Aqueous Root Extract Research Articles

Anti-dengue viral activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots in Vero cells

Despite being a global public health problem, there are no antiviral agents for dengue. Plants are the sources of most approved drugs and many phytochemicals have exhibited in vitro antiviral activity. We explored the antiviral potential of the aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots (GGaq) on dengue viruses. Plaque reduction antiviral assay for half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) was done in Vero cells infected with dengue serotypes 1–4 and exposed to varying concentrations of GGaq. Half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of the GGaq was 651.9 µg/mL. The IC50 of the four dengue serotypes (10–50 µg/mL) indicated moderate inhibition by GGaq. 98–100% inhibition of all dengue serotypes was seen with GGaq at the maximum nontoxic dose. Preparative thin layer chromatography of GGaq, isolated sub fractions E and F which had low to moderate antiviral activity (IC50 12.65–85.95 and IC50 13.14–69.27 respectively). They exhibited good therapeutic potential only for dengue serotype-4. Virus adsorption to cells was significantly inhibited by GG (50%) and sub fraction E (24.9%). Chloroquine diphosphate was used as the positive control in all assays. The aqueous extract of GG was non-toxic and had better antiviral activity than sub fractions E and F.

Acute and sub-acute toxicity study of aqueous and methanol root extract of Tetracera alnifolia in male albino rats

The aim of this study was to assess the acute and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous and methanol extracts of the root of Tetracera alnifolia as well as the effects on some biochemical parameters in albino rats as many plants used in traditional medicine lack scientific and clinical evidence to support a better understanding of their safety and efficacy. Phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of the pulverised root of Tetracera alnifolia was carried out using previously reported protocol. Sub-acute toxicity study of each extract was done for 28 days followed by organs function tests and histopathology studies of the liver, kidney and heart. Evaluation of lipid profile and oxidative stress marker to ascertain the effect of each extract on lipid peroxidation and their antioxidant property was done after administration of 200 mg/Kg body weight of each extract for a period of thirty-five days. Acute toxicity study of each extract gave oral LD50 (rat) of greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight with no signs of toxicity. Sub-acute toxicity study showed both extracts were non-toxic to the liver, kidney, heart and blood at doses between 200 and 3000 mg/Kg body weight assessed by the respective organ function tests, hematological parameters, and histopathology study. However, higher doses seem toxic to the liver particularly at 5000 mg/kg B. W due to increase in plasma AST, ALT and ALP activities accompanied with reduced protein and albumin concentrations. Effects of each extracts at 200 mg/Kg body weight on some biochemical parameters revealed no significant difference in lipid profile parameters and no lipid peroxidation. Each extract may possess antioxidant property due to increase in catalase activity. The result from this research may help validate the safety of the oral use of this plant in traditional medicine.

Nanotherapy for Cancer and Biological Activities of Green Synthesized AgNPs Using Aqueous Saussurea costus Leaves and Roots Extracts.

Background/Objectives: Nanoparticles derived from medicinal plants are gaining attention for their diverse biological activities and potential therapeutic applications. Methods: This study explored the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, and antimicrobial properties of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous leaf and root extracts of Saussurea costus (S. costus). The physicochemical characterizations of both biosynthesized AgNPs using the aqueous leaf extract (L-AgNPs) and root extract (R-AgNPs) were examined using UV spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity measured using ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays showed that AgNPs, particularly from roots, had higher activity than aqueous extracts, attributed to phenolic compounds acting as capping and antioxidant agents. Results: Enzyme inhibition studies indicated that AgNPs exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory effects, inhibiting COX-1, 5-LOX, and secreted PLA2 enzymes by over 99% at 120 µg/mL, comparable to standard drugs. The anti-tumoral effects were evaluated on the human cancer cell lines HCT-116, LoVo, and MDA-MB-231, with AgNPs inhibiting cell proliferation dose-dependently and IC50 values between 42 and 60 µg/mL, demonstrating greater potency than extracts. The AgNPs also showed enhanced antimicrobial activities against various microbial strains, with IC50 values as low as 14 µg/mL, which could be linked to nanoparticle interactions with microbial cell membranes, causing structural damage and cell death. Conclusions: These findings suggest that S. costus-derived AgNPs are promising natural, biodegradable agents for various biological applications and potential new therapeutic agents, necessitating further research to explore their mechanisms and applications.

Mitigating Hyperglycaemic Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells: The Role of Carica papaya Leaf and Root Extracts in Promoting Glucose Uptake and Antioxidant Defence

Background/Objectives: Diabetes often goes undiagnosed, with 60% of people in Africa unaware of their condition. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with insulin resistance and is treated with metformin, despite the undesirable side effects. Medicinal plants with therapeutic potential, such as Carica papaya, have shown promising anti-diabetic properties. This study explored the role of C. papaya leaf and root extracts compared to metformin in reducing hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and their impact on liver function using HepG2 as a reference. Methods: The cytotoxicity was assessed through the MTT assay. At the same time, glucose uptake and metabolism (ATP and ∆Ψm) in HepG2 cells treated with C. papaya aqueous leaf and root extract were evaluated using a luminometry assay. Additionally, antioxidant properties (SOD2, GPx1, GSH, and Nrf2) were measured using qPCR and Western blot following the detection of MDA, NO, and iNOS, indicators of free radicals. Results: The MTT assay showed that C. papaya extracts did not exhibit toxicity in HepG2 cells and enhanced glucose uptake compared to the hyperglycaemic control (HGC) and metformin. The glucose levels in C. papaya-treated cells increased ATP production (p < 0.05), while the ∆Ψm was significantly increased in HGR1000-treated cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, C. papaya leaf extract upregulated GPx1 (p < 0.05), GSH, and Nrf2 gene (p < 0.05), while SOD2 and Nrf2 proteins were reduced (p > 0.05), ultimately lowering ROS (p > 0.05). Contrarily, the root extract stimulated SOD2 (p > 0.05), GPx1 (p < 0.05), and GSH levels (p < 0.05), reducing Nrf2 gene and protein expression (p < 0.05) and resulting in high MDA levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, the extracts elevated NO levels and iNOS expression (p < 0.05), suggesting potential RNS activation. Conclusion: Taken together, the leaf extract stimulated glucose metabolism and triggered ROS production, producing a strong antioxidant response that was more effective than the root extract and metformin. However, the root extract, particularly at high concentrations, was less effective at neutralising free radicals as it did not stimulate Nrf2 production, but it did maintain elevated levels of SOD2, GSH, and GPx1 antioxidants.

Comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents in different parts of Aspilia africana: A potential medicinal plant for therapeutic applications

BackgroundAmong the diverse array of plants used in traditional medicine, Aspilia africana is highly valued due to its high efficacy against many ailments and its well-noted potential for wound healing. The plant has been widely used to cure illnesses in traditional medicine, which is practiced throughout much of Africa, where an estimated about 80 % of the population gets their main healthcare from this source. PurposeThis study aimed to qualitatively screen the phytochemical constituents of Aspilia africana to confirm its therapeutic properties and generate scientific proof that justifies its usage in traditional medicine. Study designAspilia africana stem, roots, and leaves were screened qualitatively for phytochemical components using pet-ether extracts and distilled water, and qualitative data was generated. MethodExtraction of phytochemicals was done by using the cold maceration method, 150 g of each of the dried parts were taken and packed into 3 separate glass jars containing 500 ml of each solvent (distilled water and pet-ether solvents) and allowed to stand for 24 h. ResultsThis study found 15 phytochemicals which include tannins, phlobatannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonols, glycosides, phenols, steroids, anthraquinones, saponins, phytosterols, proteins and amino acids, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, and flavonoids in A. africana. The occurrence of the therapeutic components in the aqueous extract of roots, leaves, and stem were nine (9), nine (9), and eight (8) respectively, and that of the pet-ether extract were nine (9), eight (8), and seven (7) in roots, leaves, and stem respectively. ConclusionThe presence of these phytochemicals indicates prospective uses in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries, as well as supports the use of Aspilia africana in traditional medicine. To completely understand and make use of the plant's medicinal qualities, further investigations are required on its anti-microbial activities.

Effect of Beta Vulgaris Extract on the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) and Rat Embryo Fibroblast (REF)

The study aimed to study the cytotoxic effect of the aqueous extract of Beta vulgaris on the breast carcinoma cell MCF-7 and the normal cell REF. Six diluted concentrations of the aqueous extract of the plant roots including (7.8, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500) µg/ml, with three exposure periods of 24, 48, and 72 hrs. The quantitative estimation of the active compounds of the aqueous extract was calculated. It was found that the aqueous extract of plant contains many active compounds such as (tannins, phenols, flavonoids and glycosides). The effect of the extract on normal REF cells after an exposure period of 72 hrs, which is represented by the concentration that causes inhibition of the proliferation of normal REF cells by 50%, is (IC50) with the aqueous extract of B. vulgaris was (6.35) mg/ml. The aqueous extract of plant was tested to detect the cytotoxic effect of the aqueous extract and all concentrations used on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell. The results showed that increase in the percentage rate of inhibition of cancer cell growth was observed during the three exposure periods of 24, 48, and 72 hrs. There is significant differences at (p≤0.05) and compared with the control. The rate of inhibition ranges at the lowest concentration 500 µg/ml were (92.204±1.455) (93.616 ±1.376) and (95.325±1.407) respectively.

Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) Improves Spatial Memory, Anxiety and Depressive-like Behavior in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Withania somnifera (WS), also known as ashwagandha, is a popular botanical supplement used to treat various conditions including memory loss, anxiety and depression. Previous studies from our group showed an aqueous extract of WS root (WSAq) enhances cognition and alleviates markers for depression in Drosophila. Here, we sought to confirm these effects in the 5xFAD mouse model of β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation. Six- to seven-month-old male and female 5xFAD mice were treated with WSAq in their drinking water at 0 mg/mL, 0.5 mg/mL or 2.5 mg/mL for four weeks. In the fourth week of treatment, spatial memory, anxiety and depressive-like symptoms were evaluated. At the conclusion of behavioral testing, brain tissue was harvested, immunohistochemistry was performed, and the cortical expression of antioxidant response genes was evaluated. Both concentrations of WSAq improved spatial memory and reduced depressive and anxiety-related behavior. These improvements were accompanied by a reduction in Aβ plaque burden in the hippocampus and cortex and an attenuation of activation of microglia and astrocytes. Antioxidant response genes were upregulated in the cortex of WSAq-treated mice. Oral WSAq treatment could be beneficial as a therapeutic option in AD for improving disease pathology and behavioral symptoms. Future studies focused on dose optimization of WSAq administration and further assessment of the mechanisms by which WSAq elicits its beneficial effects will help inform the clinical potential of this promising botanical therapy.

Phytochemical analysis and GC-MS based bioactive compounds determination of 60 days Nigerian Vigna Radiata aqueous root extract

In the present study, the sturdy root of Nigerian Vigna radiata (L.) commonly called mung bean was investigated for the phytochemical content. This was necessitated as a result of limited information observed on the phytochemical content of fully matured Nigerian Vigna radiata root. 60 days old Vigna radiata (L.) plant, a newly introduced crop in Nigeria, was harvested from the farm of National Biotechnology and Research Development Agency, Abagana Centre, Nigeria. The roots were neatly separated from the plant, rinsed well with distilled water, air dried and grounded into flour. The 60 days old Nigerian Vigna radiata root flour sample (NVrR) subjected to preliminary phytochemical assay revealed the presence of 12 bioactive compounds with a remarkable high percentage concentration of 26.780% recorded for flavonoids content. Tannins also recorded appreciable value of 8.927% while values < 5% were noted for the remaining compounds. Further confirmation of the actual bioactive compounds present in 60 days old NVrR through GC-MS studies, generated 30 observable peaks with 28 bioactive compounds identified through spectrum matching with MassHunter\Library\NIST14.L spectral database. The major component, eluted at RT 23.565 (peak area 33.38%) revealed a bioactive compound which has been reported as an active ingredient in the production of detergents and biodiesel. This discovery represents a groundbreaking innovation in the utilization of NVrR for the production of briquettes, offering a cost-effective alternative energy source. Isolation of the identified compounds may prove the NVrR an important raw material for industrial productions.

Supplementation of Rooster Semen Extender with Aqueous Extract of Urtica dioicafor a Long Time Preservation by Low Temperature.

The peroxidation of spermatozoa membrane phospholipids is a primary cause of irreversible changes in the preservation of avian semen. To address this issue, the objective of the present study was to assess the potential of Urtica dioica extracts in protecting avian spermatozoa during prolonged storage. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic techniques were employed to evaluate the bioactive compounds present in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from the aerial parts and roots of U. dioica. Semen samples were collected from 16 roosters twice a week and were diluted in Lake's extender containing different concentrations (0, 0.5, and 1 mg/100 mL) of the various extracts. Subsequently, the extended semen samples were cooled and stored at 5°C, and the sperm quality parameters were assessed at 0, 12, 24, and 36 hours of storage. The data from this experiment clearly demonstrate that the addition of nettle root aqueous extracts to the semen diluent, especially at a concentration of 0.5 mg/100 mL, resulted in a significant improvement in various sperm quality parameters. Notably, there were enhancements in total and progressive sperm motilities, viability, fertility, membrane integrity, acrosomal membrane integrity, and a reduction in malondialdehyde production in rooster semen stored in vitro for up to 36 hours. Interestingly, the present study reveals that the beneficial effects of the aqueous extracts from different parts of the nettle were supported not only by the conventional manual method but also by the computer-assisted sperm analysis system. This dual confirmation further emphasizes the positive impact of the aqueous extract on various sperm traits during cooled semen preservation. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of U. dioica extracts, particularly the aqueous extract from nettle roots at a concentration of 0.5 mg/100 mL, in safeguarding avian spermatozoa during prolonged storage. The significant improvements in various sperm quality parameters and the validation of results through both manual and computer-assisted analysis methods provide strong evidence for the application of U. dioica extracts in avian breeding programs and artificial insemination practices.

Allelopathic effects of Borreria latifolia on weed germination and identification of allelochemicals.

Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) K. Schum (Rubiaceae) is an annual weed with a strong allelopathic inhibitory effect on malignant weeds in orchards in southern China. This study was carried out to investigate its allelopathic potential and to identify allelochemicals present in B. latifolia. Aqueous extracts of B. latifolia inhibited the germination and radicle growth of Eleusine indica and the radicle growth of Bidens alba in a dose-dependent manner. However, only the high-concentration treatment at 50 mg mL-1 delayed the germination of B. alba and Digitaria sanguinalis. Among the root, stem, and leaf aqueous extracts of B. latifolia, the leaf extract had the strongest inhibitory effects on the germination and seedling growth of E. indica, followed by stem extract and then root extract. A total of 47 published allelochemicals, including coumarin, 4-hydroxybenzoate, salicylic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and vanillic acid, were identified in the leaf extract. Among the five allelochemicals, coumarin was found to be present in the highest concentration in the leaf extract. Furthermore, coumarin exhibited a significantly greater inhibitory effect on E. indica (EC50 = 36.87 mg L-1) than did the other allelochemicals (EC50 = 100.87-156.30 mg L-1). This study indicates that the leaf extracts of B. latifolia and their allelochemicals have excellent potential as bioherbicides and that coumarin is one of the key allelochemicals in B. latifolia. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical profiles of Euclea divinorum (Ebenaceae)

Background: Euclea divinorum, belonging to the family Ebeneceae, has extensive traditional medicinal use in Africa. However, it lacks sufficient published data on its pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical properties. Aims and Objectives: Thus, this study aimed at comprehensively evaluating the pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical properties of E. divinorum using established techniques. Materials and Methods: The evaluation included assessing organoleptic properties, macroscopy, and microscopy of leaves, stems, and roots. Various physicochemical parameters, such as loss on drying and extractive values via hot and cold maceration, were determined. Phytochemical screening was also conducted on root aqueous extracts. Results and Conclusion: Results revealed specific characteristics of E. divinorum leaves, including light green coloration, distinct odor, and bitterness. Macroscopic examination highlighted opposite phyllotaxy, simple leaf types with lamina length range of 71.09 - 93.89 mm and a width range of 6.05 - 17.59 mm, obtuse leaf apexes, cuneate leaf bases, entire leaf margins, and smooth leaf surfaces. Venation displayed a reticulate pattern, with the midrib prominently visible on the lower surface. Microscopic analysis of the lower leaf epidermis showed an average of stomatal density of 3.75±0.67, epidermal density of 35.75±2.16 and stomatal index of 10.47±1.11. Microscopic examination of the leaf lamina across the midrib revealed cortical parenchymal cells containing calcium oxalate crystals, lignified xylem, and non-lignified phloem. Stem cross-sections displayed single-layered cells comprising the epidermis, secondary phloem, secondary xylem, and pith. Similar structures were observed in root cross-sections. The plant's moisture content was found to be 44.8±1.962%, with water and alcohol-soluble extractive values of 7.27±0.17 and 1.13±0.05 g/100g, respectively, through cold maceration, and 14.77±0.28 and 11.43±0.39 g/100g, respectively through hot maceration. The total ash content was measured at 3.03± 0.103%. Phytochemical screening detected various compounds, with anthraquinone glycosides, coumarine glycosides, saponin glycosides, flavonoids, proteins, and tannins being abundant. Alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, and steroids were absent. This research contributes to standardizing E. divinorum, aiding in its identification, preventing adulteration, and ensuring therapeutic efficacy.

Safety evaluation of aqueous extract from Valeriana officinalis L. roots: Genotoxicity, acute, subchronic and teratology toxicity

Ethnopharmacological relevanceValeriana officinalis L., commonly known as “valerian”, is a traditional herbal medicine distributed in the north temperate zones of America, Europe and Asia. In traditional Chinese medicine, valerian and its roots were used for the treatment of restlessness of the heart and mind, palpitation and insomnia caused by internal depression of emotions and moods. However, safety evaluation of valerian remains deeply unclear. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity, 14-days acute oral toxicity test, 90-day subchronic oral toxicity test and teratogenicity test of aqueous extract of valerian root (AEVR). Materials and methodsThe genotoxicity of AEVR was evaluated with bacterial reverse mutation, mouse erythrocyte micronucleus test and in vitro mammalian cell chromosome aberration test. In the 14-days acute toxicity study, Kunming mice were administered at a dosage of 96 g/kg body weigh by gavage. In the 90-day subchronic toxicity study, Sprague–Dawley rats received oral doses of 0, 3.5, 7 and 14 g/kg body weight of AEVR. In the teratogenicity study, pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats received a dose of 0, 3.5, 7 and 14 g/kg body weight of AEVR. ResultsAEVR did not show any genotoxicity based on the bacterial reverse mutation, mouse erythrocyte micronucleus test and in vitro mammalian cell chromosome aberration test. In the acute toxicity study, AEVR at a dose of 96 g/kg body weight did not cause death or abnormal behavior in male or female mice. In the subchronic toxicity study, at the doses of 0, 3.5, 7, 14 g/kg body weight, no dose-related effects on clinical observation, body weight, organ weight, hematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis of AEVR were detected in male or female rats. Teratogenicity test shown that there were no significant toxicologically changes in embryonic formation, body weight of pregnant rats, external, skeletal and visceral examination observed in pregnant and fetal rats at the dosage of 0, 3.5, 7, 14 g/kg body weight. ConclusionIn vivo or in vitro assays demonstrated that AEVR does not exhibit genotoxicity. The LD50 of AEVR was greater than 96 g/kg body weight in both sex of mice according to acute oral toxicity study. Subchronic toxicity and teratogenicity tests showed that the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of AEVR was no less than 14 g/kg body weight. This study established a non-toxic dose of AEVR, providing a foundation for the use of valerian as a new resource food in some countries and regions.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Pandanus tectorius aerial root extract: Characterization, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and photocatalytic properties, and ecotoxicological assessment

Nanotechnology, a rapidly developing field of research, has several applications in various disciplines of applied science. The eco-friendly synthesis method presented here provides a sustainable alternative to traditional methods that frequently rely on harmful chemicals. Following the synthesis, the antibacterial and anti-cancer properties of the nanoparticles produced through this environmentally-friendly. In the present study, the reducing agents for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were aqueous extracts of the aerial root of Pandanus tectorius. The green synthesized Ag nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis, FTIR, XRD, and SEM, as well as EDX analysis. Artemia nauplii larvae were used to test the nanoparticles’ eco-toxicity, cytotoxicity against HeLa cells, and antibacterial activity using the well diffusion assay. The synthesized Ag-NPs exhibited maximum absorbance in the visible band at 415 nm. In the XRD spectrum of crystalline Ag-NPs, four prominent peaks with 2θ values of 38.12°, 54.14°, 64.18°, and 77.48° are observed. These peaks correspond to the crystallographic planes 111, 200, 220, and 311, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles SEM-TEM image revealed a spherical shape. EDX spectral peak was found at 3.0 keV. Maximum growth inhibitory activity was noticed against P. aeruginosa (14 mm) through determining the zones of inhibition on disc diffusion method. The studied bacterial strains have demonstrated effective inhibition by these Ag-NPs. In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of Ag-NPs exhibited an IC50 value of 47.58 μg/mL against HeLa cancer cells. Methylene blue (MB) dye degradation under solar radiation was investigated for its photocatalytic properties. The findings demonstrated that after 120 min in the light, MB deteriorated by 82.6 %. Overall, the results of this investigation suggest that Ag-NPs biosynthesized by P. tectorius may have photocatalytic, antibacterial and anticancer properties.

Therapeutic mechanism of aqueous extract of Semiliquidambar cathayensis Chang root for pancreatic cancer: the active components, therapeutic targets and pathways

To explore the key targets and signaling pathways in the therapeutic mechanism of Semiliquidambar cathayensis Chang (SC) root against pancreatic cancer network pharmacology and molecular docking studies and cell experiments. The targets of SC and pancreatic cancer were predicted using the network pharmacological database, the protein-protein interaction network was constructed, and pathways, functional enrichment and molecular docking analyses were performed. CCK-8 assay was used to test the inhibitory effect of the aqueous extract of SC root on 8 cancer cell lines, and its effects on invasion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells were evaluated. Western blotting was performed to verify the results of network pharmacology analysis. We identified a total of 18 active components in SC, which regulated 21 potential key targets in pancreatic cancer. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that these targets were involved mainly in the biological processes including protein phosphorylation, signal transduction, and apoptosis and participated in cancer signaling and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Among the 8 cancer cell lines, The aqueous extract of SC root produced the most obvious inhibitory effect in pancreatic cancer cells, and significantly inhibited the invasion, migration, and proliferation and promoted apoptosis of pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells (P < 0.05). Western blotting confirmed that SC significantly inhibited the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and AKT in Panc-1 cells (P < 0.001). The therapeutic effect of SC root against pancreatic cancer effects is mediated by its multiple components that act on different targets and pathways including the PI3K-Akt pathway.

تأثير المستخلص المائي لجذور نبات القسط الهندي علي التسمم الدموي المستحدث بعقار التامكسوفين في إناث الجرذان

In recent years, traditional medicine has been used to treat various diseases such as anemia. One of these plants is Saussurea lappa .The objective of the study is to investigate the impact of an aqueous extract of Saussurea lappa root (AESL) on Tamoxifen-induced anemia in female albino rats. A total of twenty-four rats (180-190 g) were separated into 4 groups (n= 6 for each group).Group (1), normal control was received only normal saline solution. Group (2), administered orally AESL (200 mg/kg body weight. Group (3), received orally tamoxifen (TAM, 40 mg/kg body weight). Group (4), givenTAM concurrently with AESL.TAM was administered concurrently with AESL for 28 successive days.The results showed that TAM intoxication had led to significant depletion in, red blood cells count (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb),mean corpuscularhemoglobin (MCH), hematocrit (HCT), white blood cells count (WBCs) and platelets in TAM intoxicated ratsversus control counterparts.No significant changes in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were observed in TAM intoxicated rats versus control ones .Oral intake of AESL concurrently with TAM markedly ameliorated the depletion in WBC, RBC, Hb, MCH, HCT and platelets when compared with TAM intoxicated rats.This investigation revealed that oral intake of AESL in parallel with TAM can protect against hematotoxicityrelated to TAMThis result may candidate the useof AESL in the treatment of blood cell disorder. Keyword: Anemia, Saussurea lappa,Tamoxifen,Hb

Exploring the immunomodulatory and antioxidant capacities of Berberis aristata in avian lymphocytes

India is one of the leading producers for eggs and broilers globally and thus has witnessed significant growth in the poultry sector. Different poultry stressors can negatively impact the growth, gut health, immune function and production reproductive performances of poultry. Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used in the poultry industry as they also combat stress in poultry along with growth promotion. But the use of antimicrobials as growth promoter raises the concern of antibiotic resistance and its potential hazardous effect on human health as well as the environment. Several other alternatives are available for AGPs such as acidifiers, probiotics, prebiotics, antibacterial peptides and phytobiotics. Phytobiotics are known to possess several benefits for poultry as well as livestock such as immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant effect, maintain intestinal health etc. One such important plant is Berberis aristata belonging to the family Berberidaceae which is used in traditional system of medicine for the management of various inflammatory disorders. In the present study aqueous root extract of Berberis aristata (BAE) was evaluated for its immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity. The extraction yield of the roots of Berberis aristata in water was about 9.78%. The BAE showed presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and contained about 104.97 mg/gm of BAE and 83.14 mg/gm of BAE of phenolics and flavonoids, respectively. BAE showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Maximum non-cytotoxic dose (MNCD) of BAE for lymphocyte culture was determined to be 600 µg/ ml. Lymphocytes proliferation assay (LPA) showed that BAE enhanced lymphocyte proliferation of B-cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and T-cells stimulated by Concanavalin A and Phytohaemagglutinin M (PHA). Treatment with BAE significantly reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increased the level of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in chicken lymphocytes, thus indicating antioxidant potential of BAE. The study reveals significant immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of BAE, thus suggesting that it could be a potential alternative to AGPs in poultry production. But further in vivo studies are required to explore its efficacy and safety for its application in commercial poultry farming.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles assisted by aqueous root and leaf extracts of Rhus chinensis Mill and its antibacterial activity

In the present study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous root and leaf extracts of Rhus chinensis Mill. This study aimed to undertake the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles utilizing plant extracts in an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and more efficient manner with its antibacterial application. The prepared silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized by using different techniques. Such as ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The color changes from yellowish to reddish brown can be visualized and it indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles. The UV–Vis absorption peak shown by the synthesized AgNPs assisted by root and leaf extract was at 443 nm and 440 nm respectively. The functional group present in plants' secondary metabolites may act as capping and stabilizing agents, indicated by the shifting and disappearing of the peak in the plant extracts and the extracts-assisted synthetic nanoparticles. The crystallite size of synthesized AgNPs assisted by the root and leaf extracts of Rhus cinensis was found to be 11.01 nm and 13.39 nm respectively, while with the help of FE-SEM image the shape and particle size of synthesized AgNPs root and leaf extract was found spherical with particle diameter of 54.40 nm and 30.89 nm respectively. The presence of an intense silver component was confirmed by EDX analysis which showed an intense peak at around 3 Kev and other elements like Cl, O, C, and N were also reported in synthesized AgNPs. Both the plant extracts assisted synthesized AgNPs showed higher zones of inhibition (ZOI) against both the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results of the study indicate the potential benefit of synthesized silver nanoparticles using Rhus chinensis root and leaf extracts for biomedical purposes.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Alcea kurdica flower, leaf and root aqueous and organic extracts

Global concerns are rising due to complications associated with the use of chemical agents and antibiotic resistance. Consequently, research focus has shifted towards the quest for effective agents of biological origin. The aim of the present study was to assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of aqueous and organic extracts derived from various parts of Alcea kurdica. Different parts of A. kurdica were obtained and prepared into leaf, flower and root powders. The powders were extracted with aqueous and organic solvents. The antimicrobial activity of these extracts was assessed against bacterial pathogens using the agar well-diffusion assay. Additionally, the antioxidant effects of the extracts were evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and resazurin dye scavenging assays. The results showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for both the organic and aqueous leaf and floral extracts. Furthermore, an antioxidant effect (&gt;80%) was also observed for the organic and water extracts of the flowers, leaves and roots of the plant at the highest concentration (500 µg/ml), as compared to ascorbic acid, which served as the positive control using both the DPPH and resazurin methods. The findings of this study highlighted that A. kurdica can be considered a rich source of potential antioxidant and antibacterial agents, warranting future investigation to identify its active ingredients.

Nicotianamine as a Potential Active Component of Lotus Seed Extract for Inhibiting Angiotensin-converting Enzyme

Aims: Hypertension is one of the chronic diseases causing a serious health problem in many countries worldwide. Therefore, the prevention and amelioration of hypertension with medicinal food is considered to be important for maintaining good health and well-being. The main objective of this study is to verify that the extract of lotus seed has a significant inhibitory effect on the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). Background: Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is well known to have a variety of biological and med-ical activities and is popularly used as a traditional medicinal food in several East Asian coun-tries. In a previous study, we reported that the aqueous extract of lotus root used as a popular foodstuff caused an inhibitory effect on the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), suggesting its possible effectiveness for improving high blood pressure. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to reveal the effect of lotus seed extract on ACE activity and to identify a potentially active component of the extract originating from lotus seed. Methods: The ACE inhibitory activity was determined using Hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucin (HHL) as substrate, and the amount of hippuric acid formed enzymatically was determined using an HPLC system. Results: The lotus seed extract was shown to strongly inhibit the ACE activity, thus ameliorating the hypertensive state. Furthermore, the fractionation of the lotus seed extract provided evidence for suggesting nicotianamine as a putative ACE-inhibiting component contained in the extract. Conclusion: These findings were considered to propose the possibility that the lotus seed and the lotus root might benefit patients with hypertension.

Effects of Rauwolfa vomitoria (Akata) and Olax subscorpioidea (Asaja) Roots on Hematology of Chicken Type II Collagen-Freund’s Adjuvant-induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Albino Rats

This study evaluated the effects of ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Rauwolfia vomitoria and Olax subscorpioidea on Chicken type II collagen in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-induced arthritis in albino rats. A total of 225 albino rats, weighing between 120-200 g, were used and divided into 15 groups of 15 rats each. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) was induced by administering 0.1 ml of Chicken type II-Complete Freund’s Adjuvant into the left hind paw. The study duration was 32 days, during which the arthritic rats were treated with Rauwolfia vomitoria and Olax subscorpioidea root extracts at doses of 400 mg, 600 mg, and 800 mg/kg body weight. The sub-lethal toxicity study revealed significant increases (P&lt;0.05) in WBC, platelet, and differential counts, along with significant reductions (P&lt;0.05) in RBC count, PCV, and HB in the adjuvant induced arthritic rats compared to the negative control group. However, treatment with the plant extracts (groups 4-15) significantly reversed these trends towards normal levels compared to the untreated arthritis group (group 2) within the 32-day period. The ameliorative effects of the extracts were both time- and dose dependent (P&lt;0.05). This study concludes that the ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Rauwolfia vomitoria and Olax subscorpioidea effectively ameliorate arthritis symptoms in albino rats, potentially due to the presence of active chemical constituents. These findings provide scientific evidence supporting the therapeutic use of these plant extracts in managing arthritis.