Rootstock Varieties Research Articles

Mise au point d'un test ELISA sur les tissus de vignes atteintes de flavescence dorée

We report here results concerning the best part of the grapevine to section, the best sampling period and an important adaptation of the extraction media for the diagnosis of a grapevine yellow disease by ELISA. The addition of Triton-X100, or better of Chaps enabled us to get clear results for the sensitive Vitis vinifera scion varieties. Until now, results have not been obtained for the symptomless rootstock varieties. However, antigen concentration by molecular filtration may be a way to solve the problem of assaying rootstocks.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms of Grapevine DNA with Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase cDNA.

Total DNA was extracted from leaves of grapevines, 8 cultrvars of Vitis vinifera, Concord (V. labrusca) and a rootstock variety, F-3309. All the tested DNA showed different Southern analysis patterns using L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) cDNA of carrot (Daucus carota) as a probe. A dendrogram based on the RFLPs of PAL cDNA relatively agreed well with morphological taxonomy.

Uptake and distribution of potassium by grapevine rootstocks and its implication for grape juice pH of scion varieties

Differences in petiole K+ concentration of ungrafted grapevine rootstocks grown under field conditions at Merbein, Victoria, were compared with the rootstock effects on grape juice pH of the scion varieties Chardonnay and Ruby Cabernet. Significant positive correlations were obtained between grape juice pH of the scion varieties on various rootstocks and K+ accumulation in the petioles of ungrafted rootstock vines. Rootstock varieties that contributed to high pH in the grape juice of the scion (e.g. Freedom, Dog Ridge, Rupestris du Lot) showed high K+ concentrations in their petioles, while those rootstocks that contributed to low pH in the grape juice of the scion (e.g. 140 Ruggeri, 1202 Couderc, 110 Richter), had low K+ concentrations in their petioles. In 2 water culture experiments in the glasshouse, K+ uptake and distribution in ungrafted rootstock vines was examined at different K+ levels. In the first experiment the rootstocks 140 Ruggeri and Freedom had similar K+ concentrations in the various plant parts when grown in nutrient solution with 0.1 mmol K+/L. With K+ concentrations of 1, 2, and 10 mmol/L in the nutrient solution Freedom had significantly higher K+ contents in leaves and petioles than 140 Ruggeri. When K+ supply was increased from 1 to 2 mmol/L, K+ concentrations in the various plant parts were not significantly increased. However, when the supply was increased to 10 mmol/L, K t concentrations were significantly different. In the second experiment with K+ levels of 1 and 10 mmol/L, higher K+ contents were obtained in the basal and apical leaves of Dog Ridge and Ramsey compared with 140 Ruggeri, Schwarzmann, 1103 Paulsen and Sultana, while in roots, 140 Ruggeri, 110 Richter and Sultana had the highest K+ contents. Dog Ridge and Rarnsey are both known to increase scion grape juice K+ concentration and pH of the scion variety, while 140 Ruggeri and 1103 Paulsen contribute to low grape juice K+ concentration and pH. The results demonstrate that differences between rootstocks in the extent of K+ accumulation in the shoot are a major determinant of the rootstock effects on grape juice pH. The extent of K+ accumulation can best be measured in basal leaves or petioles. This provides a screening method for the evaluation of rootstocks which restrict K+ accumulation and contribute to lower grape juice pH.

Mechanical Transmission and Rootstock Reservoirs as Factors in the Widespread Distribution of Viroids in Grapevines

With the recent evidence of the almost ubiquitous occurrence of grapevine viroids in California, intriguing questions have arisen concerning the significance of viroids to vine growth and productivity. Of fundamental importance in addressing these considerations is an understanding of the manner in which such a general distribution of grapevine viroids has been accomplished. GV₁, GV₂, and GV₃ were demonstrated to be transmissible agents in Emperor seedlings and viroid-free, shoot tip cultured Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines. Analyses of multiple selections of these varieties have never detected the presence of GV₂. Therefore, the transmission of GV₂ in these tests suggests that these varieties are not resistant to GV₂, but probably have never been exposed to this viroid. A survey of samples taken from the rootstock collection at the University of California, Davis, detected at least one grapevine viroid in all varieties tested. Two of the newly released rootstock varieties tested contained an unusually high concentration of the less commonly found GV₂. Therefore, two possible sources for the spread of grapevine viroids have been identified: <i>(1)</i> mechanical inoculation among vines, which might be accomplished during routine cultural practices; and <i>(2)</i> systemic transmission between grafted rootstocks and scion varieties containing grapevine viroids.

Modelling the Population Dynamics of an Arable Weed and Its Effects Upon Crop Yield

Based on the salt-tolerance identification of a series of cucumber rootstock varieties, the cucumber cultivar 'Xintaimici' grafted on different salt-tolerant rootstock varieties 'Sherpa', 'Shintosa' , 'Tielizhen' , and 'Figleaf gourd' was selected to study its seedlings physiological responses to NaCl stress, taking the self-rooted ones as the control. Under the stress of 100 mmol NaCl x L(-1), the leaf electrolyte leakage rate and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the grafted seedlings were significantly lower than those of self-rooted seedlings, and the seedlings grafted on 'Figleaf gourd' showed the lowest electrolyte leakage rate and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, followed by the seedlings grafted on 'Tielizhen', 'Shintosa' , and 'Sherpa'. The leaf proline and soluble sugar contents and peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities of the grafted seedlings were significantly higher than those of the self-rooted seedlings, and the POD, SOD, CAT, and APX activities were the highest for the seedlings grafted on 'Figleaf gourd' and the lowest for the seedlings grafted on 'Sherpa', but had no significant differences for the seedlings grafted on 'Tielizhen' and 'Shintosa'. The leaf Na+ content of the seedlings grafted on different rootstock varieties ranked as 'Figleaf gourd' < 'Tielizhen' < 'Shintosa' < 'Sherpa', while the leaf K+ content had little difference for the seedlings grafted on 'Figleaf gourd', 'Tielizhen', and 'Shintosa' but was significantly higher than that for the seedlings grafted on 'Sherpa'. The self-rooted seedlings had the highest leaf Na+ content but the lowest leaf K+ content. The leaf Na+/K+ ratio of grafted seedlings was significantly lower than that of self-rooted ones, and the seedlings grafted on 'Figleaf gourd' had the lowest leaf Na+/K+ ratio.

Some problems of benomyl soil application and grafting with tolerant rootstock variety for the control of tomato Verticillium wilt

Some problems of benomyl soil application and grafting with tolerant rootstock variety for the control of tomato <i>Verticillium</i> wilt

Compatibility Study of Citrus Rootstock Varieties on Rangpur Lime.

Compatibility Study of Citrus Rootstock Varieties on Rangpur Lime.

A Relationship Between Stomatal Density and Growth Potential in Apple Rootstocks

SummaryThe effect of a number of apple rootstock varieties on the vigour of scion varieties budded on them was found to be related to the number of stomata per unit leaf area of rootstock leaf (stomatal density). Stomatal counts made from plastic film replicas of leaf surfaces may provide a rapid means of assessing the probable growth potential of apple seedlings. A technique for preparing the plastic film replicas is described.

Effect of grafting with resistant rootstock variety against tomato verticillium wilt

Effect of grafting with resistant rootstock variety against tomato verticillium wilt

Apple rubbery wood virus

Abstract Apple rubbery wood virus (RWV) is widespread in apple and pear varieties in New Zealand, having been found in some trees of all varieties examined. Of 278 apple trees tested, 75 percent were infected; and of 43 pear trees indexed, 70 percent carried the virus. The virus has been found to cause symptoms on two New Zealand produced apple varieties, ‘Gala’ and ‘Splendour’. Symptoms on the former are nearly as severe as those on ‘Lord Lambourne’; on the latter they are less pronounced, being comparable with those on ‘Golden Delicious’. Rubbery wood symptoms have been observed also on ‘Red Delicious’ trees known to be infected with RWV. Apple and pear rootstock and scion varieties free from RWV have been secured from overseas or obtained in New Zealand by the heat treatment/tip culture technique. Most rootstock varieties free from RWV have been secured from overseas, and most scion varieties have been obtained by heat treatment locally. RWV-free material available in New Zealand consists of 19 apple and 5 pear scion varieties and 8 apple and 1 pear rootstock varieties.

Chloride Content of Citrus Seeds and its Distribution in Various Fractions1

Abstract Chemical analysis of chloride in seeds of 11 species and varieties of citrus (on their own roots) showed marked differences in chloride content. The concentration of chloride in the seeds was directly related to known concentrations of chloride in leaves of the same varieties, and to the order of their appearance in a list of “salt tolerance”. No significant differences were found in the chloride content of seeds from one variety upon 5 rootstock varieties. Similarly, no effect of salinized irrigation water on the chloride content of the seeds could be detected. Fractionation analysis of the seeds of 2 varieties (low and high in chloride content) revealed that in both varieties about 15–20% of the total chloride was present in the aqueous supernatant (“cell sap”). In the low-Cl seeds, 42% of the total CI was found in the aqueous residue and 43% in the benzenic fraction (fats). The corresponding fractions in the high-Cl seeds were 74% and 6%, respectively.

EFFECTS OF FRUITING ON THE GROWTH OF APPLE TREES ON FOUR ROOTSTOCK VARIETIES

SUMMARYWorcester Pearmain apple trees on four rootstock varieties with a range of vigour were grown in pots for 3 years. The effects of fruiting, determined by comparison with deblossomed trees, were qualitatively similar on all the rootstocks. The growth of all parts, particularly the roots, was less on fruiting trees. The greatest differences occurred in trees on the very dwarfing 3426 rootstock which bore the largest crops relative to the size of the tree; their root systems were severely reduced. When differences in fruitfulness were taken into account, the quantitative effects of fruiting on the dry weight increment of the combined perennial parts, and of the roots alone, were apparently the same on all the rootstocks.Trees with low levels of fruitfulness produced less dry matter, including fruit, than deblossomed trees because of lesser shoot growth. Trees of high fruitfulness produced as much, or even more dry matter than deblossomed trees because of increased photosynthetic efficiency.Comparisons of the shoot growth and stem‐to‐root ratios of the deblossomed trees on each rootstock variety indicated that the hypothesis put forward in a previous paper to explain the dwarfing mechanism of M.1X may be valid for 3426 also.

ANALYSIS OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF SCION-ROOTSTOCK COMBINATIONS OF GRAPE SEEDLINGS BY PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS

The study was carried out in All-Russian research Institute of viticulture and winemaking named after Y. I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk). In order to determine the optimal phenotypic parameters that characterize the compatibility of explants in the production of grafted seedlings varieties with a low degree of rooting were used – Fioletoviy Ranniy, Golubok and rootstock varieties included in the State register of varieties approved for use – Kober 5BB, PP 101-14, Vierul-3. It was found that the rootstock genotype PP 101-14 stimulates early budding on the graft and callus formation during grafting stratification. The main death of vaccinations occurs 20-30 days. The absence of a common conducting system leads to the death of the grafted variety. It was found out that the varieties Fioletoviy Ranniy, Golubok are more compatible with the rootstock variety Vierul-3, the yield of grafted seedlings was 14.2 and 16.8%, respectively. To evaluate the compatibility of the components of the graft-rootstock combination, the only biometric indicators (growth length, leaf area and shoot diameter) are not enough. The rootstock variety affects phenotypic characteristics of grafted variety. The most objective assessment of compatibility can be obtained only after the end of vegetation after evaluating the quality of seedlings.

Some Aspects of the Physiology of Apple Rootstock Varieties under Reduced Illumination

Six different varieties of apple rootstock were grown under conditions of stress imposed by reduction in the light intensity. The varieties tended to maintain their relative contents of resources at a steady level in all treatments but stress reduced the proportion of dry-matter increment deposited in the root system. Some varieties grew better than others in shade but differences in the partition of resources or total dry-matter increment did not seem to correspond with the predicted effect of the rootstock varieties on the cropping performance of trees grafted on them. It is postulated that differences in the relative proportion of leafy shoot and root growth, such as were observed, may be brought about by the way in which root systems metabolize the carbohydrates and other resources which are surplus to the amount needed to maintain a basic or standard level in existing cells.

Pre-emergence Weed Control in Young Deciduous Fruit Trees1

Abstract A number of pre-emergence soil residual herbicides were tested at 2 locations on varieties of young peach, plum, cherry, pear and walnut rootstocks. The greatest variation in response resulted from differences in location. Important differences in varietal response were also obtained with the various herbicides in light soils. Simazine appeared sufficiently safe to trees in heavier soil but gave variable weed control. Diuron gave about the same degree of weed control but more safety than simazine on young trees. Of the uracil herbicides tested, DP-733 was the least toxic to the fruit tree species tested, while bromacil and isocil were generally the most toxic, except to peach trees. Of the commercial uracil herbicides, only DP-732 (terbacil) was of sufficient interest for further study.

The Influence Of4(Indolyl-3) Butyric Acid and Basal Temperature on the Rooting of Apple Rootstock Hardwood Cuttings

SummaryPre-rooting treatment with auxin, and the temperature of the rooting medium, were found to operate independently in promoting rooting of Crab C and M.26 hardwood cuttings.Rooting in terms of percentage rooted cuttings, number of roots per cutting and dry weight of root system, improved with increasing concentration of 4(indolyl-3) butyric acid (IBA) to an optimum, which differed for the various measurements and for rootstock variety, but which was at or above 1,250 p.p.m. There was a tendency for the optimum concentration for rooting percentage to be lower than that for root numbers and, with Crab C, the increase in number of roots was associated with a reduction in the dry weight of individual roots. M.26 showed no such trend.Temperature of the rooting medium, within the range 50°-82° F. (10°-28° C.), also had a marked effect upon rooting, with the optimum occurring at or above 72· F. (22· C.), and, as with IBA concentration, the higher temperatures of about 8o° F. (27° C.) favouring root numbers ...

Starch Level in the Trunk as a Measure of Compatibility Between Stock and Scion in Citrus

SummaryStudies were carried out on the assumption that incompatibility and dwarfness of budded citrus trees result from impaired carbohydrate movement through the bud union. During autumn and winter, carbohydrates move from the tree tops to the roots and accumulate there as starch. The starch level can therefore serve as a measure of this movement.This study included seven rootstock varieties all budded with Shamouti orange scion. Unbudded rootstocks were included for purposes of comparison.The starch level was determined in the winter at three locations along the trunk, below and above the bud union.No clear indication was found of impaired carbohydrate movement through the bud union of stock-scion combinations showing very low growth vigour.The starch level in bark and wood in the rootstock portion of trunks of budded trees was found to be negatively correlated with tree size. This indicates that the level of starch in the trunk results from the growth vigour of the tree and is not a factor which affect...

Variability of Cachexia Reactions among Varieties of Rootstocks and Within Clonal Propagations of Citrus

Variability of Cachexia Reactions among Varieties of Rootstocks and Within Clonal Propagations of Citrus

Vein Banding, a New Virus Disease of Grapevines

Vein banding, a new virus disease of grapes in California, is characterized by yellow mottling or chrome yellow bands along the principal veins of leaves of affected vinifera grape varieties, particularly during summer and fall. Fruit production and wood growth from affected vines are reduced. The leaf symptoms on rootstock varieties are blotch mottling, line pattern, and veinlet clearing. Vein banding is graft-transmissible by chip-bud grafts and is soil-borne. A nematode, <i>Xiphinema index</i>, is associated with the roots of vines where the disease spreads in the soil. Symptoms of vein banding are similar to those of yellow vein and yellow mosaic. The diseases can be separated, by close observation of symptom development and by graft-transmission studies with the rootstock varieties Kober 5BB and St. George. Vein banding is widely distributed in many areas of California and occurs in many different varieties of vinifera and rootstock grapes. It also occurs in Washington State.

Vineyard trials in California with nematode-resistant grape rootstocks

Plant parasitic nematodes are recognized today as important pests of grapevines. The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are the most prevalent of the many types of nematodes existing in California vineyards. Root-knot infestations are widespread in the San Joaquin Valley. They are probably the most important single grape-growing problem of those vineyards on the light sandy soils of this area. Nematode-resistant grape rootstock varieties have been used for many years as grafting stock in the vineyards of California where nematodes are troublesome. On the other hand, only a few rootstock varieties have been available for the growers’ consideration. This paper reports on an extensive series of field trials of experimental grape rootstocks. These stocks were chosen from a wide array of rootstock varieties on the basis of their nematode resistance, vigor, compatibility, and nursery performance. The trials were conducted as cooperative tests in commercial vineyards at locations chosen to represent a wide range of environmental conditions throughout the grape-growing areas of the interior valleys of California. Data gathered for twenty-two years from the scions in these trials, including vine vigor, fruit quality, and fruit yields, show that very vigorous rootstocks are available and that these show a high degree of nematode resistance. These stocks are capable of producing heavy-yielding scions in the sandy, low-fertility, nematode-infested vineyard soils.