Root Wilt Disease Of Coconut Research Articles

Deciphering genes associated with root wilt disease of coconut and development of its transcriptomic database (CnTDB)

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) has global significance in agriculture and industries due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. Coconut Root Wilt Disease (RWD) causes huge economic loss, thus molecular approach for improved varieties is needed. Since whole genome sequence is unavailable, transcriptomic approach is imperative for deciphering pathways as well as genic region marker discovery from contrasting genotypes. This is the first report of RWD transcriptome database having candidate genes and pathway discovery along with genic simple sequence repeats, SNPs, indels to be used as functional domain markers. A relational database, CnTDB (http://webtom.cabgrid.res.in/cntdb/), based on three-tier architecture has been developed having 285235 transcripts with all blast information, annotations, pathways, 22021 DEGs, transcriptional factors, 10126 and 97117 SSR markers mined from DEGs and de novo transcriptome assembly, respectively. Putative markers with primers can be valuable genomic resource in endeavor of RWD resistant variety development for higher coconut productivity.

Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of coconut root wilt disease and arecanut yellow leaf disease phytoplasma.

The coconut root wilt disease (RWD) and the arecanut yellow leaf disease (YLD) are two major phytoplasma associated diseases affecting palms in South India. Greatly debilitating the palm health, these diseases cause substantial yield reduction and economic loss to farmers. A rapid and robust diagnostic technique is crucial in efficient disease management. We established phytoplasma 16S rDNA targeted loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and real time LAMP based diagnostics for coconut RWD and arecanut YLD. The LAMP reaction was set at 65°C and end point detection made using hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) and agarose gel electrophoresis. Molecular typing of LAMP products were made with restriction enzyme HpyCH4 V. Conventional PCR with LAMP external primers and sequencing of amplicons was carried out. Real time LAMP was performed on the Genei II platform (Optigene Ltd., UK). An annealing curve analysis was programmed at the end of the incubation to check the fidelity of the amplicons. The phytoplasma positive samples produced typical ladder like bands on agarose gel, showed colour change from violet to blue with HNB and produced unique annealing peak at 85±0.5°C in the real time detection. Restriction digestion produced predicted size fragments. Sequencing and BLASTN analysis confirmed that the amplification corresponded to phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene. LAMP method devised here was found to be more robust compared to conventional nested PCR and hence has potential applications in detection of phytoplasma from symptomatic palm samples and in rapid screening of healthy seedlings.

Dual labeled probe based real time PCR method for detection of 16SrXI-B sub-group phytoplasma associated with coconut root wilt disease in India

The Root Wilt Disease (RWD) is a non-lethal debilitating disease of coconut palms in India. Phytoplasma belonging to 16SrXI-B sub-group are associated with the disease. Rapid and specific detection protocol will greatly aid the current RWD management of replanting with disease-free seedlings. Here we report the development of a real-time PCR-based rapid and specific detection method for RWD phytoplasma. The phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene was used for designing primers and probe. The probe was dual-labeled with fluorescent molecule FAM at the 5′ end and quencher TAMRA at the 3’end. The real time assay was optimised for primer/probe, template DNA annealing temperature and cycling. The optimised assay could detect the phytoplasma in 85 % of the samples tested. Amplicon sequence confirmation ensured the fidelity of the assay. The assay developed here is suited for 16SrXI-B sub-group phytoplasmas.

PCR detection of phytoplasmas from different tissues of root (wilt) diseased coconut palms

The suitability of various coconut palm tissues for a DNA-based detection of phytoplasmas associated with coconut root wilt disease in Kerala state, Southern India was determined. Four tissue sources were examined from adult palms displaying root (wilt) disease symptoms. Phytoplasma DNA was successfully amplified from nucleic acid samples extracted from inflorescence, spindle leaf, mature leaf and root tissues. The phytoplasma presence was verified in tissues from 12 affected palms sampled during the months of June, November and December of 2009, and from nine surviving palms in 2010 through nested PCR assay employing root (wilt) disease specific 16S rRNA gene primer pairs. Phytoplasmas were detected in 9 out of 12 palms from samples collected during the months of June 2009 and 2010. Phytoplasmas were most reliably found in spindle leaf (88.8%) and mature leaf (70.1%) samples and, to a lesser extent, in inflorescence (54.9%) or root (57.1%) samples.

Molecular characterization identifies 16SrXI-B group phytoplasma (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae’-related strain) associated with root wilt disease of coconut in India

The root wilt disease of coconut is a major threat to coconut cultivation in southern India. Here we report the species assignment and 16Sr sub group classification of phytoplasma associated with coconut root wilt disease. Leaf samples were collected from root wilt symptomatic palms in Kayankulam district of Kerala. The phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene was amplified using three sets of primers namely, 1F7/7R3-1F7/7R2, 3Fwd/3Rev-3Fwd/5Rev, and P1/P7-R16F2n/R16R2 producing amplicons of 490, 1300, and 1250bp respectively. Partial secA gene sequence of 480bp from root wilt disease phytoplasma was amplified using primers cocsf/cocsr. Sequence characterization and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and secA genes of root wilt disease phytoplasma grouped it with the rice yellow dwarf group phytoplasmas and identified coconut RWD phytoplasma as ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae’ related strain. Further, in silico restriction digestion study of phytoplasmal 16S rRNA gene region between primers R16F2n/R16R2 was performed for 16Sr group/sub group classification. The root wilt disease phytoplasma grouped with the 16SrXI group members. In the sub group classification it produced identical restriction profile as the sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma and arecanut yellow leaf disease phytoplasma, and hence, it was placed in the 16SrXI-B sub group.

Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaeal Synthesis of Neurotransmitters by Cholesterol Catabolism Regulates Brain Function

Aims and Objectives: Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of EMF. Bacterial synthesis of neurotransmitters plays a role in quorum sensing and motility. The possibility of endogenous neurotransmitter synthesis by actinide based primitive organism like archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism was considered in EMF and systemic diseases like neuoronal degeneration, psychiatric disease, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and malignancy. Methodology: Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420, dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, acetyl choline and glutamate. Results: Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls. Conclusion: Actinidic archaea can synthesize neurotransmitters via cholesterol catabolism. The archaeal neurotransmitters can regulate the brain and autonomic nervous system contributing to neuoronal degeneration, psychiatric disease, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and malignancy. Key words : Archaea; Actinide; Cholesterol; Neurotransmitters; Disease

Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaeal Synthesis of Pyruvate from Cholesterol and the GABA Shunt Pathway Regulates Cell Function

Aims and Objectives: Endomyocardial fibrosis along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases. Cholesterol catabolites have been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. The possibility of cholesterol catabolism synthesis by actinide based primitive organism like archaea generating pyruvate and its subsequent channeling to the GABA shunt pathway was evaluated in these disease states. Methodology: Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420, pyruvate, H2O2, ammonia and glutamate. Results: Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls. Conclusion: An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease states is described. The archaeal cholesterol oxidase converts cholesterol to pyruvate which enters the GABA shunt pathway. This metabolic pathway is crucial in neuroimmunoendocrine integration and plays a role in the pathogenesis of these disease states. Key words : Actinide; Archaea; GABA Shunt; Pyruvate; Ammonia

Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaea and Viroids Regulate Cellular Organelle Function, Cell Growth, Cell Differentiation and Cell Death

Background: A hypothesis regarding the role of endosymbiotic actinidic archaea and viroids in the regulation of cell function, cell differentiation, cell proliferation and cell death is discussed. Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile producing intracellular magnesium deficiency due to rutile-magnesium exchange sites in the cell membrane has been implicated in the etiology of EMF. Organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have also been demonstrated to play a role in the etiology of these diseases. Actinidic archaea and viroids have been related to the pathogenesis of malignancies and degenerations. The actinidic archaea have a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism. An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids regulating the cell cycle is described in the above mentioned disease states. Methods: The following groups were included in the study:- Group A: Non-hodgkin’s B cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma and cns glioma- glioblastoma multiforme. Group B :- Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and Motor neuron disease. There were 10 patients in each group and each patient had an age and sex matched healthy control selected randomly from the general population. Cholesterol substrate was added to the plasma of the patients and the generation of cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide, pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, cytochrome C, hexokinase, ATP synthase, HMG CoA reductase, digoxin and bile acids were studied. The changes with the addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma were also studied. Results: The parameters mentioned above were increased the patient’s plasma with addition of cholesterol substrate. The addition of antibiotics to the patient’s plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. Conc lus ion: An a c t inide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids is described in nonhodgkin’s B cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma and CNS glioma- glioblastoma multiforme producing the Warburg phenotype contributing to their pathogenesis. Actinidic archaea and viroids can also contribute to the cell death in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and Motor neuron disease. The role of actinidic archaea and viroids as well as endogenous digoxin in regulation of cell function, cell differentiation, cell proliferation and cell death is discussed. The endosymbiotic actinidic archaea and viroids can regulate the cell cycle and cellular organelle function. Key words : Archaea; Viroids; Cholesterol; Actinide; Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma; Multiple Myeloma; CNS Glioma; Alzheimer’s Disease; Parkinson’s Disease; Huntington’s Disease; Motor Neuron Disease; Cell Cycle; Organelle

Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaeal Mediated Warburg Phenotype Mediates Human Disease State

Aims and Objectives: Endomyocardial fibrosis along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases. The Warburg phenotype has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. The possibility of the Warburg phenotype induced by actinide based primitive organism like archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism was considered in these disease states. Methodology: Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420 and hexokinase. Results: Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls. Conclusion: An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea in the above mentioned disease states is described. It generates the Warburg phenotype contributing to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. Key words : Actinide; archaea; Warburg phenotype; systemic disease

Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaeal Synthesis of Short Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate and Propionate from Cholesterol Regulates Cellular Function

Aims and Objectives: Endomyocardial fibrosis along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases. Short chain fatty acids, butyrate and propionate has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. The possibility of short chain fatty acids synthesis by actinide based primitive organism like archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism was considered in these disease states. Methodology: Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420, butyrate and propionate. Results: Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls. Conclusion: An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease states is described. The actinidic archaea by cholesterol side chain oxidation generates butyrate and propionate which can regulate immune, metabolic, neural and genomic function. The generation of short chain fatty acids from cholesterol by actinidic archaea may play a role in disease pathogenesis. Key words : Archaea; Butyrate; Propionate; Short Chain fatty acid; Cholesterol

Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaeal Synthesis of Bile Acids from Cholesterol Regulates Cellular Function

Aims and Objectives: Endomyocardial fibrosis along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases. Bile acids has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. The possibility of endogenous bile acid synthesis by actinide based primitive organism like archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism was considered in these disease states. Methodology: Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420 and bile acids. Results: Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls. Conclusion: An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease states is described. The actinidic archaea synthesizes bile acids from cholesterol. The archaeal bile acids regulate neuro-immuno-endocrine functions and are important in disease pathogenesis. Key words : Archaea; actinides; bile acids; cholesterol

Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaeal Synthesis of Pah from Cholesterol Regulates Cell Function – Relation to Global Warming

Aims and Objectives: Endomyocardial fibrosis along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. The possibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons synthesis by actinide based primitive organism like archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism was considered in these disease states. Methodology: Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Results: Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls. Conclusion: An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea in the above mentioned disease states is described. The actinidic archaea synthesizes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons important in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. This can also contribute to global warming. Global warming has been related to changing pattern of diseases and infections. Key words : Archaea; Actinide; Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbon; Cholesterol

Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaea, Galactic Evolution, Global Warming and Catastrophic Evolutionary Cycles

Aim: A hypothesis regarding cholesterol based abiogenesis and its role in the evolution of universe is elucidated. Endomyocardial fibrosis along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases. Actinidic archaea has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease states is described. Actinide based primitive organism like archaea have a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism. This points to cholesterol as the primal prebiotic molecule and evolution of actinidic archaea and viroids from a primitive isoprenoid organism. The role of magnetotactic actinidic archaea in the origin of the biological universe is discussed. Methods: Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, serotonin, pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, cytochrome C, hexokinase, ATP synthase, HMG CoA reductase, digoxin and bile acids. Results: Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls. Conclusion: An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease states is described. Metal actinides in beach sands have been postulated to play a role in abiogenesis. A hypothesis of cholesterol as the primal prebiotic molecule synthesised on actinide surfaces with all other biomolecules arising from it and a self replicating cholesterol lipid organism as the initial life form is presented. A cholesterol based theory of abiogenesis and evolution of actinidic archaea and viroids from the primitive isoprenoid organism is discussed. The role of magnetotactic actinidic archaea in the evolution of universe is elucidated. The role of actinidic archaea in global warming and evolutionary cycles is also discussed. Key words : Actinide; Archaea; Galactic Evolution; Global Warming; Catastrophic Cycles

Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaea and Viroids- Role in Metabolic/Endocrine Regulation

Objective: A hypothesis regarding the role of endosymbiotic actinidic archaea and viroids in metabolic/ endocrine regulation is put forward. Endogenous digoxin has been related to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome x with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular disease. Elevated digoxin levels are described in endomyocardial fibrosis and root wilt disease of coconut seen in same endemic zones with phytoplasmas, rutile and viroids important in their pathogenesis. The possibility of endogenous digoxin synthesis by actinide based primitive organism like archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism was considered. The role of archaeal derived virioids in metabolic and endocrine regulation was also evaluated. Research design and methods: 10 cases each of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease- acute coronary syndrome and acute cerebrovascular thrombosis before starting treatment and 10 age and sex matched healthy controls from general population were chosen for the study. The CAD and CVA patients were nondiabetics. Cholesterol substrate was added to the plasma of the patients and the generation of cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide, serotonin, pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, cytochrome C, hexokinase, ATP synthase, HMG CoA redutase, digoxin and bile acids were studied. The changes with the addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma were also studied. The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA. Results: The parameters mentioned above were increased the patient’s plasma with addition of cholesterol substrate. The addition of antibiotics to the patient’s plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. Conclusions: An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids is described in type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease- acute coronary syndrome and acute cerebrovascular thrombosis contributing to their pathogenesis. Endosymbiotic actinidic archaea and viroids plays a pivotal role in metabolic/endocrine regulation. Key words : Archaea; Viroids; Cholesterol; Actinide; Metabolic and Endocrine Regulation

Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaea and Viroids -- A Model for Abiogenesis and Viral, Prokaryote, Eukaryotic, Primate and Human Evolution

Aim: A hypothesis regarding endosymbiotic actinidic archaea as having evolved from isoprenoid organisms by abiogenesis is presented in this paper. An actinidc archaea/ viroid mediated model of prokaryote, viral, eukaryotic, primate and human evolution is discussed. Endomyocardial fibrosis along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile and organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases. Actinidic archaea has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. Actinidic archaea have a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism. A hypothesis of cholesterol as the primal prebiotic molecule synthesised on actinide surfaces with all other biomolecules arising from it and a self replicating cholesterol lipid organism as the initial life form is presented. A cholesterol based theory of abiogenesis and its role in the evolution of actinidic archaea is discussed. The origin of viruses, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, primates and humans from the initial isoprenoid organism derived actinidic archaea is postulated. Methods: Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, serotonin, pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, cytochrome C, hexokinase, ATP synthase, HMG CoA reductase, digoxin and bile acids. Results: Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls. Conclusion: An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease states is described. Metal actinides in beach sands have been postulated to play a role in abiogenesis. Cholesterol is the primal prebiotic molecule synthesised on actinide surfaces with all other biomolecules arising from it. A self replicating cholesterol lipid organism could be the initial life form. A cholesterol based abiogenesis is a more likely evolutionary option and the actinidic archaea and viroids would have evolved from it. The origin of viruses, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, primates and humans from the initial isoprenoid organism derived actinidic archaea is discussed. Key words : Actinide; Archaea; Viroid; Eukaryote; Prokaryote; Virus; Primate; Human; Evolution

Endosymbiotic Archaeal Generated RNA Viroids Can Regulate Cell Function and Contribute to Disease State - Role in Viral Speciation

Aim Endomyocardial fibrosis along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases. RNA viroids has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. The possibility of archaeal RNA viroids contributing to the pathogenesis of these disease states was studied. Methods Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420, free RNA and free DNA. Results Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls. Conclusion An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease states is described. Actinidic archaea generated RNA viroids can regulate cell function and modulate the neuro-immunoendocrine system by the mechanism of RNA interference. The archaea generated RNA viroids can also contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. The RNA viroids could play a role in viral speciation by recombining with endogenous commensal viruses. Key words : Actinide; Archaea; Viroid; Cell function

Endosymbiontic Actinidic Archaeal Synthesis of Digoxin from Cholesterol Regulates Cellular Function and Contributes to Disease Pathology

Aims and Objectives: Endomyocardial fibrosis along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile, endogenous digoxin as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases. Endogenous digoxin has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. The possibility of endogenous digoxin synthesis by actinide based primitive organism like archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism was considered in these disease states. Methodology: Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420 and digoxin. Results: Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls. Conclusion: Actinidic archaea can synthesize digoxin from cholesterol. Archaeal digoxin place an important role in neuroimmunoendocrine integration and can contribute to the above mentioned disease states. Key words : Archaea; Actinide; Digoxin; Cholesterol; Disease

A Cholesterol and Actinide Dependent Shadow Biosphere of Archaea and Viroids

Aims and Objectives: Endomyocardial fibrosis along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile, endogenous digoxin as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases. Endogenous digoxin has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. The possibility of endogenous digoxin synthesis by actinide based primitive organism like archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism was considered in these disease states.Methodology: Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, serotonin, pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, cytochrome C, hexokinase, ATP synthase, HMG CoA reductase, digoxin and bile acids.Results: Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls.Conclusion: An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease states is described. Key words: Endomyocardial fibrosis; Cholesterol; Actinide; Biosphere of archaea and viroids

A Cholesterol and Actinide Dependent Shadow Biosphere of Archaea and Viroids Indicating Cholesterol Based Abiogenesis- Evolution of the Biological Universe

AimEndomyocardial fibrosis along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile, endogenous digoxin as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases. Endogenous digoxin has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. The possibility of endogenous digoxin synthesis by actinide based primitive organism like archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism was considered. MethodsPlasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, serotonin, pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, cytochrome C, hexokinase, ATP synthase, HMG CoA reductase, digoxin and bile acids.ResultsPlasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls.ConclusionAn actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease states is described. Metal actinides in beach sands have been postulated to play a role in abiogenesis. A hypothesis of cholesterol as the primal prebiotic molecule synthesised on actinide surfaces with all other biomolecules arising from it and a self replicating cholesterol lipid organism as the initial life form is presented. A cholesterol based theory of abiogenesis and its role in the evolution of universe is elucidated. Key words: Biological Universe; Cholesterol; Actinide

The Actinidic Archaea Related Lemurian Syndrome- Endomyocardial Fibrosis, Chronic Calcific Pancreatitis and Multinodular Goitre- Evolutionary Significance and Evidence for the Lemurian Supercontinent

Background: Endogenous digoxin has been related to the pathogenesis of chronic calcific pancreatitis, endomyocardial fibrosis, multinodular goitre and mucoid angiopathy which are seen in South India, South Africa, Australia and South America. Phytoplasmas, viroids and rutile in beach sands have been related to root wilt disease of coconut seen in the same endemic area. The possibility of endogenous digoxin synthesis by actinide based primitive organism like archaea with a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism as well as a RNA viroid role in pathogenesis of these endemic diseases was considered. The study aims to link actinidic nanoarchaea to etiology of these diseases and postulates their common geographic epidemiology to the existence of a pre-historic Lemurian supercontinent linking these geographic areas. It also postulates a role for actinidic surfaces in the evolution of life, eukaryote, primates and humans.Methods: 10 cases each of chronic calcific pancreatitis, endomyocardial fibrosis, multinodular goitre and mucoid angiopathy before starting treatment and 10 age and sex matched healthy controls from general population were chosen for the study. Cholesterol substrate was added to the plasma of the patients and the generation of cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide, serotonin, pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, cytochrome C, hexokinase, ATP synthase, HMG CoA reductase, digoxin and urease were studied. The changes with the addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma were also studied. The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA.Results: The parameters mentioned above were increased the patient’s plasma with addition of cholesterol substrate. The addition of antibiotics to the patient’s plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. Conclusions: An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids is described in endomyocardial fibrosis, chronic calcific pancreatitis, multinodular goitre and mucoid angiopathy contributing to their pathogenesis. The coexistence of EMF, CCP and MNG in South India, South Africa, Australia and South America is thus an indirect evidence for the existence of the Lemurian supercontinent containing these land masses and rich in actinidic minerals. It also is evidence of abiogenesis on radioactive actinidic beach sands through the process of surface metabolism in the course of evolution. This gives credence to the role of actinidic archaea as the third element that controls life and its role in the evolution of the multicellular eukaryote, primates and humans. Key words: Archaea; Viroids; Endomyocardial fibrosis; Chronic calcific pancreatitis; Multinodular goitre; Mucoid angiopathy; Lemuria