Rotary Disk Type Research Articles

エンジン要素の熱的な摩擦特性に関する研究 - ピストンリング・シリンダライナの混合・境界潤滑

Similar to vehicle engines, marine engines are required to realize zero emissions of poisonous gas like SOx and GHG like CO2. Therefore, fuels used for future engines will be needed to reduce the content of sulfur and carbon. Under such requirements, the lubricated sliding interface of a piston ring and a cylinder liner often suffers damage, such as excessive wear and scuffing failure, caused by changes in lubrication condition due to in-cylinder combustion and/or fuel-derived substances mixed in the lubricating oil. Given this, appropriate measures are eagerly required to prevent such damage. The thermal friction characteristics of the ring / liner interface under the mixed / boundary lubrication regime during engine break-in procedure are thought to be almost the same as those of cam / tappet under the boundary lubrication regime when using low-viscosity lubricating oil with additives, which was the key subject the authors investigated in their previous study. By analyzing changes in frictional shear stress and the surface temperature and examining a correlation between them, just like the Arrhenius’ equation, it has been clarified that the temperature of the interface displays lubrication functions that can reduce friction, wear and scuffing. Concerning the viscosity and additives of the lubricating oil, the surface roughness of the interface, the ring profile, the contact pressure and the sliding velocity the authors have also investigated how the surface temperature contributed to reducing friction. To this aim, they analyzed the ring / liner data measured with a rotary disk type reciprocating friction test apparatus, which makes it possible to detect the friction force and the ring temperature under the same contact pressure and sliding velocity as those during engine break-in procedure.

Development status and trends in side-deep fertilization of rice

AbstractOveruse of fertilizer is detrimental to the sustainability of crop production from an economic and environmental perspective. While rice side-deep fertilization technology can significantly improve fertilizer utilization efficiency, improve crop yield and reduce environmental pollution caused by improper use of fertilizer compared with conventional fertilization methods. Therefore, side-deep fertilization technology has an important role in the sustainable development of agriculture. This article describes fertilizer selection, side-deep fertilization devices and the effects of side-deep fertilization technology on rice plants and soil. We summarize the types and characteristics of side-deep fertilizers and their ratios and modes. The basic principles and characteristics of the key components of mechanical fertilization devices are described in detail, including fertilizer discharging devices (rotating disc type, outer groove wheel type, screw type), fertilizer conveying devices (pneumatic, mechanical forced type) and sensors. The effects and mechanisms of side-deep fertilization on rice growth, yield, quality, fertilizer utilization efficiency and soil microorganisms are summarized. Finally, based on current research on side-deep fertilization, future directions are identified to aid the development of this promising technology.

Design and test of 2ZYM-2 potted vegetable seedlings transplanting machine

In order to improve the efficiency and quality of transplanting vegetables in dry land, based on the seedling technology, transplanting effect and analysis of the planting process, a potted vegetable seedlings transplanting machine was designed. It mainly comprised rotary disc type feeding mechanism, five-bar duckbill type planting mechanism (simulated duckbill mechanism, disc cam, connecting rod, crank, fork, cable) and power transmission system. Based on the physical parameters of the seedlings and design requirements, it was determined that the diameter of the duckbill was D=90 mm, the opening and closing angle was 25°, and the taper angle was 17°. A test bench with adjustable parameters was built by analyzing the structure of the planting mechanism and the motion of the working process. The digital speckle technique was used to optimize the parameters, so that the length of the crankshaft Ι was S1=100 mm, the length of the crankshaft ΙΙ was S2= 80 mm, the length of the connecting rod Ι was S3=140 mm, the length of the connecting rod ΙΙ was S4=260 mm, the length of rod to connecting the rack was S6=314 mm, and the height of planting track was H=450 mm. According to the above parameters and the control requirements of the duckbill mechanism, the cam stroke was determined to be S=15 mm. And the initial phase difference between the two cams was 180°. The experiment was carried out with pepper seedlings as transplanting objects. The results showed that when the planting frequency was 50-70 plants/min, the seedling upright rate was 93%-91.1%, the planting depth qualified rate was 96%-92%. The leakage rate was 0-0.26%, the variation coefficient of plant spacing was 0.37%-0.67%, the injury rate was 0%, and the mechanical damage degree of the mining surface was 2.43-3.77 mm/m2. The machine can effectively improve the quality of transplanting, which can meet the production needs and design requirements of the mechanism. Keywords: seedling transplanting, planting mechanism, digital speckle, parameter optimization, test analysis DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201301.5494 Citation: Jin X, Cheng Q, Zhao B, Ji J T, Li M Y. Design and test of 2ZYM-2 potted vegetable seedlings transplanting machine. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(1): 101–110.

Design and test of 2ZYM-2 potted vegetable seedlings transplanting machine

In order to improve the efficiency and quality of transplanting vegetables in dry land, based on the seedling technology, transplanting effect and analysis of the planting process, a potted vegetable seedlings transplanting machine was designed. It mainly comprised rotary disc type feeding mechanism, five-bar duckbill type planting mechanism (simulated duckbill mechanism, disc cam, connecting rod, crank, fork, cable) and power transmission system. Based on the physical parameters of the seedlings and design requirements, it was determined that the diameter of the duckbill was D=90 mm, the opening and closing angle was 25°, and the taper angle was 17°. A test bench with adjustable parameters was built by analyzing the structure of the planting mechanism and the motion of the working process. The digital speckle technique was used to optimize the parameters, so that the length of the crankshaft Ι was S1=100 mm, the length of the crankshaft ΙΙ was S2= 80 mm, the length of the connecting rod Ι was S3=140 mm, the length of the connecting rod ΙΙ was S4=260 mm, the length of rod to connecting the rack was S6=314 mm, and the height of planting track was H=450 mm. According to the above parameters and the control requirements of the duckbill mechanism, the cam stroke was determined to be S=15 mm. And the initial phase difference between the two cams was 180°. The experiment was carried out with pepper seedlings as transplanting objects. The results showed that when the planting frequency was 50-70 plants/min, the seedling upright rate was 93%-91.1%, the planting depth qualified rate was 96%-92%. The leakage rate was 0-0.26%, the variation coefficient of plant spacing was 0.37%-0.67%, the injury rate was 0%, and the mechanical damage degree of the mining surface was 2.43-3.77 mm/m2. The machine can effectively improve the quality of transplanting, which can meet the production needs and design requirements of the mechanism. Keywords: seedling transplanting, planting mechanism, digital speckle, parameter optimization, test analysis DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201301.5494 Citation: Jin X, Cheng Q, Zhao B, Ji J T, Li M Y. Design and test of 2ZYM-2 potted vegetable seedlings transplanting machine. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(1): 101–110.

Decolorization of Reactive black-5 Dye by UV based photocatalytic with immobilized ZnO nanoparticles onto ceramic plate surface

The textile wastewater contains components of dye and inorganic salts which are very dangerous when they are directly discharged into the water body without any prior treatment. In this study, the ability of immobilized ceramic/ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) for decolorization of Reactive black 5 dyes was investigated. A laboratory scale of rotating disc type reactor with UV-C lamp and dip coating method to immobilize nanoparticles were used in this study. Ceramic/ZnO NPs were then characterized by SEM-EDS. EDS result has shown that 82% of ZnO NPs were dispersed on the ceramic surface with maximum catalyst dosage of 5.5 mg/cm2. It was achieved after 3 cycles of impregnation process at 500°C. Photocatalytic activity of ceramic/ZnO NPs was strongly depended on pH and RB5 initial concentration. It possesses the highest photocatalytic activity (100% of decolorization efficiency) at the extreme alkaline condition and low RB5 concentration (3 mg/L) after 90 min of treatment time.

The Effect of Passive-Active Interaction Method on Drag Reduction Performance in Rotating Disk Apparatus

Objectives:Turbulent Drag Reduction (DR) efficacy of diesel fuelin a Rotating Disk Apparatus (RDA) using anionic surfactant of Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) was investigated with smooth andSV-groove disks(riblets height of 900 and 3100 μm). Methods: The DR efficacy indicates how the torque is being reduced with a tiny amount of additives under a turbulent flow at a Reynolds number (Re) range of 302227 to 453341. The effects of different variables such as rotary disk type (smooth or structured), surfactant concentration, and Reynolds number were also studied. Findings: SLES shows a good ability to reduce the frictional drag forces with smooth and SV-groove of height 3100μm. In contract, there is no drag reduction can be observed by using this surfactant with SV-groove of height 900 μm. Application/Improvements: The passive-active interaction method can be used to improve petroleum liquid flow in pipelines.

Corrosion of Indian RAFMS in Pb–17Li in a rotating disc corrosion test facility at 773 K

A rotating disc type corrosion test facility has been developed to study the compatibility of structural steels in lead–lithium eutectic at selected temperatures and flow velocities. The compatibility of an Indian Reduced Activation Ferritic–Martensitic Steel (IN RAFMS) disc rotating at 360 revolutions per minute (RPM) in Pb–17Li was studied at 773K after an exposure of 3000h. Results indicated that weight loss occurred at a rate of 1.02μg/cm2h for a total duration of 3000h. The corrosion mechanism was governed by dissolution of alloying elements from the sample surface and penetration of Pb–17Li into the IN RAFMS matrix. The microstructure of the parent material got altered up to a depth of 30μm from the exposed surface although effects of Pb–17Li penetration were noted up to 100μm. The depth of Pb–17Li attack increased with increase in linear flow velocities along the radial direction of the IN RAFMS disc.

Corrosion of Modified 9Cr–1Mo Steel in Pb–17Li in a Rotating Disc Experiment at 773 K

A rotating disc type corrosion test facility has been developed to study the compatibility of structural steels in lead–lithium eutectic at selected temperatures and flow velocities. The compatibility of a modified 9Cr–1Mo steel (P91) disc in Pb–17Li was studied at 773 K and 700 revolutions per minute during an exposure of 2,000 h. Results indicated that weight loss occurred at a rate of 4.2 µg/cm2 h for a total duration of 2,000 h. The corrosion mechanism was governed by dissolution of iron and chromium from the sample surface into molten Pb–17Li. The depth of dissolution of major alloying elements and selective removal of the Fe and Cr depleted surface layers depended upon the variation of linear flow velocities along the radial direction.

Experimental Measurements of Thermophysical Properties of $$\mathrm{Al}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$$ Al 2 O 3 – and $$\mathrm{TiO}_{2}$$ TiO 2 –Ethylene Glycol Nanofluids

This paper presents measurements of the thermal conductivity and the dynamic viscosity of $$\mathrm{Al}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$$ –ethylene glycol and $$\mathrm{TiO}_{2}$$ –ethylene glycol (1 % to 3 % particle volume fraction) nanofluids carried out in the temperature range from $$0\,^{\circ }$$ C to $$50\,^{\circ }$$ C. The thermal-conductivity measurements were performed by using a transient hot-disk TPS 2500S apparatus instrumented with a 7577 probe (2.001 mm in radius) having a maximum uncertainty $$(k=2)$$ lower than 5.0 % of the reading. The dynamic-viscosity measurements and the rheological analysis were carried out by a rotating disk type rheometer Haake Mars II instrumented with a single-cone probe (60 mm in diameter and $$1^{\circ }$$ ) having a maximum uncertainty $$(k=2)$$ lower than 5.0 % of the reading. The thermal-conductivity measurements of the tested nanofluids show a great sensitivity to particle volume fraction and a lower sensitivity to temperature: $$\mathrm{TiO}_{2}$$ –ethylene glycol and $$\mathrm{Al}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$$ –ethylene glycol nanofluids show a thermal-conductivity enhancement (with respect to pure ethylene glycol) from 1 % to 19.5 % and from 9 % to 29 %, respectively. $$\mathrm{TiO}_{2}$$ –ethylene glycol and $$\mathrm{Al}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$$ –ethylene glycol nanofluids exhibit Newtonian behavior in all the investigated temperature and particle volume fraction ranges. The relative viscosity shows a great sensitivity to the particle volume fraction and weak or no sensitivity to temperature: $$\mathrm{TiO}_{2}$$ –ethylene glycol and $$\mathrm{Al}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$$ –ethylene glycol nanofluids show a dynamic viscosity increase with respect to ethylene glycol from (4 to 5) % to 30 % and from 14 % to 50 %, respectively. Present experimental measurements were compared both with available measurements carried out by different researchers and computational models for thermophysical properties of nanofluids.

Automatic Sorting Machine for Cylinder Length

In order to resolve the problem that is low precision, slow speed and time consuming, which come out when selecting by artificial. This paper developed an automatic selection machine of cylinder length, which use advanced PLC controller to take the place of conventional mechanical control type. Moreover, it employs synchronous controllable automatic loading and automatic material distribution mechanism, greatly improved control precision and efficiency. Save production cost due to use contacting sensors. Rotary disk type and feeding integral type design pattern reduce the complex of mechanism, and selection speed can reach 120-200 every minute, it realizes the purpose of accuracy and fast.

Effect of Substrate Surface Finish and Proximity Distance on Compositional Shift of InGaAsP Metal–Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy in a High-Speed-Rotation Multiple-Substrate Reactor

Shift of photoluminescence (PL) wavelengths toward shorter wavelengths (blue shift) in a specific area of InGaAsP quaternary epitaxial layers, grown in a high-speed rotating-disk type metal–organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor, was found to be a deteriorative factor of PL wavelength uniformity in the epitaxial layers. Experiments were performed to generate a blue shift of PL wavelength, with two mirror-polished substrates placed in adjacent positions in the wafer carrier. Analysis of compositional distribution over 61 points was performed in InGaAsP/InP epitaxial layers with band gap corresponding to the 1310 nm PL wavelength. From this analysis, it was found that the blue shift of PL wavelength was dependent on the compositional shift of group V elements. In addition, the effect of substrate surface finish (mirror-polished or as-etched) was found to be a major cause of the compositional shift of group V elements. We found that, as the proximity distance between adjacent substrates was increased, there existed a critical proximity distance at which the blue shift disappeared.

Effect of Substrate Surface Finish and Proximity Distance on Compositional Shift of InGaAsP Metal–Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy in a High-Speed-Rotation Multiple-Substrate Reactor

Shift of photoluminescence (PL) wavelengths toward shorter wavelengths (blue shift) in a specific area of InGaAsP quaternary epitaxial layers, grown in a high-speed rotating-disk type metal–organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor, was found to be a deteriorative factor of PL wavelength uniformity in the epitaxial layers. Experiments were performed to generate a blue shift of PL wavelength, with two mirror-polished substrates placed in adjacent positions in the wafer carrier. Analysis of compositional distribution over 61 points was performed in InGaAsP/InP epitaxial layers with band gap corresponding to the 1310 nm PL wavelength. From this analysis, it was found that the blue shift of PL wavelength was dependent on the compositional shift of group V elements. In addition, the effect of substrate surface finish (mirror-polished or as-etched) was found to be a major cause of the compositional shift of group V elements. We found that, as the proximity distance between adjacent substrates was increased, there existed a critical proximity distance at which the blue shift disappeared.

Experimental measurement of thermophysical properties of oxide–water nano-fluids down to ice-point

This paper presents the measurement of the thermal conductivity and the dynamic viscosity of Al 2O 3–water (1–4% particle volume fraction) and TiO 2–water (1–6% particle volume fraction) nano-fluids carried out at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range from 1 to 40 °C, which is particularly interesting for the application of nano-fluids as thermal medium in refrigeration and air-conditioning. The thermal conductivity measurement was performed by using a Transient Hot Disk TPS 2500S apparatus instrumented with a 7577 probe (2.001 mm in radius) having a maximum uncertainty ( k = 2) lower than ±5.0% of the reading. The dynamic viscosity measurement and the rheological analysis were carried out by a rotating disc type rheometer Haake Mars II instrumented with a single cone probe (60 mm in diameter and 1° angle) having a maximum uncertainty ( k = 2) lower than ±5.0% of the reading. The thermal conductivity measurements of the tested nano-fluids show a great sensitivity to particle volume fraction and temperature and a weak sensitivity to cluster average size: TiO 2–water and Al 2O 3–water nano-fluids show a thermal conductivity enhancement (with reference to pure water) from −2 to 16% and from −2 to 23% respectively. TiO 2–water and Al 2O 3–water nano-fluids exhibit a Newtonian behaviour in all the investigated ranges of temperature and nano-particle volume fraction. The relative viscosity shows a great sensitivity to particle volume fraction and cluster average size and no sensitivity to temperature: TiO 2–water and Al 2O 3–water nano-fluids show a dynamic viscosity increase with respect to pure water from 17 to 210% and from 15 to 150% respectively. Al 2O 3–water nano-fluid seems to be more promising as thermal medium than TiO 2–water nano-fluid, particularly at low thermal level (between ambient temperature and ice point) where TiO 2–water is not suitable showing worse performance than pure water. Present experimental measurements were compared both with available measurements carried out by different researchers and computational models for thermophysical properties of suspensions.

Biomimetic Anti-Abrasion Surfaces of a Cone Form Component Against Soil

The geometrical surfaces of soil-burrowing animals were imitated and modeled on a cone component, the measuring tip part of a soil cone penetrometer. These biomimetic surfaces are concave dimples, convex domes and two wavy forms. The conventional cone surface and the biomimetic cone surfaces were analyzed in ANSYS 11.0 program to estimate cone equivalent stress and soil equivalent stress. Results show that biomimetic surfaces with the geometrical structures have lower cone equivalent stresses and soil equivalent stresses than that with conventional (smooth) surface. The least maximum cone equivalent stress and least maximum soil equivalent stress were recorded for biomimetic surfaces with concave dimples and wavy form-2 respectively. The two-body abrasive wear of biomimetic cone surfaces and conventional (smooth) cone surface were run on a rotary disk type of abrasive wear testing machine. The biomimetic cone surfaces were found to have lower abrasive wear than the conventional surface. It was found that and biomimetic cone surface with concave dimples has the lowest abrasive wear among the all tested surfaces.

Research on Rotary Disc-Type MRF Dampers with Nonhomogeneous Magnetic Fields

In this paper, based on the analysis of the damping torque of rotary disc-type magnetorheological fluid (MRF) damper, a new kind of MRF disc-type damper is proposed. The working disc of the new kind of damper has a wedged shape that results in variable working clearances, and hence a nonhomogeneous magnetic field is produced. The magnetic resistance of the MRF filled in the variable clearance is analyzed and the impact of the produced nonhomogeneous magnetic field on the damping torque of the damper is studied. Experiments are conducted and the damper performance under steady shear rate is evaluated with an author-designed test stand. The experimental results show that under the same exciting current and other conditions the output damping torque produced by the MRF of the new kind of damper is much greater than that of the ordinary dampers with parallel disc surfaces and constant working clearance.

ＥＲ流体を用いた回転形デバイスのトルクの過渡特性

Utilizing an approximate model and the experiment results we were able to clarify the characteristics tendencies during the transition of torque on rotating-disk and rotating-concentric-cylinder device types utilizing electro-rheological fluid (ER Fluid) with smectite particles. From the approximation of experiment data and parameters in the approximate model, the transition of torque was clarified to depend on three patterns of the creation of clusters.When the electric field strength is large and the shear rate is small the torque has a pattern of overshoots. However, when the shear rate increases, torque takes on a different, second order time-lag pattern (over-damping) in the case of the rotating-cylinder type, and another, bent curve function in the case of rotating-disk type. Regarding the case of rotating-cylinder type, the cause can be considered to be that the clusters first aggregate and then are broken when the shear rate increases. In the case of the rotating-disk type the particles do not disperse and are promoted to aggregate.

A Three-Dimensional Simulation of a Spray Dryer Fitted with a Rotary Atomizer

Spray dryers fitted with rotary atomizers are commonly used in diverse industries to produce engineered powders on a large scale. Scale-up of such units is still largely empirical and based on prior experience and know-how. In the present study, a three-dimensional spray dryer with rotary atomizer is investigated numerically with a commercial CFD code. Continuous-phase, i.e., air, conservation equations are formulated in the Eulerian model while the droplet or particle equations are set up in the Lagrangian model. Two-way coupling between the continuous and dispersed phases is taken into account in the governing equations. The stochastic approach is used to predict the particle trajectories. The RNG k − ϵ turbulence model was used. Typical results, viz. air velocity, temperature, humidity profiles, and particle trajectories are presented and discussed. Compared with the pressure nozzle spray dryer, more volume of drying chamber is used effectively by the rotating disc type spray dryer. It is found that evaporation and drying take place mainly in the region and in the vicinity of first contact between air and spray. A parametric study is presented and, where appropriate, comparison is made with experimental data obtained with the simulated spray dryer.

Two-Body Abrasive Wear of the Outside Shell Surfaces of Mollusc Lamprotula fibrosa Heude, Rapana venosa Valenciennes and Dosinia anus Philippi

Natural biological surfaces and biomaterials have some distinguishing properties for adapting themselves to natural surroundings. The outside shell surfaces of mollusc species often undergo the abrasive wear action from the sand particles in water sand slurry in natural conditions. The two-body abrasive wear behavior of the outside shell surfaces of three mollusc species Lamprotula fibrosa Heude, Rapana venosa Valenciennes and Dosinia anus Philippi was examined. Abrasive material used for tests were quartz sand (96.5 wt.%) with three different size ranges and powdered bentonite (3.5 wt.%). The two-body abrasive wear tests were run on a rotary disc type abrasive wear testing machine. The results showed that the abrasion resistance of the outside shell surfaces of the three mollusc species was higher when the corrugations on the shell surfaces were perpendicular to the sliding direction of the abrasive material than that when the corrugations on the shell surfaces were parallel to the sliding direction of the abrasive material. Basically, the shell of Lamprotula fibrosa Heude possessed the highest abrasion resistance among the three species of shell; the abrasion resistance of the shell of Rapana venosa Valenciennes was the lowest; and the abraded depth of the three species of shell increased with an increased abrasive particle size and relative sliding velocity. The abraded surfaces were observed with scanning electron microscope.

Effects of vascular fiber content on abrasive wear of bamboo

Natural biomaterials have unique structures and some distinguishing properties for adapting themselves to natural surroundings. Bamboo is a natural composite reinforced with longitudinal fibers (vascular fibers). The abrasive wear property of the cross section of bamboo ( Phyllostachys pubescens) stem was examined. The abrasive material used for tests was the mixture of quartz sand (96.5 wt.%) and powdered bentonite (3.5 wt.%) and contained a water content of 3 wt.%, simulating soil condition The size of the quartz sand particles was 0.104–0.214 mm, 0.214–0.420 mm and 0.420–0.840 mm, respectively. The abrasive wear tests were run on a rotary disk type of abrasive wear testing machine. The relative sliding velocity was 1.68, 2.35 and 3.02 m/s, respectively. It was concluded that the abrasive wear resistance of the cross section of the bamboo stem was a function of the vascular fiber content of bamboo, the abrasive particle size and the relative sliding velocity. The wear resistance of bamboo was increased with its vascular fiber content. A higher sliding velocity or a larger abrasive particle size resulted in a higher abraded volume of bamboo. The effects of the tensile strength and the impact strength of bamboo on its abrasive wear were discussed. It was found by scanning electron microscopy that the geometric morphology of the abraded surfaces of the sections of bamboo stem displays a not-smooth structure. This not-smooth surface morphology provides a clue to develop anti-abrasion morphological surfaces of soil-engaging components.

Computational analysis of wafer temperature non-uniformity in MOVPE system

Temperature distribution of an epitaxial wafer in an MOVPE system has been examined by using the computational heat conduction analysis in order to clarify the temperature difference between the wafer center and the wafer edge region. The system is based on a high-speed rotating disk type multiple wafer reactor. Finite volume method is used for the computation on the steady three-dimensional model with unstructured grid. By introducing the concept of the thermal contact resistance between an InP wafer and a wafer carrier, calculation result is in good agreement with the real epitaxial growth that wafer temperature is high in wafer edge region. It indicated that the heat from the surface of the wafer carrier through the gas over the wafer causes the high temperature in the wafer edge region.