Rot Values Research Articles

Using NGS Technology and Association Mapping to Identify Candidate Genes Associated with Fusarium Stalk Rot Resistance.

Stalk rot caused by Fusarium fungi is one of the most widespread and devastating diseases of maize, and the introduction of resistant genotypes is one of the most effective strategies for controlling the disease. Breeding genotypes with genetically determined resistance will also allow less use of crop protection products. The aim of the research was to identify molecular markers and associated candidate genes determining maize plant resistance to Fusarium stalk rot. The plant material for this study consisted of 122 maize hybrids. The experiment was conducted in two localities: Smolice and Kobierzyce. The Fusarium stalk rot values ranged from 1.65% (for genotype G01.10) to 31.18% (for genotype G03.07) in Kobierzyce and from 0.00% (for 58 genotypes) to 6.36% (G05.03) in Smolice. The analyzed genotypes were simultaneously subjected to next-generation sequencing using the Illumina platform. Illumina sequencing identified 60,436 SilicoDArT markers and 32,178 SNP markers (92,614 in total). For association mapping, 32,900 markers (26,234 SilicoDArT and 6666 SNP) meeting the criteria (MAF > 0.25 and the number of missing observations <10%) were used. The results of the observation of the degree of infection and sequencing were used for association mapping, which ultimately resulted in the selection of ten molecular markers important at both places. Among the identified markers, two SNP markers that are located inside candidate genes play an important role. Marker 4772836 is located inside the serine/threonine-protein kinase bsk3 gene, while marker 4765764 is located inside the histidine kinase 1 gene. Both genes can be associated with plant resistance to Fusarium stalk rot, and these genes can also be used in breeding programs to select resistant varieties.

The use of 2-D speckle tracking echocardiography in assessing adolescent athletes with left ventricular hypertrabeculation meeting the criteria for left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy

BackgroundCurrent echocardiographic criteria cannot accurately differentiate exercise induced left ventricular (LV) hypertrabeculation in athletes from LV non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC). This study aims to evaluate the role of speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) in characterising LV myocardial mechanics in healthy adolescent athletes with and without LVNC echocardiographic criteria. MethodsAdolescent athletes evaluated at three sports academies between 2014 and 2019 were considered for this observational study. Those meeting the Jenni criteria for LVNC (end-systolic non-compacted/compacted myocardium ratio > 2 in any short axis segment) were considered LVNC+ and the rest LVNC-. Peak systolic LV longitudinal strain (Sl), circumferential strain (Sc), rotation (Rot), corresponding strain rates (SRl/c) and segmental values were calculated and compared using a non-inferiority approach. ResultsA total of 417 participants were included, mean age 14.5 ± 1.7 years, of which 6.5% were LVNC+ (n = 27). None of the athletes showed any additional LVNC clinical criteria. All average Sl, SRl Sc, SRc and Rot values were no worse in the LVNC+ group compared to LVNC- (p values range 0.0003–0.06), apart from apical SRc (p = 0.2). All 54 segmental measurements (Sl/Sc SRl/SRc and Rot) had numerically comparable means in both LVNC+ and LVNC-, of which 69% were also statistically non-inferior. ConclusionsAmong healthy adolescent athletes, 6.5% met the echocardiographic criteria for LVNC, but showed normal LV STE parameters, in contrast to available data on paediatric LVNC describing abnormal myocardial function. STE could better characterise the myocardial mechanics of athletes with LV hypertrabeculation, thus allowing the transition from structural to functional LVNC diagnosis, especially in suspected physiological remodelling.

Harvesting and phytosanitary parameters with particular regard to mycotoxin content of maize as a function of different seasonal, fertilisation and hybrid effect

The aim of our three consecutive years (2017–2019) field trial was to obtain information as to the effect of weather conditions of the actual year as well as to assess the impact of some technological parameters such as fertilisation, the choice on the hybrid type on the yield parameters, phytosanitary conditions and mycotoxin contamination of maize. According to our results, the climatic characteristics of the years, the examined hybrid characters (FAO 310 and 490) and the fact of N-fertilisation had significant effects on yield parameters and grain moisture content. The additional N-supply did not affect the development or severity of stem rot in any of the hybrid effects. In this respect, the year effect appeared to be the decisive factor since much higher stem rot values were recorded in the plots of the longer growing season hybrids. Among the mycotoxins examined, only zearalenone and fumonisin found in the harvest were significantly influenced by the effect of the year, the length of the growing season as well as nutrient replenishment. It can be stated that the applied technological parameters have a major effect on the expression of this toxin load in maize. Dry maize stocks that have lost their water in the vegetation are predisposing factors for toxin accumulation. N-content of soil and that of plants can play a different role in mycotoxin accumulation in maize plants.

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated With Partial Resistance to Fusarium Root Rot and Wilt Caused by Fusarium graminearum in Field Pea.

Fusarium root rot, caused by a complex of Fusarium spp., is a major disease of field pea (Pisum sativum). The development of genetic resistance is the most promising approach to manage the disease, but no pea germplasm has been identified that is completely resistant to root rot. The aim of this study was to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring partial resistance to root rot and wilting, caused by five fungal isolates representing Fusarium solani, F. avenaceum, F. acuminatum, F. proliferatum, and F. graminearum. Evaluation of the root rot-tolerant cultivar “00-2067” and susceptible cultivar “Reward” was carried out with the five species. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) between the mean root rot values of the two cultivars inoculated with the F. avenaceum (F4A) and F. graminearum (FG2) isolates. Therefore, in the QTL study, the F8 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from “Reward” × “00-2067” was inoculated in the greenhouse (4 ×) with only F4A and FG2. The parents and F8 population were genotyped using 13.2K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 222 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A significant genotypic effect (p < 0.05) and high heritability (79% to 92.1%) were observed for disease severity, vigor, and plant height following inoculation with F4A and FG2. Significant correlation coefficients were detected among and within all traits. This suggested that a high proportion of the genetic variance was transmitted from the parents to the progeny. However, no significant QTL (LOD > 3) were detected for the RILs inoculated with F4A. In the case of the RILs inoculated with FG2, 5 QTL for root rot severity and 3 QTL each for vigor and plant height were detected. The most stable QTL for plant height (Hgt-Ps3.1) was detected on Chrom5/LGIII. The two most stable QTL for partial resistance to FG2, Fg-Ps4.1, and Fg-Ps4.2 were located in a 15.1-cM and 11.2-cM genomic region, respectively, on Chrom4/LGIV. The most stable QTL for vigor (Vig-Ps4.1) was found in the same region. Twenty-five major and moderate effect digenic epistatic interactions were detected. The identified region on chrom4/LGIV could be important for resistance breeding and marker development.

New results of ionospheric total electron content measurements from a low-cost global navigation satellite system receiver and comparisons with other data sources

New results of ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) measurements obtained from a newly installed low-cost multi-frequency Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) U-BLOX receiver at Abuja-Nigeria (Geographic: 8.99° N, 7.38° E; Geomagnetic: 1.6° S) is presented. The paper motivates the use of the U-BLOX receiver for TEC studies in the African equatorial region. Data obtained for the periods of July-August and November-December 2020 are used. TEC data from the U-BLOX are compared with TEC obtained from a nearby high-cost GNSS receiver, and with COSMIC – RO (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate – Radio Occultation) TEC measurements. Corresponding TEC values from the AfriTEC and NeQuick ionospheric models are also presented. The results show an excellent level of agreement between the U-BLOX and high-cost GNSS receiver measurements. The COSMIC values were typically less than the U-BLOX and high-cost receiver values, and this is mainly attributed to the difference in TEC integration heights used for the two systems. The correlation coefficients between the U-BLOX values and values from the other four datasets are mostly greater than 0.9. The root-mean-square differences (RMSDs) between the U-BLOX and high-cost receiver values are about 2 TECU and less. The RMSDs between the U-BLOX values and values from each of the AfriTEC and NeQuick models are less than 5 TECU. The values are comparable and even lower than values computed in previous research that used TEC from high-cost receivers. There is also consistent and significant agreement between 30-second ROT values computed from both the low-cost and high-cost receivers. These results summarily indicate that the U-BLOX is a good candidate for TEC studies in the region, just like the high-cost receivers.

Comparison of nitric oxide levels, roll over test value, and body mass index in preeclampsia and normotension

ObjectiveThe study aims to compare levels NO, the ROT, and BMI values in preeclampsia and normotension. MethodThis study was an observational analytical study that combined the draft case–control study and a cross-sectional study (hybrid method) conducted in February–June 2020. This study was conducted in the Hospital Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makasar, Antang Health Center, Barabaraya Health Center, and Mamajang Health Center. Respondents in this study were pregnant women divided into two groups, 108 mothers with normal pregnancies and 42 mothers with preeclampsia. The criteria of the study respondents were single pregnancies, pregnancy of more than 20 weeks, and the gestational age of 20–35 years old. Data collected includes age, parity, gestational age, pregnancy interval, body mass index (BMI), and education. In addition, Nitric oxide levels are determined using Elisa Kit, and roll over test is collected by performing blood pressure measurements at two different positions. ResultsThe mean serum NO levels in the preeclampsia 176.43±50.8 and 152.75±51.3 in normotension, and there is a meaningful relationship p=0.012. Mean value of ROT in preeclampsia 23.21±8.54 and 19.63±8.85 in normotension p=0.026. There is a meaningful difference in IMT with preeclampsia p=0.003. ConclusionNO, ROT and BMI are significantly higher in pregnant mothers with preeclampsia than in normal pregnancies.

Steric Scale of Common Substituents from Rotational Barriers of N-(o-Substituted aryl)thiazoline-2-thione Atropisomers.

A steric scale of 20 recurrent groups was established from comparison of rotational barriers on N-(o-substituted aryl)thiazoline-2-thione atropisomers. The resulting energy of activation ΔG⧧rot reflects the spatial requirement of the ortho substituent borne by the aryl moiety, electronic aspects and external parameters (temperature and solvent) generating negligible contributions. Concerning divergent rankings reported in the literature, the great sensitivity of this model allowed us to show unambiguously that a methyl appears bigger than a chlorine and gave the following order in size: CN > OMe > OH. For the very bulky CF3 and iPr groups, constraints in the ground state decreased the expected ΔG⧧rot values resulting in a minimization of their apparent sizes.

Left ventricular torsion and circumferential strain responses to exercise in patients with ischemic coronary artery disease.

LV torsion during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is not well known. Circumferential strain (CS) and left ventricular (LV) torsion (Tor) have not been evaluated during ischemia in these patients. We aimed to assess the effect of ischemia during exercise echocardiography (ExE) on CS and Tor. We studied a group of 73 patients with true positive ExE results (Ischemic group: ischemia plus an abnormal coronary angiogram) and a matched control group of 66 patients with negative ExE and either normal coronary angiography or low post-test probability of CAD. Basal rotation (Rot) and apical rotation and basal and apical CS were studied by speckle tracking at rest and exercise. Apical CS and apical and basal Rot values were similar between groups at rest, except basal CS which was already worse in the ischemic group. At exercise, all rotational and CS parameters were impaired in the ischemic in comparison with the control group (basal CS: -18 ± 5 vs. -25 ± 7 %, p < 0.001; apical CS: -31 ± 11 vs. - 43 ± 9 %, p < 0.001; time to basal CS: 52 ± 6 vs. 48 ± 7 %, p = 0.001; time to apical CS: 55 ± 7 vs. 49 ± 6 %, p < 0.001; basal rotation: -0.7 ± 6.5° vs. -6.2 ± 8.5°, p < 0.001; LV twist 13.0 ± 10.4° vs.19.7 ± 11.5°, p < 0.001; LV-Tor 1.9 ± 1.6°/cm vs. 2.8 ± 1.7˚/cm, p = 0.001) with the exception of apical rotation which was similar (12.3 ± 7.4° vs. 13.4 ± 7.7°, p = NS). Basal and apical CS and basal rotation impair during exercise-induced ischemia. LV-Tor decreases with ischemia due to worsening of basal rotation, whereas apical rotation does not impair, suggesting the existence of an apical compensatory mechanism.

Comparative Study of Rhodium and Iridium Porphyrin Diaminocarbene and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes

Iridium meso-tetratolylporphyrinato (TTP) mono- and bis-diaminocarbene complexes, [Ir(TTP)[═C(NHBn)(NHR)]2–x(C≡NBn)x]BF4, where R = Bn, n-Bu and x = 1, 0, were synthesized by nucleophilic addition of amines to the bis-isocyanide complex [Ir(TTP)(C≡NBn)2]BF4. Rhodium and iridium porphyrinato N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes M(TTP)CH3(NHC), where NHC = 1,3-diethylimidazolylidene (deim) or 1-(n-butyl)-3-methylimidazolylidene (bmim), were prepared by the addition of the free NHC to M(TTP)CH3. The NHC complexes displayed two dynamic processes by variable-temperature NMR: meso-aryl–porphyrin C–C bond rotation and NHC exchange. meso-Aryl–porphyrin C–C bond rotation was exhibited by both rhodium and iridium complexes at temperatures ranging between 239 and 325 K. Coalescence data for four different complexes revealed ΔG⧧ROT values of 59 ± 2 to 63 ± 1 kJ·mol–1. These relatively low rotation barriers may result from ruffling distortions in the porphyrin core, which were observed in the molecular structures of the rhodium and iridium bmim complexes. Examination of NHC exchange with rhodium complexes by NMR line-shape analyses revealed rate constants of 3.72 ± 0.04 to 32 ± 6 s–1 for deim displacement by bmim (forward reaction) and 2.7 ± 0.4 to 18 ± 2 s–1 for bmim displacement by deim (reverse reaction) at temperatures between 282 and 295 K, corresponding to ΔGf⧧ of 65.2 ± 0.6 kJ·mol–1 and ΔGr⧧ of 66.2 ± 0.5 kJ·mol–1, respectively. Rates of NHC exchange with iridium were far slower, with first-order dissociation rate constants of (1.75 ± 0.04) × 10–4 s–1 for the forward reaction and (1.2 ± 0.1) × 10–4 s–1 for the reverse reaction at 297.1 K. These rate constants correspond to ΔG⧧ values of 94.2 ± 0.6 and 95.2 ± 0.2 kJ·mol–1 for the forward and reverse reactions, respectively. Equilibrium constants for the exchange reactions were 1.6 ± 0.2 with rhodium and 1.56 ± 0.04 with iridium, favoring the bmim complex in both cases, and the log(K) values for NHC binding to M(TTP)CH3 were 4.5 ± 0.3 (M = Rh) and 5.4 ± 0.5 (M = Ir), as determined by spectrophotometric titrations at 23 °C. The molecular structures also featured unusually long metal–Ccarbene bonds for the bmim complexes (Rh–CNHC: 2.255(3) Å and Ir–CNHC: 2.194(4) Å).

Effect of tomato post-harvest fungicide treatment and storage conditions on the quality of fruits, and biological value of tomato pulp and concentrated pulp

The influence of storage conditions on the quality of tomato fruits was tested. The rate of ripening was established in normal air, where tomatoes ripen quickly, under controlled atmosphere where they ripen more slowly and under low pressure, where they ripen slowest. The influence of post-harvest benomyl or methylthiophanate treatment on tomato rot, ripening, and biological value were examined. Post-harvest tomato treatment did not reduce fruit rot. The color of fruits and the processed products depended on the fungicide treatment. Concentrated tomato pulp made of fruits treated with methylthiophanate was redder than the others. The fungicide treatment increased or decreased the level of some chemical substances in the fruits in dependence on the applied fungicide, storage conditions and the length of storage, e.g. tomatoes treated with benomyl and stored for 14 days contained the highest level of vitamin C under 0% CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:3%O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and tomatoes treated with methylthiophanate contained the highest level of vitamin C under 38 mm Hg. Degradation of vitamin C in pulp was faster than in the concentrated pulp. Tomato pulp made of tomatoes treated with methylthiophanate contained the lowest level of vitamin C.

Studies on Excitation and Rotational Temperatures of an Oxygen-shielded Argon Microwave Plasma Torch Source

Excitation( T exc ) and rotation( T rot ) temperatures were determined under different conditions for an oxygen-shielded argon microwave plasmsa torch source(OS-Ar-MPT). The T exc value, which was shown to be between 4300 and 5250 K under different operating conditions, was calculated from the slope of the Boltzmann plot with Fe as the thermometric species. The T rot value, which was in the range of 2100–2500 K, was measured with OH molecular spectra. The influences of microwave power, flow rates of the support gas, carrier gas, and shielding gas, as well as the observation height on T exc and T rot were investigated and discussed. The detailed results of T exc and T rot provided a better understanding of the performance of an OS-ArMPT as a source for atomic emission spectrometry.

Spectroscopic study of rotation-crystalline modifications of mixtures of n-paraffins C 22–C 24

The binary solid mixtures of n-paraffins, C 22–C 24, with different molar ratios of 96:4, 3:1, 2:1, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:10 have been studied by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Temperature-dependent studies of Davydov splitting value, Δ ν 1,2, of in-phase CH 2 rocking vibrations have been shown to allow the determination of Δ T rot temperature intervals, where rotation-crystalline states, characterized by different types of molecular motion, exist. The comparison of the ΔT rot values obtained by FTIR and DSC methods with the corresponding temperature-dependent X-ray powder diffraction data has shown their good agreement.

Magneto-encephalographic measurement of neural activity during period of vertigo induced by cold caloric stimulation

The aim of this study was to investigate neural activity during period of vertiginous sensation, induced by caloric stimulation. After caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS) by cold water of five volunteers ( n=5, age: 30±10), auditory evoked magnetic fields (AEFs) during the subsequent period of vertiginous sensations were measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG). Current-arrow maps (CAMs) were produced to estimate the spatial current distribution of the AEF responses, and a rotation value ( dI rot ) was calculated from the CAM. The worth of the dI rot values as indicators of vertigo was evaluated by comparing them with earlier reported values for elderly control ( n=11, age: 67±5) and chronic dizziness (CD) ( n=27, age: 68±8) groups (obtained from AEF responses with no the CVS). Although all volunteers felt vertigo during the AEF measurements, the AEF waveforms and CAM pattern only showed slight changes. While the dI rot values (1.43±0.73) just after CVS were not significantly different from those (1.59±0.46) for the elderly controls, they were significantly different from those (3.54±1.34) for the CD patients. These findings suggest that (i) the new parameter ( dI rot ) is more sensitively indicates dizziness (non-rotatory sensation) than vertigo (ii) the auditory cortical region may play an important role in body-balance perception of floating sensations.

Cortical functional abnormality assessed by auditory-evoked magnetic fields and therapeutic approach in patients with chronic dizziness

A long-lasting dizzy sensation is a common complaint in elderly subjects. The pathogenesis and effective treatment of such chronic dizziness (CD), however, have not yet been fully elucidated because of lack of methods for evaluating this sensation. On the basis of assumption that CD may be attributable partly to cortical functional abnormality, we attempted to estimate the function of auditory cortex by measurements of auditory-evoked magnetic fields (AEFs). Magnetic field signals in the parieto-temporal cortex were evoked by 1000-Hz tone-burst with 90-dB normal hearing level sounds, and the highest-amplitude magnetic waveforms at approximately 100-ms (N100m) were analyzed as electrical current arrows in normal subjects ( n=11), patients with CD ( n=27) and patients with cerebral infarction but no dizzy sensation ( n=9). In the normal subjects, the current arrows pointed to a nearly straight line with small directional distortion as indicated by a rotation-degree parameter, d I rot of 1.59±0.46. In 17 of 27 CD patients, the directions of current arrows were markedly distorted showing abnormally high d I rot values greater than 2.50 (the mean plus two standard deviations of normal values) and disclosed a clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation in either side or both sides of parieto-temporal cortex. In all the patients with cerebral infarction, the current arrows exhibited the similar pattern as the normal subjects. None of them exhibited abnormally high d I rot values. We hypothesized that the rotational abnormality may be caused by abnormal neuronal excitation, since non-evoked magnetic fields in temporal lobe epilepsy demonstrated the similar current rotational abnormality as reported previously. Seven CD patients were treated with anticonvulsants, and four showed remarkable amelioration of dizzy sensation. In all the four patients with symptomatic amelioration, the disappearance of rotational abnormality in AEFs or the tendency towards disappearance was observed following symptomatic amelioration. The results of the present study suggest that the auditory center may contribute to the maintenance of equilibrium, and its dysfunction may lead to the development of CD. AEFs measurements may make it possible to evaluate the functional abnormality of auditory center and may be useful for studying the pathophysiology and treatment of CD.

A Structural Study of Selenobenzamides: Crystal Structures and Dynamic 13C NMR

AbstractThe solid‐state structures of (p‐bromoselenobenzoyl)morpholine (2a) and [p‐(dimethylamino)selenobenzoyl]morpholine (2b) were determined by X‐ray diffraction. Both molecules show a flat selenoamide group. The larger contribution of resonance stabilization by the aromatic ring carrying the p‐dimethylamino substituent is reflected by the smaller interplanar angle Θ between the aromatic ring and the selenoamide group [53.3(1)° vs. 81.1(1)°] and by the shorter length of the CSe bond [1.824(5) Å vs. 1.840(3) Å]. The Gibbs free energy of activation of C‐N bond rotation (ΔG≠rot) of five p‐substituted (selenobenzoyl)morpholines was determined by dynamic 13C NMR. The activation barriers were found to range from 61.6 kJ/mol (X = NNMe2) to 75.1 kJ/mol (X = H). The ΔG≠rot values of the corresponding (thiobenzoyl)morpholines were found to be from 3.2 kJ/mol (X = NMe2) to 5.0 kJ/mol (X = H) lower. In both cases, ΔG≠rot showed an excellent linear Hammett correlation with s̀+p.

A hybridization and enzyme blocking method to enrich minor cDNA sequences

A method is presented which allows for the enrichment of low frequency cDNA sequences. The crucial step in the procedure is the hybridization of a pool of cDNA to homologous or heterologous RNA to a Rot value which will leave minor sequences in a single strand cDNA form while the major sequences form cDNA:RNA hybrids. This allows subsequent enzymatic differentiation between major and minor sequences resulting ultimately in the degradation of the major sequences. The procedure is general and simple as it requires no column chromatography step. The method is designed to integrate into a widely used cDNA cloning protocol and results either in double-stranded cDNA which can be used for molecular cloning or as a source of probes for hybridization.

Specificity of transcription of single-copy DNA in different rat tissues

1. 1. The amount of single-copy DNA sequences transcribed in normal tissues of adult rats (brain and liver) and in the Guerin ascites tumor (GAT) was determined by hybridization of in vitro labelled 125I-single-copy rat DNA with a vast excess of total nuclear RNA to very high Rot values (up to 350,000). 2. 2. The tissue specificity of total nuclear RNA (nRNA) was estimated by annealing of single-copy DNA to a mixture of nuclear RNAs of two different organs (brain + GAT; liver + GAT). 3. 3. Liver and GAT RNAs annealed to about 12% of the single-copy DNA. 4. 4. Hybridization with a mixture of the two RNAs increased slightly the amount of hybridization. 5. 5. In contrast to other tissues, brain nuclear RNA hybridized to a much higher level (20% of the single copy DNA). Addition of GAT RNA did not increase this value.

Androgenic regulation of messenger RNA sequence complexity in accessory sexual tissues of the male rat studied with fractionated complementary DNA.

Effects of androgens on mRNA sequence complexity in the rat seminal vesicle have been investigated using complementary DNA fractionated on the basis of sequence abundance. Total cDNA complementary to poly(A)-rich RNA from normal rats was hybridised with an excess of the same RNA to controlled rot values and then the free cDNA was separated from cDNA . RNA hybrids by hydroxyapatite chromatography. Three cDNA fractions were obtained with very different hybridisation characteristics. Abundant cDNA hybridised to an excess of its parental RNA with an rot 1/2 of 2.46 x 10(-3) mol 1(-1) s and is complementary to about six or seven average-sized sequences. Use of hybrid-arrested translation in a cell-free protein-synthesising system has shown that this class of mRNA includes mRNAs coding for major androgen-dependent secretory proteins. Moderate and scarce cDNA fractions each showed more complex hybridization kinetics; computer analysis suggested each is complementary to two groups of average-sized sequences. Each cDNA fraction was hybridised to excess poly(A)-rich RNA from normal or castrated rats and the kinetics compared. Castration had no effect on the total number of sequences present in any class and did not alter the relative concentration of the scarce sequences. A small (threefold) decrease was seen in the concentration of abundant sequences with a larger (tenfold) decrease in the moderate class. Both de-reases were reversed by testosterone in vivo. The results are consistent with earlier studies where the effects of testosterone on seminal vesicle mRNA were followed using a translation assay and confirm that no gross differential effects are exerted on abundant mRNA coding for major secretory proteins. The cDNA fractions were also used to investigate the overlap in genetic expression between seminal vesicle and ventral prostate. Both tissues share all the scarce sequences in the same relative abundance. Less than 0.0015% and 0.004% of prostatic mRNA is complementary to seminal vesicle abundant and moderate sequences respectively. Similarly prostatic abundant sequences account for less than 0.004% of seminal vesicle mRNA.

Purification of albumin mRNA from rat liver. Content of albumin-specific sequences in cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA.

Albumin mRNA was purified from rat liver by indirect immunoprecipitation of albumin‐synthesizing polysomes. Monospecific antibodies against albumin, raised in rabbits, were added to rat liver polysomes and the antibody‐polysome complex formed was adsorbed to goat antibodies against rabbit immunoglobulins, coupled to p‐aminobenzyl‐cellulose according to Schütz et al. [Nucleic Acid Res. 4, 71–84 (1979)]. Approximately 8–10% of the polysomes were bound to the matrix. They were then eluted from the column, RNA was isolated and mRNA recovered by chromatography on oligo(dT)‐cellulose. By translation of the mRNA in vitro in a wheat germ system, it was estimated that approximately 90% of the albumin‐synthesizing mRNA was precipitated and that the albumin mRNA fraction obtained was enriched 8–10‐fold for albumin‐coding sequences. Complementary DNA was transcribed from this mRNA. Albumin‐specific cDNA was purified by hybridization of the cDNA to polysomal rat liver mRNA up to a limited rot value of 2 × 10−2 mol · 1−1· s, isolation of the double strands by hydroxyapatite chromatography and recovery of the hybridized cDNA after alkali digestion of RNA. Kinetic data obtained by hybridization of this cDNA against total cytoplasmic and purified mRNA demonstrate that more than 90% of this cDNA comprises only one sequence component. An r0t1/2 value of 2.2 × 10−3 mol · l−1· s was estimated for the immunoprecipitated mRNA fraction. This indicates already a high degree of purity of the mRNA component of this fraction, as this RNA still contains approximately 50% ribosomal RNA. By electrophoresis of glyoxal‐denatured RNA in agarose gels, a molecular weight of 780000 was found for albumin mRNA, a value which corresponds well with a sequence complexity of 880000, estimated from the kinetics of the mRNA‐cDNA hybridization. Titrations of albumin cDNA with total polysomal poly(A)‐containing RNA indicated a content of approximately 10% for albumin mRNA in this fraction. Total nuclear RNA was shown to contain approximately 0.1% albumin‐specific sequences, whereas poly(A)‐containing nuclear RNA was about 4‐fold enriched for albumin sequences.

Relaxation in torsional motion of triplet oxirane

The rotational barrier height E rot in the lowest triplet state oxirane molecule was calculated to be 26.3 kcal/mole using a double zeta basis set with partial geometry optimization. This suggest ldrelaxedrd rotation and the computed e(T 1- E(S o) + E rot value is commensurate with the enthalpy change for the oxirane-forming O( 3P) + C 2H 4 reaction, thus providing a rationale for the stereochemical features of the reaction.