Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire Research Articles

A Comparison of Self-esteem, Body Image, and Depression in Hysterectomized and Non-hysterectomized Iranian Women: A Comparative Cross-sectional Study

Background: Hysterectomy is one of the factors that may affect women's body image and self-esteem and lead to serious psychological complications. Objective: The study aimed to compare self-esteem, body image, and depression in hysterectomized and non-hysterectomized Iranian women Methods: In this cross-sectional comparative study, 140 women of the reproductive age, who have undergone hysterectomy with benign causes, were compared in terms of self-esteem, body image, and depression with 140 women receiving medical treatment due to abnormal bleeding in educational and medical centers in Tabriz, Iran. Sampling was conducted by convenience method. Self-esteem was assessed with the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, body image was assessed with the multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire, and depression was assessed with the Beck II depression inventory. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test, independent t-test, chi-square test, and general linear model. Results: The mean (standard deviation) of the body image in hysterectomized and nonhysterectomized women was 235.3 (28.5) and 250.1 (23.4) out of an achievable score of 69-395, respectively. The mean (standard deviation) self-esteem score for hysterectomized women was 20.4 (4.8) and it was 24.2 (3.4) in non-hysterectomized women (out of an achievable score of 0-30). The mean (standard deviation) depression score was 18.1 (9.7) and 5.5 (4.6) out of 0-63 in hysterectomized and non-hysterectomized women, respectively. The differences in self-esteem, body image, and depression variables were statistically significant in hysterectomized and non-hysterectomized women, respectively (P<0.001) Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the body image and self-esteem in hysterectomized women were low compared to non-hysterectomized women, while the level of depression was high, and this difference was statistically significant.

Assessment of self-esteem and quality of life in patients with transtibial amputations using an exoskeletal prosthesis.

Lower limb amputation can have profound physical, psychological, and social effects on individuals. Assistive aids like prosthetic lower limbs can help an individual regain mobility and thereby affect their self-esteem and quality of life. To assess self-esteem and quality of life in patients with transtibial amputations who are using a transtibial prosthesis and explore the association between sociodemographic and amputation-related factors with self-esteem and prosthesis-related quality of life measures. A cross-sectional study. An orthotics and prosthetics center (Bhagwan Mahaveer Viklang Sahayata Samiti) in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Patients with transtibial amputations using exoskeletal prostheses between July and September 2022, in Jaipur, Rajasthan. The study used Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire and Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ) for self-esteem and quality of life assessment, respectively. Descriptive analysis was used to present the demographic details, and nonparametric tests examined the relationship between PEQ dimensions and sociodemographic variables. The study included 138 participants, primarily <40 years old (45.7%) and mostly engaged in high-activity occupations. Self-esteem mean score (SD) was 19.9 (3.9), with 89.1% exhibiting normal self-esteem. Prosthesis-related quality of life, showed high satisfaction across various domains, including ambulation, appearance, frustration, perceived response, residual limb health, social burden, sounds, utility, and well-being. No significant associations were found between sociodemographic factors, amputation-related variables, and self-esteem. However, PEQ scales showed associations with gender, age, occupation, type of amputation, and years of prosthesis use. These results highlight the potential advantages of exoskeletal prostheses in improving the standard of living for people with transtibial amputations. Further research is essential to develop targeted interventions for improving their overall quality of life.

Role of family communication patterns as predictors of behavioral health among students of public universities in north of Iran.

Communication is one of the oldest and greatest human achievements and the basis of social life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of family communication patterns as predictors of behavioral health among students of public universities in the north of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 461 students from all the public universities of Babol, Iran, were selected in 2019. A stratified sampling random method was used to select the samples. The demographic characteristics, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, and Communication Skills Interpersonal Test were used to collect data. Simple and multi-variate linear regressions as well as Pearson's correlation coefficient were utilized for data analysis. The mean and standard deviation scores of conversation orientation and conformity orientation were 35.61 ± 0.55 and 19.31 ± 0.41, respectively. Family conversation orientation was a significant predictor of behavioral health scales of students (except for acceptance and action), predicting negatively and significantly depression, anxiety, stress, and positively self-esteem and inter-personal communication skills of students. Family conformity orientation was also a significant predictor of behavioral health scales (except for inter-personal communication skills) of students, which predicted positively and significantly depression, anxiety, stress, and negatively acceptance, action, and students' self-esteem. To prevent behavioral health problems, it is necessary to observe conformity orientation and rely on conversation orientation.

Impact of the practice of touch-massage® by a nurse on the anxiety of patients with hematological disorders hospitalized in a sterile environment, a randomized, controlled study

ContextIn addition to curative care, supportive care is beneficial in managing the anxiety symptoms common in patients in sterile hematology unit. We hypothesize that personal massage can help the patient, particularly in this isolated setting where physical contact is extremely limited. The main objective of this study was to show that anxiety could be reduced after a touch-massage® performed by a nurse trained in this therapy.MethodsA single-center, randomized, unblinded controlled study in the sterile hematology unit of a French university hospital, validated by an ethics committee. The patients, aged between 18 and 65 years old, and suffering from a serious and progressive hematological pathology, were hospitalized in sterile hematology unit for a minimum of three weeks, patients were randomized into either a group receiving 15-minute touch-massage® sessions or a control group receiving an equivalent amount of quiet time once a week for three weeks. In the treated group, anxiety was assessed before and after each touch-massage® session, using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire with subscale state (STAI-State). In the control group, anxiety was assessed before and after a 15-minute quiet period. For each patient, the difference in the STAI-State score before and after each session (or period) was calculated, the primary endpoint was based on the average of these three differences. Each patient completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire before the first session and after the last session.ResultsSixty-two patients were randomized. Touch-massage® significantly decreased patient anxiety: a mean decrease in STAI-State scale score of 10.6 [7.65–13.54] was obtained for the massage group (p ≤ 0.001) compared with the control group. The improvement in self-esteem score was not significant.ConclusionThis study provides convincing evidence for integrating touch-massage® in the treatment of patients in sterile hematology unit.Trial registrationNCT02343965.

Correlation Between Reinforcers and Level of Self-Esteem

This study, conducted during the academic year 2022-2023 at the University of Cebu Main Campus, aimed to establish the correlation between effective reinforcers and the self-esteem of fourth-year psychology students. Utilizing the Slovin formula, a sample size of 120 students was selected from the total population of 166. The Descriptive Correlational Method was employed to explore the connection between effective reinforcers and self-esteem, with a focus on these senior students who might be susceptible to academic stress and burnout. The study employed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem questionnaire for self-esteem assessment and conducted a pilot test to ensure questionnaire reliability. Data were collected via Google Forms, and a chi-square test was utilized to assess the relationship between student profiles, self-esteem, and effective reinforcers. Also, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was run to determine the relationship between self-esteem and effective reinforcers. The results revealed that natural reinforcers were the most effective in boosting self-esteem, with no significant relationship between student output and the variables. However, a significant connection was found between self-esteem and effective reinforcers. This study underscores the vital role of effective reinforcers in enhancing self-esteem.

Study on the mediator role of self-esteem in the relationship between female self-objectification and social physique anxiety

BACKGROUND: Women's perception of body image plays an important role in their psychological health; self-objectification and social physique anxiety can affect self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the mediator of self-esteem in the relationship between self-objectification and social physique anxiety in female students at Hakim Sabzevari University in Sabzevar. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The method of this descriptive research is correlational. The statistical population of this study is all the female students of Sabzevar, Department of Humanities. Using Morgan's table, 291 subjects were selected as a sample. To collect data, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Questionnaire, McKinley and Hyde's Self-Objectification Questionnaire, and Hart et al., Social Physique Anxiety Questionnaire were used. After filling out the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 24 and descriptive indexes were used. Also, for correlation, to test the research question, a suitable statistical test such as hierarchical regression was used. RESULTS: The results of the analysis of statistical data showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between self-objectification and self-esteem. Also, there is a significant positive correlation between this variable and social physique anxiety. Also, using hierarchical regression, the role of mediating self-esteem was confirmed in the relationship between self-objectification and social physique anxiety. CONCLUSION: Those who have a high score in self-objectification think of themselves as an object and are always concerned about evaluating others based on their body image, so if their body image is not approved by others, they will have a negative assessment of themselves that causes a decrease in their self-esteem followed by an increase in the social anxiety of the organs.

GAMBARAN SELF ESTEEM PADA ANAK SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN BULLYING DI SMP NEGERI 15 KOTA BENGKULU

A person's opinion of their ability to sustain whatever they want, expressed as agreement or disagreement with their attitudes and beliefs that they are capable, significant, successful, and valued, is known as self esteem. To be able to support self-actualization, the ultimate desire in human life, one must have self esteem. Bullying produces a range of negative physical, psychological and emotional effects, including mental distress, psychological trauma, fear, insecurity and resentment. It also decreases students' learning motivation, concentration, creativity, initiative, and (mental) endurance. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of self esteem in junior high school children as an effort to prevent bullying at SMP Negeri 15 Bengkulu City. This research is quantitative descriptive research. The study population was 291 people, the sample taken was 74 people with stratified random sampling used as a sampling method, and a questionnaire. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire sheet describing self esteem using the Rosenberg Self Esteem Questionnaire (RSES). The results of this study indicate that most students and female students have high self esteem, namely 54 respondents with a percentage of 73%, while low self esteem is 20 respondents with a percentage of 27%. Most of the respondents are in the high self esteem category. Children who have positive thinking, feel valuable, meaningful, and helpful are children who seek fulfillment or strong self-esteem, so they do not oppress others, and can stop oppressing themselves.

Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-esteem with educational performance in paramedical students

BackgroundEmotional intelligence means the "ability" of a person to express, recognize, and manage "emotions" in themselves and others. Self-confidence means seeing oneself as capable, competent, lovable, and unique. Emotional intelligence can be effective in advancing goals for a person. Academic performance is one of the important indicators in student evaluation, which can also measure the extent to which a person has achieved the goal of acquiring knowledge. The aim of this study was to investigate the emotional intelligence of paramedical students of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences and its relationship with their academic performance. MethodsThe present study is a cross-sectional study of correlation. And it was done on 300 students of the School of Medical Sciences, who have passed at least two semesters of their studies and were selected by random sampling. In this study, students' demographic information was collected and Shering's standard questionnaire was used for emotional intelligence, Rosenberg's self-esteem questionnaire was used. ResultsThere was a positive and significant relationship between students' academic performance and self-esteem (p ≥ 0.01). The results of the study also showed that there was no significant relationship between students' academic performance and emotional intelligence (p = 0.01). ConclusionThe results of our research showed that among the predicted variables, only self-esteem was able to predict academic performance in students. Self-esteem is the best predictor of academic performance.

Self-Concept and Self-Esteem, Determinants of Greater Life Satisfaction in Mountain and Climbing Technicians and Athletes.

In recent decades, the exponential growth that sports practice in mountain and climbing disciplines have experienced has led to trying to find an explanation for the predisposition of those socio-emotional factors of these athletes that are considered in the search for sensations and the achievement of greater satisfaction with life. In this study, 4818 people with a sports license in the Spanish Federation of Mountain and Climbing Sports (FEDME) participated; 67.1% were men and 32.9% women. The mean age of the participants was 49.42 years (±11.9), between a range of 18 to 76 years. The following instruments were used: the Self-concept scale (AF5), the Rosenberg Self-esteem Questionnaire and the Life satisfaction scale (SWLS). The objective of this research was to study the enhancing effect of self-esteem between self-concept (physical, emotional and social) and life satisfaction. A reflective model of structural equations (PLS-SEM) was applied based on the proposed theoretical framework from an explanatory-predictive perspective. The results show the self-esteem determination coefficients [(Q2 = 0.141); (R2 = 0.302)] and life satisfaction [(Q2 = 0.243); (R2 = 0.342)] in the estimation of the model, indicating an adequate fit. Mountaineering and climbing sports can be very rewarding, but they can also be challenging and frustrating. Having a good self-concept and good self-esteem allows the athlete to enjoy achieving greater life satisfaction.

Assessment of Perceived Health Competencies among Nursing Students and its Correlation with Self-Esteem - A Multi Institutional Study

Background: Perceived health competency is a measure that predicts the behavior and outcome of individuals and enhances the self-confidence level of health care providers, while self-esteem is the skills and emotions that show the individual how to respect and not underestimate themselves. Aim: To determine the prevalence of perceived health competencies among nursing students and to investigate its relationship with self-esteem. Method: The study was conducted in the ten nursing institutes of Khyber Pukhtankhwa from December 2022 to February 2023. The design was cross-sectional analytical having sample size of 358 using sample random sampling method. The instruments used to assess perceived health competency were the perceived health competence scale (PHC) and the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire. Pearson correlation was used for association of self-esteem and perceived heath competencies. Results: Among the participants, the majority of the students were male (58.1%) compared to female students (41.9%). The level of perceived health competencies among majority (72%) nursing students was higher (72%). The level of self-esteem among majority (78%) of the participants was average. Furthermore, the findings revealed that health competency (behavior) were strongly associated with self-esteem (r = 0.089), while outcome was moderately correlated with self-esteem (r = 0.039). Conclusion: Nursing students health competencies (behavior) were higher among nursing students, which are strongly correlated with self-esteem, which will promote health-promoting behaviors among nurses. Furthermore, postgraduate students outclass other students in self-esteem and health competencies. Practical implication: Nursing students with low perceived health competence may be at risk of low self-esteem. Low self-esteem affects the health-promoting behaviors of students, which will affect their academic and clinical competencies and, in the long term, affect the quality of care and patient outcomes. Keywords: Self-esteem, health education, health behaviors, perceived health competencies, health promotion, nursing students

A validation of adult suicidal ideation questionnaire among Nigerian University students.

To prevent completed suicide among young adults in the university, assessment of suicidal ideation should be encouraged. This study aims to investigate the reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and validity of adult suicidal ideation questionnaire among Nigerian university students. Descriptive cross-sectional survey was the preferred choice of research design for this study utilizing convenience sampling technique to recruit participants. 6 universities divided into two equal numbers between federal-funded and state-funded ones in Nigeria were selected, and 2,702 students were sampled to fill the questionnaires. Instruments for data collection included Rosenberg Self-esteem questionnaire and Kessler Psychological distress scale to validate ASIQ. Ethical clearance for this study was collected from Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. The results of the study showed that internal consistency of ASIQ was .951 while validity analyses proved that self-esteem and psychological distress diverged and converged respectively with the three subdomains of suicidal ideation as measured by ASIQ. This study concludes that ASIQ has slight modification from the original version among young adults in Nigeria. The scale is reliable and valid but as a 22-item instrument on a 5-point Likert scale.

The Effect The Effect Of Life Review Therapy On Increasing Self-Esteem In The Elderly With Depression

Introduction: Depression is one of the psychiatric problems experienced by the elderly and can reduce the quality of life of the elderly. Elderly with depression will have low self-esteem. Low self-esteem results in withdrawal from new activities. Depression in the elderly is higher in the elderly who live in nursing homes compared to the elderly who live in the community and psychological interventions are still low to overcome depression and increase the self-esteem of the elderly. This study aims to determine the effect of life review therapy on increasing the self-esteem of elderly people with depression in the Social Welfare Section of the Padu Wau Maumere Elderly Social Welfare.&#x0D; Method: The type of research used is a quasi experiment with a one group pretest-posttest research design. The number of samples is 36 people, using consecutive sampling. The instruments used in this study were the short questionnaire Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) with 15 questions in the Indonesian version to measure depression in the elderly and the Rosenberg-Self Esteem questionnaire to measure self-esteem with 10 questions in the Indonesian version. The life review therapy intervention was given in 4 sessions, namely the experiences of childhood, adolescence, adulthood and the elderly. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon test.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that before being given life review therapy most of the respondents experienced moderate depression as much as 83.3% and most of them experienced low self-esteem as much as 83.3%. after being given life review therapy the results showed that most respondents experienced no depression as much as 72.2% and most experienced high self-esteem as much as 61.1%. The results of the Wilcoxon test showed that there was an effect of life review therapy on increasing the self-esteem of the elderly with depression as evidenced by the p value (0.000) &lt;α (0.05) so that the alternative hypothesis was accepted.&#x0D; Conclusion: The conclusion in this study is that there is a significant effect of life review therapy in increasing the self-esteem of the elderly with depression in the Social Welfare Section of the Padu Wau Maumere Elderly Social Welfare. The results of this study imply the importance of providing psychosocial therapy for the elderly who experience depression so that it can have an impact on increasing the self-esteem and quality of life of the elderly.&#x0D; Keywords: word; Depressions, Elderly, Self Esteem, Therapy Life Review

15주간의 필라테스 교양수업이 대학생들의 신체구성, 체력, 자존감, 우울 그리고 불안 심리에 미치는 영향

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of 15-week Pilates classes on physical function, self-esteem, depression, and anxiety in college students.BR Method: Thirty-one college students (N=31) (average age: 21.6 ± 1.6) who participated in Pilates classes were recruited for this study. Students met once a week and they performed a Pilates exercise program. Before and after the Pilates classes, participants completed the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, modified SCL-90-R, and anxiety questionnaire along with heigh t,weight, and percent body fat (%), flexibility, balance, and grip strength. A paired sample t-test was used to examine the mean difference between the two time points and Kendall’s tau was performed to analyzeth e association between physical function and psychological variables.BR Results: There were significant differences in grip strength (p=.001), balance (p=.001), and anxiety level (p=.015) between pre-and post-test. A correlation existed betweenh eight and depression (r=-.034) as well as self-esteem level (r=-.226). We also found an association between weight and depresiosn (r=-.255).BR Conclusion: Collectively, these data suggest that Pilates classes performed in college improve both body composition and physical function as well as influence on psychological variables.

Linking perceived social support to self-esteem and social integration among adolescents with visual impairment: A cross-lagged study.

This study examines the relationship between perceived social support and self-esteem and between perceived social support and social integration among adolescents with visual impairments. Adolescents with visual impairments (N time1 = 311, N time2 = 170) from four special education schools in eastern China participated in this study within a 1-year interval. The Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale, Rosenberg Self-esteem Questionnaire, and Interpersonal Adaptation Scale were used to collect data. The results from cross-lagged panel modeling showed reciprocal positive relationships between parental support and self-esteem. Self-esteem at T1 positively predicted three other sources of perceived social support at T2: teacher support, classmate support, and close-friend support. Social integration at T1 positively predicted close-friend support at T2. This study extends understanding of the relationships among perceived social support, self-esteem, and social integration, and provides practical implications for parents, schools, and communities to improve psychosocial outcomes in adolescents with visual impairment.

Resilience and Influencing Factors Among Youths Undergoing Substance Abuse Treatment in Thailand: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Resilience aids rapid recovery from substance abuse, prevents the likelihood of relapse, and improves the quality of life of the youths with substance abuse. This study aimed to assess the resilience level and related factors predicting resilience among youths undergoing substance abuse treatment in Thailand. A descriptive cross-sectional design with a simple random sampling technique was used. A total of 430 young substance abusers undergoing treatment were recruited from ten treatment centers in Eastern Thailand from April to June 2021. Data were collected using nine questionnaires: demographic form, resilience questionnaire, Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, psychological flexibility for substance abuser questionnaire, cognitive fusion questionnaire, substance abuse self-stigma scale, family connectedness scale, friendship intimacy questionnaire, and personal resource questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze data. The results showed a high level of resilience (89.30%) among the youths undergoing substance abuse treatment. The stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the significant factors associated with resilience include self-esteem (β = 0.260, p < .001), psychological flexibility (β = 0.222, p < .001), social support (β = 0.209, p < .000), and family connectedness (β = -0.194, p < .001). All the variables collectively explained 26.9% of the variance for resilience among the youths with substance abuse (R 2 = .269, p < .001). Determining resilience and its related factors among the youths undergoing substance abuse treatment is significant as it guides the formulation of the substance abuse treatment programs, improves mental health and quality of life, and prevents relapse.

Risk Factors for Emotional Distress among Youths Following the Experience of a Traumatic Event

Background to the Study Despite the fact that road traffic accidents are notorious for causing marked psychiatric morbidity among most affected persons, most studies focus on its psychological impact in adults. There is a dearth of data concerning the psychological consequences of road traffic accidents in adolescents. Objective: To determine the prevalence and correlates of emotional distress among secondary school pupils after the experience of a road traffic accident close to the school premises, which resulted in the death of some pupils, and severe injuries in others. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 107 adolescents who had heard about or witnessed the road traffic accident, and were selected using total sampling of those who met the inclusion criteria at a secondary school in Lagos, Nigeria. Questionnaires used were, The Rosenberg SelfEsteem Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Emotional Sub-Scale), and a Socio-Demographic Questionnaire. Results The prevalence of emotional distress among the secondary school pupils was 20%. Correlates of emotional distress were; age (OR=0.8, CI=0.63-0.84), junior secondary class (OR=0.1, CI=0.01- 0.49), female gender (OR=3.6, CI=1.2-7.9), and poor self-rated health perception (OR=0.1, CI=0.02-0.4). Conclusion For most people, emotional distress is quite common secondary to exposure to a road traffic accident, children and adolescents have a greater vulnerability to this. Early identification and psychosocial management of emotional problems in youths exposed to such accidents may help prevent the development of enduring mental health problems.

The Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Training Program on Rumination, Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem in Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of an emotion regulation training program on rumination, life satisfaction, and self-esteem in mothers of children with intellectual-developmental disabilities. Methods and Materials: The research method was a quasi-experimental (semi-experimental) design with pre-test, post-test, and control and experimental groups. The population consisted of all mothers with children suffering from intellectual-developmental disabilities in the Mehrdasht area of Isfahan, totaling 50 individuals. From among them, 40 were selected through convenience sampling. The instruments used in this research included the Nolen-Hoeksma and Morrow (1991) questionnaire, the Diener et al. (1985) life satisfaction scale, and the Rosenberg (1965) self-esteem questionnaire. Findings: The results showed that the emotion regulation training program led to improvements in rumination (F = 86.19), life satisfaction (F = 56.39), and self-esteem (F = 115.71) in mothers of children with intellectual-developmental disabilities. Conclusion: Therefore, incorporating emotion regulation training can effectively enhance the psychological well-being of mothers of children with intellectual-developmental disabilities, contributing to their life satisfaction.

Efficacy of Schema Therapy training on self-efficacy, self-esteem and assertiveness in women heads of households covered by welfare in Karaj

Present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy training on self-esteem, self-efficacy and courage of female-headed households. The research design was pretest-posttest with the control group. The statistical population included all female-headed households covered by Karaj Welfare in 1400. Targeted sampling was performed on all eligible individuals from the statistical population. In addition to completing the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire(1965) , Scherer et al. Self-efficacy questionnaires(1982), and Gambrill and Rigi (1975), audacity questionnaires, 40 individuals with the lowest scores in each component were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (20 in each group). The experimental group was then trained in a ten-session schema therapy protocol. Finally, post-test was performed for both groups. Then, the data were analyzed by analysis of covariance in SPSS software version 26. The results of data analysis showed that group training in schema therapy is effective on increasing self-efficacy, self-esteem and courage in female-headed households (p &lt;0.001). According to the research findings, schema therapy group training can be effective on increasing self-efficacy, self-esteem and courage in female-headed households. Therefore, due to the vulnerability of female-headed households, using this approach can be psychologically effective in empowering them

Designing and Validation of Self-Assessment Tool of Professional Competency and Its Psychometrics in the Administrators of Preschool Educational Centers.

The role of preschool administrators in raising children is increasing day by day, so the purpose of this study was to detect the validity and reliability of the professional competency questionnaire and its psychometric assessment in preschool administrators. This descriptive study was conducted on 380 preschool administrators with a minimum age of 25 and a maximum of 65 year participated in 2018. The sampling method was stratified from four regions of north, south, west and east of Tehran, Iran. Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire was used for convergent validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to examine the internal consistency. Face validity, content validity and structural validity were also calculated. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire of professional competency of preschool administrators was appropriate in terms of face validity. Indicators related to content validity were appropriate in terms of relevance, transparency and necessity in this study. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.98. The correlation between the total score of the managers' professional competency test and self-esteem was equal to 0.08 with a significance level of 0.58. The professional competency questionnaire of preschool administrators had good validity and reliability to assess the level of professional competency of preschool administrators. Researchers can use this questionnaire to assess the professional competency of preschool administrators.

Self-esteem, optimism and their associated factors among Optometry students at the University of Lahore

BACKGROUND &amp; OBJECTIVE: Self-esteem and optimism are important for students’ success. Our objectives were (a) to determine self-esteem and life-orientation (optimism) levels among Optometry students in the Department of Optometry &amp; Vision Sciences at the University of Lahore (UoL) (b) to investigate associations between sociodemographic factors, self-esteem, and optimism.&#x0D; METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted during November 2021 to December 2021 at the Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, UoL. A total of 168 Optometry students were recruited by convenience sampling. Self-esteem was estimated using Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire. Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) questionnaire was used to measure optimism. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the UoL. Chi-square was used to determine associations between sociodemographic variables, self-esteem, and optimism.&#x0D; RESULTS: Mean self-esteem score was 18.48±3.86 (range:8-30). About 20% of students had low self-esteem. The mean life orientation score was 14.15±2.8 (range:5-24). About 43% of students had low optimism. Significant associations were found between self-esteem, reason of admission in the Optometry program with p-value=0.001, family income p=0.037 , choice of the Optometry program p=0.036, and reason of admission in the Optometry program 0.032.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Low self-esteem and low optimism have been observed among a significant percentage of Optometry students at the UoL. Reason of admission in the Optometry program and family income were significantly associated factors. Students’ own decision to choose a study program may increase their self-esteem and optimism. Financial assistance for students from the low socioeconomic background may be a positive approach to boost their self-esteem and optimism. Teachers, parents, and counselors should support the students to increase their self-esteem and optimism.