler divergence-based metric. The paper proposes a new LBP-based scheme for concurrent classification and recognition tasks, followed by a novel online updating routine to enhance the locally developed mineral LBP database. The discriminatory power of the proposed Classification and Recognition Updating System (CARUS) for texture identification scheme is verified for plagioclase, orthoclase, microcline, and quartz minerals with sensitivity (TPR) near 99.9%, 87%, 99.9%, and 96%, and accuracy (ACC) equal to about 99%, 97%, 99%, and 99%, respectively. According to the results, the introduced CARUS system is a promising approach that can be applied in a variety of different fields dealing with classification and feature recognition tasks.

Neutrosophic set based local binary pattern for texture classification

This paper presents novel neutrosophic set-based Completed Local Binary Pattern (CLBP) hybrid methods. These methods first transform the input image into a neutrosophic domain, and the image's texture is characterized by truth and false membership components. Grayscale images are more robust to noise in the neutrosophic domain. The neutrosophic components suppress noise, by this way edges in the images may be detected more precisely. As a result, using neutrosophic truth and false sets with a grayscale input image has resulted in more robust features. Besides, these discriminative features are combined with rotation invariant LBP features with a cross-scale joint coding strategy. The proposed methods can contribute to the classification performance with a reasonable computational cost. When compared to state-of-the-art hand-crafted approaches, experimental findings on state-of-the-art texture databases show that the proposed methods can enhance classification accuracy by roughly 24%. Moreover, the proposed method achieves up to 34% better results than the state-of-the-art deep learning-based methods.

MDAM-DRNet: Dual Channel Residual Network With Multi-Directional Attention Mechanism in Strawberry Leaf Diseases Detection.

The growth of strawberry plants is affected by a variety of strawberry leaf diseases. Yet, due to the complexity of these diseases' spots in terms of color and texture, their manual identification requires much time and energy. Developing a more efficient identification method could be imperative for improving the yield and quality of strawberry crops. To that end, here we proposed a detection framework for strawberry leaf diseases based on a dual-channel residual network with a multi-directional attention mechanism (MDAM-DRNet). (1) In order to fully extract the color features from images of diseased strawberry leaves, this paper constructed a color feature path at the front end of the network. The color feature information in the image was then extracted mainly through a color correlogram. (2) Likewise, to fully extract the texture features from images, a texture feature path at the front end of the network was built; it mainly extracts texture feature information by using an area compensation rotation invariant local binary pattern (ACRI-LBP). (3) To enhance the model's ability to extract detailed features, for the main frame, this paper proposed a multidirectional attention mechanism (MDAM). This MDAM can allocate weights in the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions, thereby reducing the loss of feature information. Finally, in order to solve the problems of gradient disappearance in the network, the ELU activation function was used in the main frame. Experiments were then carried out using a database we compiled. According to the results, the highest recognition accuracy by the network used in this paper for six types of strawberry leaf diseases and normal leaves is 95.79%, with an F1 score of 95.77%. This proves the introduced method is effective at detecting strawberry leaf diseases.

Robust image similarity metric method for SAR images

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image similarity metric is at the core of SAR image interpretation techniques, however, it is still a challenging task due to complex nonlinear intensity, scale, and rotation differences between SAR images and other remote sensing images. This letter addresses this problem by proposing a novel similarity metric method for SAR images using structure and shape properties. The magnitude and orientation representation of the phase congruency model is first built based on the local phase of images. Then a new scale and rotation-invariant local binary pattern (SRI-LBP) descriptor is proposed using local structure and shape information. Finally, a similarity metric is defined using the symmetry Kullback Leibler divergence (SKLD) of the SRI-LBP descriptors. Numerical experiment results verify its robustness in terms of nonlinear intensity, scale, and rotation differences.

Research on Rosewood Micro Image Classification Method Based on Feature Fusion and ELM

Rosewood is a kind of high-quality and precious wood in China. The correct identification of rosewood species is of great significance to the import and export trade and species identification of furniture materials. In this paper, micro CT was used to obtain the micro images of cross sections, radial sections and tangential sections of 24 kinds of rosewood, and the data sets were constructed. PCA method was used to reduce the dimension of four features including logical binary pattern, local configuration pattern, rotation invariant LBP, uniform LBP. These four features and one feature not reducing dimension (rotation invariant uniform LBP) was fused with Gray Level CoOccurrence Matrix and Tamura features, respectively, a total of five fused features <i>LBP</i>+<i>GLCM</i>+<i>Tamura</i>, <i>LCP</i> +<i>GLCM</i>+<i>Tamura</i>, <img src="https://www.techscience.com/ueditor/files/jrm1.png" height="20px">+<i>GLCM</i>+<i>Tamura</i>, <img src="https://www.techscience.com/ueditor/files/jrm2.png" height="20px">+<i>GLCM</i>+<i>Tamura</i> and <img src="https://www.techscience.com/ueditor/files/jrm3.png" height="20px"> +<i>GLCM</i>+<i>Tamura</i> were obtained. The five fused features were classified by extreme learning machine and BP neural network. The classification effect of feature <img src="https://www.techscience.com/ueditor/files/jrm1.png" height="20px">+<i>GLCM</i>+<i>Tamura</i> combined with extreme learning machine was the best, and the classification accuracy of cross, radial and tangential sections reached 100%, 97.63% and 94.72%, respectively, which is 0.83%, 2.77% and 5.70% higher than that of BP neural network. The classification running time of ELM is less than 1 s, and the classification efficiency is high. In conclusion, the <img src="https://www.techscience.com/ueditor/files/jrm1.png" height="20px">+<i>GLCM</i>+<i>Tamura</i> method combined with extreme learning machine can be used as a quick and accurate classifier, providing an efficient and feasible classification method of rosewood.

Local Texture Representation for Timber Defect Recognition based on Variation of LBP

This paper evaluates timber defect classification performance across four various Local Binary Patterns (LBP). The light and heavy timber used in the study are Rubberwood, KSK, Merbau, and Meranti, and eight natural timber defects involved; bark pocket, blue stain, borer holes, brown stain, knot, rot, split, and wane. A series of LBP feature sets were created by employing the Basic LBP, Rotation Invariant LBP, Uniform LBP, and Rotation Invariant Uniform LBP in a phase of feature extraction procedures. Several common classifiers were used to further separate the timber defect classes, which are Artificial Neural Network (ANN), J48 Decision Tree (J48), and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN). Uniform LBP with ANN classifier provides the best performance at 63.4%, superior to all other LBP types. Features from Merbau provide the greatest F-measure when comparing the performance of the ANN classifier with Uniform LBP across timber fault classes and clean wood, surpassing other feature sets.

Detection of a Fallen Person and its Head and Lower Body from Aerial Images

This paper proposes a method of detecting a person fallen on the ground and its head and lower body from aerial images. The study intends to automate discovering victims of disasters such as earthquakes from areal images taken by an unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) . Rotation-invariant histogram of oriented gradients and rotation-invariant local binary pattern are used as features describing a fallen person so as to detect it regardless of its body orientation. The proposed method also detects the head and the lower body of a fallen person using the peak of the gradient histogram. Experimental results show satisfactory performance of the proposed method.

Visual and data stationarity of texture images

The stationarity of a texture can be considered a fundamental property of images, although the property of stationarity is difficult to define precisely. We propose a stationarity test based on multiscale, locally stationary, 2D wavelets. Three separate experiments were performed to evaluate the capabilities and the limitations of this test. The experiments comprised a chessboard stationarity analysis, two classification tasks, and a psychophysical experiment. The classification tasks were performed on 110 texture images from a texture database. In one subtask, five texture feature vectors were extracted from each image and the classification accuracy of two classical methods compared, whereas in the second subtask, the classification accuracy of several methods was compared to the descriptors defined for each image within the database. In the psychophysical experiment, the correlation between the classification results and observer judgements of texture similarity were determined. It was found that a combination of wavelet shrinkage and rotation-invariant local binary pattern best predicted the observer response. The results show that the proposed stationarity test is able to provide relevant information for texture analysis.

HOLBP: Remote Sensing Image Registration Based on Histogram of Oriented Local Binary Pattern Descriptor

Image registration has always been an important research topic. This paper proposes a novel method of constructing descriptors called the histogram of oriented local binary pattern descriptor (HOLBP) for fast and robust matching. There are three new components in our algorithm. First, we redefined the gradient and angle calculation template to make it more sensitive to edge information. Second, we proposed a new construction method of the HOLBP descriptor and improved the traditional local binary pattern (LBP) computation template. Third, the principle of uniform rotation-invariant LBP was applied to add 10-dimensional gradient direction information to form a 138-dimension HOLBP descriptor vector. The experimental results showed that our method is very stable in terms of accuracy and computational time for different test images.

Face fatigue detection method based on convolution neural network

In order to monitor the fatigue state of the face, a state detection algorithm based on a variety of facial fatigue parameters is proposed. Firstly, convolution neural network is used to enhance the edge information of eyes and mouth for accurate positioning. Then, a rotation invariant LBP pyramid feature is used to describe the eyes, and a linear SVM classifier is trained to distinguish the open and closed state of eyes. The open and closed state of mouth is judged according to the open area and aspect ratio of mouth. At the same time, the vertical movement of eyes is counted Determine changes in head position. Finally, based on the state of eyes and mouth and the position of head, four fatigue parameters which can describe the state are calculated, and the final fatigue state is obtained by convolution neural network. The experimental results show that the detection and state discrimination algorithms have high accuracy.

A Gender Recognition System Using Facial Images with High Dimensional Data

Gender recognition has been seen as an interesting research area that plays important roles in many fields of study. Studies from MIT and Microsoft clearly showed that the female gender was poorly recognized especially among dark-skinned nationals. The focus of this paper is to present a technique that categorise gender among dark-skinned people. The classification was done using SVM on sets of images gathered locally and publicly. Analysis includes; face detection using Viola-Jones algorithm, extraction of Histogram of Oriented Gradient and Rotation Invariant LBP (RILBP) features and trained with SVM classifier. PCA was performed on both the HOG and RILBP descriptors to extract high dimensional features. Various success rates were recorded, however, PCA on RILBP performed best with an accuracy of 99.6% and 99.8% respectively on the public and local datasets. This system will be of immense benefit in application areas like social interaction and targeted advertisement.

Integrating change magnitude maps of spectrally enhanced multi-features for land cover change detection

ABSTRACT Constructing a change magnitude map (CMM) is a key component of binary change detection. Recently, integrating multiple features to obtain a comprehensive CMM has become a popular research topic. However, the current integration approaches mainly utilize simple spectral CMMs that are derived based on a single spectral change index (e.g. image difference, Euclidean distance, and change vector analysis), which is not sufficient for addressing complex land cover changes. In this study, we propose a spectrally enhanced multi-feature fusion (SeMF) method with CMM integration for effective change detection. Seven commonly used spectral change indices are analysed from the aspects of the spectral value and spectral shape; two of these indices are selected to construct the optimal spectral-based CMM, which is more efficient, robust and stable than the single spectral change indices. The rotation-invariant local binary patterns (RiLBP) and Canny methods are further used for CMM generation via the textural and shape features, respectively. These three types of CMMs are adaptively assigned weights by using an information entropy-based fusion strategy and ultimately integrated into a comprehensive CMM. Two groups of experiments with Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Gaofen (GF)-1 images are designed to verify the effectiveness of the SeMF method. The experimental results indicate that the SeMF method is superior to both spectral feature-based and multi-feature-based change detection methods.

LTGH: A Dynamic Texture Feature for Working Condition Recognition in the Froth Flotation

Texture feature of the froth image is widely used in the working condition recognition of froth flotation. However, due to the complexity of the froth image, the current texture features vary greatly and are difficult to identify the work condition accurately. Therefore, we propose a dynamic texture feature named LBP on the TOP and GLCM Histograms (LTGH) which integrates the local binary patterns (LBPs) and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) histograms on the three orthogonal planes (TOP). First, we use the rotation invariant LBPs to enhance rotation invariance and illumination robustness. Then, we implement the TOP on the enhanced texture feature map to generate the multiple dimensional enhanced feature maps. After that, we calculate the GLCM and supplementary features (SFs) on the multiple dimensional enhanced feature map. Finally, we integrate the histogram of the GLCM and SFs to discriminate the texture feature. The LTGH feature considers the froth structures both in the macrolevel and microlevel and captures the temporal information between the froth images. Experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness and stability of the proposed texture feature for work condition recognition in froth flotation. Compared with other traditional texture features, the accuracy of the LTGH feature has been increased by at least 7.76%.

Weed and Corn Seedling Detection in Field Based on Multi Feature Fusion and Support Vector Machine.

Detection of weeds and crops is the key step for precision spraying using the spraying herbicide robot and precise fertilization for the agriculture machine in the field. On the basis of k-mean clustering image segmentation using color information and connected region analysis, a method combining multi feature fusion and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed to identify and detect the position of corn seedlings and weeds, to reduce the harm of weeds on corn growth, and to achieve accurate fertilization, thereby realizing precise weeding or fertilizing. First, the image dataset for weed and corn seedling classification in the corn seedling stage was established. Second, many different features of corn seedlings and weeds were extracted, and dimensionality was reduced by principal component analysis, including the histogram of oriented gradient feature, rotation invariant local binary pattern (LBP) feature, Hu invariant moment feature, Gabor feature, gray level co-occurrence matrix, and gray level-gradient co-occurrence matrix. Then, the classifier training based on SVM was conducted to obtain the recognition model for corn seedlings and weeds. The comprehensive recognition performance of single feature or different fusion strategies for six features is compared and analyzed, and the optimal feature fusion strategy is obtained. Finally, by utilizing the actual corn seedling field images, the proposed weed and corn seedling detection method effect was tested. LAB color space and K-means clustering were used to achieve image segmentation. Connected component analysis was adopted to remove small objects. The previously trained recognition model was utilized to identify and label each connected region to identify and detect weeds and corn seedlings. The experimental results showed that the fusion feature combination of rotation invariant LBP feature and gray level-gradient co-occurrence matrix based on SVM classifier obtained the highest classification accuracy and accurately detected all kinds of weeds and corn seedlings. It provided information on weed and crop positions to the spraying herbicide robot for accurate spraying or to the precise fertilization machine for accurate fertilizing.

Detection of abnormalities in wireless capsule endoscopy based on extreme learning machine

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is a device that can move through human body and capture the small bowel entirely. Thus, it is presented as an excellent diagnostic tool for evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases compared with traditional endoscopies. However, the diagnosis by the physicians is tedious since it requires reviewing the video extracted from the capsule and analysing all of its frames. This tedious task has fuelled the efforts of researchers to provide automated diagnostic techniques for WCE frameworks to detect symptoms of gastrointestinal illness. In this paper, a new computer-aided diagnosis method for abnormalities detection in WCE images is proposed. After a preprocessing step, we extract from these images the descriptor we feed to a kernel extreme learning machine to perform the classification process. The descriptor used in this work is a combination between the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) that were extracted using the hue component of the HSV colour space, and a modified rotation-invariant local binary pattern. The proposed approach has been tested on different datasets, and the results obtained are satisfactory when compared to the state-of-the-art works.