Rose Cultivars Research Articles

Hormonal determination of rhizogenesis in Shrub rose regenerants cultivated in vitro

The study of the reproduction characteristics of roses of the garden class Shrub, the definition of the dependence of the hormonal determination of explant rhizogenesis on the concentrations of phytohormones that are part of the nutrient media, is relevant and has both scientific and practical interest. The article presents the results of studies of hormonal determination of rhizogenesis in explants of cultivars of roses of the garden class Shrub: ‘Gärtnerfreude’ (W. Kordes’ Söhne, 1991), ‘Lavender Dream’ (G. P. Ilsink, 1984), ‘Pomponella’ (W. Kordes’ Söhne, 2005), ‘Red Cascade’ (R. S. Moore, 1976), ‘Sommerabend’ (W. Kordes’ Söhne, 1995) cultivated in vitro on nutrient media containing growth regulators. It has been established that of the nutrient media modified by the addition of 0.2–1.0 mg/l α-naphthylacetic acid (α-NAA), the most effective was the medium with the content of α-NAA 0.5 mg/l, the content of macro- and microelements half of the Murashige and Skoog prescriptions, and a decrease in the sucrose content to 2.0%. On this medium, the frequency of rhizogenesis averaged 61.2% for the studied cultivars. Hormonal determination of rhizogenesis and efficiency of root formation in vitro in the Shrub rose regenerants depended on the genotype of the plant (the cultivar): cv. ‘Gärtnerfreude’ (61.0%) and cv. ‘Lavender Dream’ (66.0%) had the highest rhizogenesis ability. The use of the universal growth regulator “Humifield” in combination with 0.5 mg/l α-NAA contributed to an increase in the rooting rate of the studied rose cultivars up to 70.0–86.0%.

Separation and identification of individual anthocyanins from the petals of some rose cultivars

Rose cultivars represent a source with potential for therapeutical applications due to the high content in bioactive phytochemicals, including phenolic derivatives and lipophilic compounds, such as carotenoids. Anthocyanins, a phenolic subclass, represent the major compounds responsible for the colors of roses. In this study, we have aimed to extract, separate, and identify the anthocyanin compounds found in the petals of 25 different rose cultivars. High performance liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) was used to separate, identify and quantify the individual anthocyanins. The results showed the presence of 9 anthocyanin compounds, whereas the total anthocyanin content of rose cultivars ranged from 20.267-1206.841 mg/100 g FW, from which cyanidin-caffeoyl-glucoside was the most quantitatively represented anthocianin, followed by cyanidin-glucoside and pelargonidin-glucoside. In addition to this, the antioxidant activity was applied using the established DPPH in vitro method (1403 ± 301-304 ± 37 µmol TE/g FW), as well as the total phenolic content (2600±452-208±23 mg GAE/100 g FW) and the total flavonoid content (160±23-705±49 mg QE/100 g FW). Among the evaluated cultivars, the highest content in anthocyanin was determined for the ‘Amalia’ cultivar. Between the 25 rose cultivars analyzed, the varieties ‘Amalia’, ‘Foc de tabără’, ‘Fruhrot’, and ‘First Red’ followed as being the richest in anthocyanins content and the lowest values were recorded for the varieties ‘Jimini Cricket’, ‘Cri-Cri’, ‘Fortuna’, and ‘Zburlici’. The same trend was observed for the total phenolic and total flavonoid content but also the antioxidant activity. The importance of analyzing anthocyanin content in different rose varieties came from the use of anthocyanins as natural dyes, having potential pharmaceutical ingredients that give various beneficial health effects.

Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPS) to Black Spot Resistance in Roses

Rose black spot caused by Diplocarpon rosae is the most severe and global disease of garden roses. Breeding of disease resistant varieties is one of the most important goals of modern garden rose breeding. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant type of polymorphism found in eukaryotic genomes. SNP markers can be used in a wide variety of applications, including association studies, genetic diversity analysis, and marker-assisted selection in plant breeding programs. The aim of this project was to analyze black spot resistance in a rose association panel through leaf inoculation assays with single isolate pathotypes as well as a field mixture of D. rosae isolates and to establish a relationship between resistance and the available SNP markers. In this study, 96 diverse cultivars of roses were evaluated phenotypically for resistance against black spot through artificial inoculations. 63000 SNPs that were developed in previous studies were used to genetically analyze the cultivars and find associations with resistance against black spot disease using mixed linear model in TASSEL 3.0. Differences in the phenotypic reaction to field mixture of isolates and the Ab13 single conidial isolate of this pathogen were observed between genotypes. One hundred and forty-nine SNPs were found to be significantly associated with resistance against field mixtures of black spot. For the Ab13 single isolate, only one significant SNP was found. These SNPs were mapped on the rose chromosomes, and found on chromosome one, three and four. These associated SNP and Rdr1 markers can be used for marker-assisted selection in breeding for black spot resistance in rose.

Metabolically Tailored Selection of Ornamental Rose Cultivars through Polyamine Profiling, Osmolyte Quantification and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities

Roses (genus Rosa), renowned for their economic significance and aesthetic appeal, face multifaceted challenges in cultivation due to biotic and abiotic stressors. To address these challenges, this study explores the role of osmolytes, particularly polyamines, proline and glycine betaine, as well as antioxidant capacities and condensed tannins, in enhancing stress tolerance in roses. Despite the genetic diversity inherent in roses, the metabolic aspect of stress tolerance has been underexplored in breeding programs. This paper investigates the intraspecific variability among 22 rose cultivars, focusing on osmolyte content (proline and glycine betaine), individual polyamines (putrescine, spermine and spermidine), as well as antioxidant activities, measuring radical scavenging capacity against 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) and NO• radicals. Employing a targeted metabolomic approach, we quantified the levels of individual polyamines in both the petals and leaves of rose cultivars. This was achieved through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescent detection following a derivatization pretreatment process. Within the evaluated cultivars, “Unique Aroma”, “Andre Rieu”, “Aroma 3”, “Frayla Marija” and “Trendy Fashion” stood out for their significantly elevated levels of total foliar polyamines. The predominant polyamine detected at both petal and leaf levels was putrescine, with concentrations ranging from 335.81 (“Zora Frayla”) to 2063.81 nmol g−1 DW (“Unique Aroma”) at the leaf level. Following putrescine, foliar spermidine levels varied from 245.08 (“Olivera Frayla”) to 1527.16 nmol g−1 DW (“Andre Rieu”). Regarding antioxidant capacity, the leaf extracts of rose cultivars “Zora Frayla” and “Natalija Frayla” were prominent by showing 68.08 and 59.24 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE) g−1 DW, respectively. The results highlight the intricate biochemical variability across rose cultivars and show that osmolytes, such as glycine betaine, proline and polyamines, and other biochemical markers can be used as reliable criteria for the selection of rose cultivars that are more resilient to biotic stress factors, especially powdery and downy mildew. Bridging fundamental research with practical applications, this study aims to contribute to the development of stress-tolerant rose cultivars adaptable to dynamic environmental conditions.

Argentinian Rose Petals as a Source of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Compounds.

The total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were evaluated in 11 cultivars of Argentinian roses of different colors. HPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS was used to identify the components where ellagic and quinic acids, quercetin, and kaempferol glycosylated derivatives were found. The phenolic contents ranged from 78.8 ± 3.2 to 203.4 ± 3.1 mg GAE/g dw, the flavonoid content ranged from 19.1 ± 3.8 to 125.9 ± 6.5 mg QE/g dw, and the anthocyanin content ranged from less than 0.01 to 5.8 ± 0.1 mg CE/g dw. The dark red cultivars exhibited the greatest levels of the analyzed compounds and of the antioxidant activities, even higher than those of certain plants known for their high phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. Moreover, the addition of these extracts decreased the population of L. innocua and P. aeruginosa to undetectable levels 24 h after inoculation. Rose petal extracts, mainly those with a dark red color, can be used as natural additives in food, feed, and cosmetics, as they contain a high proportion of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial effects.

Evaluation of aphid resistance on different rose cultivars and transcriptome analysis in response to aphid infestation

BackgroundThe rose is one of the most important ornamental flowers in the world for its aesthetic beauty but can be attacked by many pests such as aphids. Aphid infestation causes tremendous damage on plant tissues leading to harmed petals and leaves. Rose cultivars express different levels of resistance to aphid infestation yet the information remains unclear. Not only that, studies about the transcriptional analysis on defending mechanisms against aphids in rose are limited so far.ResultsIn this study, the aphid resistance of 20 rose cultivars was evaluated, and they could be sorted into six levels based on the number ratio of aphids. And then, a transcriptome analysis was conducted after aphid infestation in one high resistance (R, Harmonie) and one highly susceptibility (S, Carefree Wonder) rose cultivar. In open environment the majority of rose cultivars had the highest aphid number at May 6th or May 15th in 2020 and the resistance to infestation could be classified into six levels. Differential expression analysis revealed that there were 1,626 upregulated and 767 downregulated genes in the R cultivar and 481 upregulated and 63 downregulated genes in the S cultivar after aphid infestation. Pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed that upregulated genes in R and S cultivars were both enriched in defense response, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (phenylpropanoid, alkaloid, and flavonoid), carbohydrate metabolism (galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism) and lipid processing (alpha-linolenic acid and linolenic acid metabolism) pathways. In the jasmonic acid metabolic pathway, linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase was specifically upregulated in the R cultivar, while genes encoding other crucial enzymes, allene oxide synthase, allene oxide cyclase, and 12-oxophytodienoate reductase were upregulated in both cultivars. Transcription factor analysis and transcription factor binding search showed that WRKY transcription factors play a pivotal role during aphid infestation in the R cultivar.ConclusionsOur study indicated the potential roles of jasmonic acid metabolism and WRKY transcription factors during aphid resistance in rose, providing clues for future research.

Фенологические особенности сортов роз при выращивании в условиях защищенного грунта

The results of studies on the phenological characteristics of five cultivars of cut roses (Chiri, Grand Prix, Gratsia, Jumilia, Red Naomi) when grown in low-volume culture in the Moscow region are presented. Jumilia with folded leaves has the greatest potential for budding (7 days), the highest shoot growth activity and early entry into the phase of mass growth of stems and leaves (14 days). Red Naomi in the middle of the row has low bud awakening (14 days), the least shoot growth activity and late entry into the phase of mass regrowth of stems and leaves (21 days). Jumilia, regardless of its location in the greenhouse, and Chiri at the beginning of the row and in the variant with a folded leaf are characterized by faster bud formation (39–41 days). Gratsia and Red Naomi in the middle of the row are characterized by slower bud formation (47–48 days). Jumilia in the folded leaf varieties and at the beginning of the row is distinguished by the earliest entry into the commercial phase (49–50 days). Gratsia and Red Naomi in the middlerow variety (60–62 days) are characterised by long peduncle formation. The longest peduncle at the time of cutting was observed in Gratsia (90,4–95,1 cm) and Jumilia (86,2–90,2 cm). Chiri has the shortest stem (65,4–70,3 cm).

Inhibition of Malformed Incurved Flowers in the Cut Rose Cultivar ‘Yves Piaget’ by Methyl Jasmonate Spray Treatment of Flower Buds before Harvest

Inhibition of Malformed Incurved Flowers in the Cut Rose Cultivar ‘Yves Piaget’ by Methyl Jasmonate Spray Treatment of Flower Buds before Harvest

Impact of Rhizobium radiobacter Inoculation on Physiological Stresses and Nutrients of Grafted Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) Cultivars

Impact of Rhizobium radiobacter Inoculation on Physiological Stresses and Nutrients of Grafted Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) Cultivars

The effect of some Levels of Shading and Fertilization in the Growth and Production of Commercial Cut Flowers of Two Cultivars of Shrubby Roses

An experiment was carried out in one of the plastic houses of the Department of Horticulture and Date Palms in Baghdad Governorate during the year 2021 of the autumn season. The effect of some levels of shading and fertilization on the growth and production of commercial cut flowers of two cultivars of shrubby roses on some characteristics of vegetative and flowering growth. The results showed a significant superiority among the cultivars, as cultivar V1 was superior to cultivar V2 in average plant height and flower diameter, while cultivar V2 had a significant superiority over cultivar V1 in average number of leaves, number of petals and flower stem length. While the characteristics of vegetative growth represented by the rate of plant height, the number of leaves, and the characteristics of floral growth represented by the flower diameter, the number of petals, and the length of the flowering stem were significantly superior when using shading levels 50% (S2) and the levels of fertilization consisting of mycorrhiza, licorice extract and chelated iron (F3) in all growth characteristics.

Effect of Shading, Licorice Extract and Mycorrhizal on the Growth and Production of Commercial Cut Flowers of Two Cultivars of Shrubby Roses

An experiment was conducted using the RCBD design, namely the Factorial Experiment within the Split-Split Plot. Complementary Storyline Shading, licorice extract, and mycorrhizal were tested on two cultivars of shrubby roses in a plastic greenhouse at the Department of Horticulture and Palms in the Baghdad Governorate during the spring of 2022 for their impact on the growth and production of commercial cut flowers. The use of two varieties of shrub roses, Angelina, red in color and Maroussia, white, using three levels of shading without shading and 25% and 50%. 1 + Maiko Raisa). And (chelated iron + mycorrhizal (1 g / liter-1 + mycorrhizae) and licorice extract + chelated iron + mycorrhizae). The flowers are of anthocyanin pigment, while the V2 variety was significantly superior to the V1 variety in flower stem diameter. While the characteristics of vegetative growth represented by the average leaf area and the content of leaves of chlorophyll and the characteristics of flowering growth represented by the diameter of the flower stem, the duration of the flower remaining on the plant and the content of flowers of the anthocyanin pigment were significantly superior when using shading levels 50% (S2) and the levels of fertilization consisting of mycorrhiza and licorice extract And chelated iron (F3) in all characteristics of vegetative and flowering growth.

Flowering Phenology of Shrub Roses as a Sensitive Indicator of Meteorological Variability in Central Europe

Abstract Climate change and warming affect the development cycle of ornamental plants and, thus, their quality and ornamental value. The study aimed to investigate the flowering phenology of 37 cultivars of shrub roses in response to meteorological conditions based on eight years of observations. Based on 14,800 field records, we grouped shrub rose cultivars according to their dominant flowering stage as a sensitive indicator of variability in weather conditions. We also selected the rose cultivars that would retain the highest ornamental value even at increasing temperatures. The total flowering duration of the cultivars ranged from 31 to 115 days (mean 90.4 days) and was significantly positively correlated with temperature. Meteorological conditions significantly influenced individual flowering stages (FS) and a trend of changes concerning the long-term gradient was observed: the increase in temperature extended FS10 and shortened FS25, FS50, and FS75 but did not affect FS100. If the warming trend continues, the abundant flowering of roses may be shortened considerably. Rose cultivars with the longest flowering period at FS10 abundance may adapt better to rising temperatures, and, therefore may be more useful in landscape planning and management.

Shoot Growth and Virus Elimination by Antiviral Agents in Node Cultures of Three Rose Cultivars

Background and objective: This study was carried out to examine the effects of antiviral agents on shoot growth and virus elimination during node culture in rose 'Deep Purple', 'Natal Briar' and 'Pink Beauty' infected with TRSV and ArMV.Methods: Three varieties of roses confirmed to be infected with TRSV and ArMV through ImmunoStrip® Tests were node-cultured, and the medium was treated with antiviral agents ribavirin and vidarabine at 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg⋅L<sup>-1</sup> . After 60 days of culture, shoot growth and virus infection rates were evaluated.Results: In 'Deep Purple', vidarabine treatment inhibited shoot growth and survival rate more than ribavirin, and had no effect on virus elimination. Treatment of 20 mg⋅L<sup>-1</sup> ribavirin was no significant difference in shoot growth and survival rate compared to control, and TRSV and ArMV infection rates were lowered to 25% and 0%, respectively. In 'Natal Briar', treatment of 10-20 mg⋅L<sup>-1</sup> ribavirin showed no statistical difference in shoot growth compared to the control, but the infection rates of TRSV and ArMV were 100%. The shoot growth and survival rate were greatly suppressed in treatment of 10 mg⋅L<sup>-1</sup> vidarabine, but both TRSV and ArMV infection rates were 50%. In 'Pink Beauty', the higher the treatment concentration of ribavirin and vidarabine, the more the shoot growth was suppressed. Ribavirin had no effect on TRSV elimination, and 20 mg⋅L<sup>-1</sup> vidarabine treatment showed that both TRSV and ArMV infection rates were 50%.Conclusion: Depending on the type and concentration of the antiviral agent, the elimination effects of viruses were different for each variety of rose. It was most effective to treat 20 mg⋅L<sup>-1</sup> ribavirin in 'Deep Purple', 10 mg⋅L<sup>-1</sup> vidarabine in 'Natal Briar', and 20 mg⋅L<sup>-1</sup> vidarabine in 'Pink Beauty' in media for TRSV and ArMV elimination.

Breeding of Modern Rose Cultivars Decreases the Content of Important Biochemical Compounds in Rose Hips.

This study aimed to determine the content and composition of bioactive compounds in autochthonous rose hips (R. pendulina, R. spinosissima, and R. gallica) and to compare them with the content of bioactive compounds in some cultivars ('Harstad', 'Bourgogne', 'Mount Everest', 'Poppius', 'Fruhlingsduft', 'Single Cherry', 'Fruhlingsmorgen', 'Violacea', and 'Splendens') derived from these main species. Due to insufficient information on how bioactive compound content changes when crossing roses, this study also sought to ascertain whether modern rose hip cultivars are still a sufficiently rich source of bioactive compounds and could, therefore, be potentially used as a functional food. All material was collected in the Arboretum Volčji Potok (Slovenia). The ascorbic acid content was highest in the 'Harstad' cultivar (12.79 g/kg FW), and the total organic acid content varied from 1.57 g/kg FW (R. spinosissima) to 34.39 g/kg FW ('Harstad'). Of all the carotenoids analyzed, only lycopene and β-carotene were present in all the samples. The total carotenoid content was highest in the 'Fruhlingsmorgen' cultivar (100.84 mg/kg FW), derived from R. spinosissima, and lowest in the main species, R. spinosissima (9.26 mg/kg FW). It can be concluded, therefore, that the content of bioactive compounds in rose hips of modern cultivars is generally lower than in rose hips of old cultivars and original species included in this study. The research results confirm that modern breeding strategies are mainly focused on goals such as abundant flowering and resistance to diseases and pests and not so much on the content of bioactive compounds.

Survey of Viral Infection in Cut Rose Cultivars Cultivated in Four Domestic Farms

Survey of Viral Infection in Cut Rose Cultivars Cultivated in Four Domestic Farms

Effect of Shoot Bending at Different Time on Production and Quality of Hybrid Tea Rose Cultivar Minu Pearle

A field experiment was undertaken from September to March for two consecutive years (2020 and 2021) to find out the best time for shoot bending in Hybrid Tea rose. Growth and development of rose cultivar Minu Pearle, was significantly influenced by shoot bending at different time (4th week of September to 4th week of December). Among the treatments tallest plants & maximum leaf area was produced in plants bended on T5 whereas, the plant canopy was registered to be maximum in 2nd week of December. The highest rate of shoot elongation at 15 & 30 days after shoot bending was noted in second week of November and October respectively. Application of shoot bending on 2nd week of October recorded early blooming and slowest flower bud emergence was registered in T5whereas, delayed sepal reflex and maximum days taken to attain cup shape was observed in T6. In terms of flower quality parameters like length and diameter of flower bud and pedicel and weight of individual flower, T5 proved to be superior. Shoot bending applied on 2nd week of November (T4) produced long and thick stalks. Among the treatments maximum number of flowers, longest self and vase life, highest dry matter production from leaves and stem, greater chlorophyll and anthocyanin content was observed in T5.

Petals of different ornamental rose cultivars as a rich source of bioactive compounds for functional foods

The aim of this study was to investigate the profile of bioactive compounds in petals of 23 cultivars of garden roses. We found that flowers are a rich source of phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, especially the cultivars with red petals. Chlorogenic acid content did not depend on the flower color. White cultivars as well as those with pale colors had highest level of hydroxychloroquine. Petals of all cultivars showed high content of vitamin C and low of vitamins B. Glutathione was detected at high levels in the majority of examined roses. Total antioxidant capacity was found to be very high and depended on the cultivar. For the first time the presence of hydroxychloroquine was detected in plant material. Soluble oxalates content was very low. High levels of phytochemicals in the rose flowers make them excellent candidates for the food and nutraceutical industry. Some cultivars i.e. 'Chorus', 'Abraham Darby', 'Graham Thomas', 'Mary Rose', 'Morning Jewel', 'Moje Hammarberg' are particularly rich sources of valuable bioactive ingredients such as phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and vitamin C.

Manipulation of light spectrum is an effective tool to regulate biochemical traits and gene expression in lettuce under different replacement methods of nutrient solution

The use of light-emitting diode (LED) technology represents a promising approach to improve plant growth and metabolic activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different light spectra: red (656 nm), blue (450 nm), red/blue (3:1), and white (peak at 449 nm) on biochemical properties, photosynthesis and gene expression in two lettuce cultivars (Lollo Rossa and Lollo Bionda) grown under different methods of nutrient solution replacement in hydroponics. Complete replacement and EC-based replacement of nutrient solution increased content of proline and soluble sugars and activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPX and SOD) under the red/blue LED and red LED light treatments in both cultivars. In addition, the red/blue and the monochromatic red light increased the soluble protein content and the antioxidant activity in the Lollo Rosa cultivar under the replacement method according to the needs of the plant. An increase in flavonoid content in the EC-based method in the Lollo Rosa variety treated with a combination of red and blue light was also observed. The red/blue light had the greatest induction effect on anthocyanin content, expression of the UFGT, CHS, and Rubisco small subunit genes, and the net photosynthetic rate. Data presented here will directly contribute to the development of nutrient solution and LED spectrum management strategies to significantly improve plant growth and metabolism, while avoiding water and nutrient waste, and environmental pollution.

Variation in Photosynthetic Efficiency under Fluctuating Light between Rose Cultivars and its Potential for Improving Dynamic Photosynthesis

Photosynthetic efficiency under both steady-state and fluctuating light can significantly affect plant growth under naturally fluctuating light conditions. However, the difference in photosynthetic performance between different rose genotypes is little known. This study compared the photosynthetic performance under steady-state and fluctuating light in two modern rose cultivars (Rose hybrida), "Orange Reeva" and "Gelato", and an old Chinese rose plant Rosa chinensis cultivar, "Slater's crimson China". The light and CO2 response curves indicated that they showed similar photosynthetic capacity under steady state. The light-saturated steady-state photosynthesis in these three rose genotypes was mainly limited by biochemistry (60%) rather than diffusional conductance. Under fluctuating light conditions (alternated between 100 and 1500 μmol photons m-2 m-1 every 5 min), stomatal conductance gradually decreased in these three rose genotypes, while mesophyll conductance (gm) was maintained stable in Orange Reeva and Gelato but decreased by 23% in R. chinensis, resulting in a stronger loss of CO2 assimilation under high-light phases in R. chinensis (25%) than in Orange Reeva and Gelato (13%). As a result, the variation in photosynthetic efficiency under fluctuating light among rose cultivars was tightly related to gm. These results highlight the importance of gm in dynamic photosynthesis and provide new traits for improving photosynthetic efficiency in rose cultivars.

Growth and Flower Quality Influenced by Foliar Application of Potassium Nitrate and Sujala of Hybrid Tea Rose Cultivar Mohana

An experiment was conducted from September 2019 to March 2020 to examine the effect of different combination of foliar applicable fertilizers on Hybrid tea rose cultivar Mohana. The study was performed with 9 treatments (T1-RDF, T2- KNO3 2.5g/l, T3- KNO3 5.0g/l, T4- Soluble fertilizer (Sujala) 1g/l, T5- Soluble fertilizer (Sujala) 2 g/l, T6- KNO3 1g/L+ Soluble fertilizer (Sujala) 1g/l, T7- KNO3 1 g/l + Soluble fertilizer (Sujala) 1.5g/l, T8- KNO3 1g/L + Soluble fertilizer (Sujala) 2g/l, T9- KNO3 1g/l+ Soluble fertilizer (Sujala) 2.5g/l) and 3 replications. From this study T8 (KNO3 1g/L + Soluble fertilizer (Sujala) 2g/l) gave best in case of vegetative and flower quality parameters and minimum days from FBE to cup shape and flower. While in case of cup shape to full bloom minimum days was taken in T1(RDF).