Live Roots Research Articles

Embedding constitutional rights

Abstract This article details the concept of constitutional embedding and demonstrates its utility in four country-rights cases. Constitutional embedding refers to the process by which some understanding of constitutional rights comes to take root in everyday life, moving from words on paper to something that shapes expectations and behavior. The degree of constitutional embedding varies along two dimensions: social and legal, or how individuals and groups operating in the social sphere understand and relate to constitutional rights, and how those working in the formal legal sphere do so. In a global political climate defined by democratic backsliding, powerful vested interests, and backlash against moves toward equality, the status of constitutional rights and how they become and remain embedded is doubly important. The constitutional embedding framework highlights how interactions between legal elites and ordinary citizens constitute the extent to which constitutional law influences daily life. The framework has broad applicability across contexts and rights domains.

Perempuan di Sekitar Markas Besar Komando Djawa Kalibawang, Yogyakarta, 1948-1949

This research studies women's history at MBKD post during the Indonesia revolution period in 1948-1949 in Kalibawang, Yogyakarta. The history of the MBKD post has always been linked to the roles of men such as A.H. Nasution. Meanwhile, the study on women were mostly focused on their role in the public kitchen. There was no study which explored the women’s other life experience during this period of time in this particular place. Hence, this article aims to expose and explain the daily forms of women's experiences when the region was used as an MBKD post. This research uses historical method by gathering oral sources from the witnesses and perpetrators. Recalling daily experiences of women around the MBKD at the time of the second Dutch military aggression was gathered through deep interview with the witnesses. The findings of this study include insight on the forms and types of activities conducted by women during certain designated time, as well as social settings. The research also reveals the everyday world, the roots of social life, and the daily hopes of women at Kalibawang. There is also a new conception that arise among women about the diffusion of social life over the region. All of this occurred when Kalibawang was used as MBKD post in 1948-1949. Conclusively, this study may serve as inspiration on how to explore women’s history that goes beyond the issues of their status and role.

Cropping system typologies perform differently under climate stress in Manitoba, Canada: multi-criteria assessment

Information is required to understand how novel biodiversity strategies can improve cropping system resilience to climate change. A “business as usual” (BAU) rotation (wheat–canola–wheat–soybean) was compared with a “warm-season crop” (WS) rotation (corn–sunflower–dry bean–canola); a “biodiverse” (BD) rotation (fall rye with cover crop– corn/soybean intercrop—pea/canola intercrop–green fallow mixture); a “perennial grain” (Kernza) rotation (Kernza grain intermediate wheatgrass); and an organic (ORG) rotation (millet-green fallow mixture-wheat). Drought conditions prevailed in both study years. The BAU rotation had the lowest average yield (1821 kg ha−1 compared with 2533 and 3083 kg ha−1 for the BD and WS rotations, respectively), less post-harvest residual biomass, and a lower net return than the WS rotation. The WS rotation was limited by herbicide-resistant weeds in dry beans. Kernza seed yield was five times lower than for spring wheat. ORG wheat yielded the same as other wheat and had a higher net return. Live roots days, a measure of soil health potential, were 95 for the BAU rotation and 174 and 113 for the BD and WS rotations, respectively; the most were recorded for Kernza (365). Seasonal crop growth duration was increased by including Kernza and fall rye for early season growth, and corn, sunflower, a corn–soybean intercrop, a cover crop, and fall-seeded rye for late season growth. WS and BD rotations outperformed the BAU rotation and the BD system accomplished this with half the N fertilizer. Results demonstrate the potential of biodiverse rotations; barriers to their adoption should be addressed.

Prospects and Challenges of Tourism Industry in Meghalaya- Socio-Geographical Approach

The paper discussed prospects and challenges of tourism industry in Meghalaya. It has found that tourism industry is growing in Meghalaya. It benefits on employment creation, income generation, revenue, foreign exchange, infrastructure building etc. Meghalaya is known for natural beauty, lush greenery, and hills. There are opportunities of ecotourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, and agri-tourism. It is rich in flora and fauna, heritage and traditions, culture, wildlife etc. Travellers can involve in rock climbing, water sports, caving, trekking, and hiking. Meghalaya has numerous travel attractions for tourists. Seven Sisters Falls, Mawphlang Sacred Forest, Elephant Falls, Mawsynram, Cherrapunji, Dawki River, Laitlum Canyon, Living Root Bridges, Umiam Lake and Nohakalikai Falls are the popular tourist destinations. Abysmal infrastructure, lack of alternatives means of transport, boundary issues, poor connectivity, ethnic conflicts, are the major challenges. Therefore, Government should implement proper policies for the mitigating the constrains and development of tourism in the state

Above- and belowground plant mercury dynamics in a salt marsh estuary in Massachusetts, USA

Abstract. Estuaries are a conduit of mercury (Hg) from watersheds to the coastal ocean, and salt marshes play an important role in coastal Hg cycling. Hg cycling in upland terrestrial ecosystems has been well studied, but processes in densely vegetated salt marsh ecosystems are poorly characterized. We investigated Hg dynamics in vegetation and soils in the Plum Island Sound estuary in Massachusetts, USA, and specifically assessed the role of marsh vegetation for Hg deposition and turnover. Monthly quantitative harvesting of aboveground biomass showed strong linear seasonal increases in Hg associated with plants, with a 4-fold increase in Hg concentration and an 8-fold increase in standing Hg mass from June (3.9 ± 0.2 µg kg−1 and 0.7 ± 0.4 µg m−2, respectively) to November (16.2 ± 2.0 µg kg−1 and 5.7 ± 2.1 µg m−2, respectively). Hg did not increase further in aboveground biomass after plant senescence, indicating physiological controls of vegetation Hg uptake in salt marsh plants. Hg concentrations in live roots and live rhizomes were 11 and 2 times higher than concentrations in live aboveground biomass, respectively. Furthermore, live belowground biomass Hg pools (Hg in roots and rhizomes, 108.1 ± 83.4 µg m−2) were more than 10 times larger than peak standing aboveground Hg pools (9.0 ± 3.3 µg m−2). A ternary mixing model of measured stable Hg isotopes suggests that Hg sources in marsh aboveground tissues originate from about equal contributions of root uptake (∼ 35 %), precipitation uptake (∼ 33 %), and atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) uptake (∼ 32 %). These results suggest a more important role of Hg transport from belowground (i.e., roots) to aboveground tissues in salt marsh vegetation than upland vegetation, where GEM uptake is generally the dominant Hg source. Roots and soils showed similar isotopic signatures, suggesting that belowground tissue Hg mostly derived from soil uptake. Annual root turnover results in large internal Hg recycling between soils and plants, estimated at 58.6 µg m−2 yr−1. An initial mass balance of Hg indicates that the salt marsh presently serves as a small net Hg sink for environmental Hg of 5.2 µg m−2 yr−1.

Three Biopolymers and Origin of Life Scenarios.

To track down the possible roots of life, various models for the initial living system composed of different combinations of the three extant biopolymers, RNA, DNA, and proteins, are presented. The suitability of each molecular set is assessed according to its ability to emerge autonomously, sustain, and evolve continuously towards life as we know it. The analysis incorporates current biological knowledge gained from high-resolution structural data and large sequence datasets, together with experimental results concerned with RNA replication and with the activity demonstrated by standalone constructs of the ribosomal Peptidyl Transferase Center region. The scrutiny excludes the DNA-protein combination and assigns negligible likelihood to the existence of an RNA-DNA world, as well as to an RNA world that contained a replicase made of RNA. It points to the precedence of an RNA-protein system, whose model of emergence suggests specific processes whereby a coded proto-ribosome ribozyme, specifically aminoacylated proto-tRNAs and a proto-polymerase enzyme, could have autonomously emerged, cross-catalyzing the formation of each other. This molecular set constitutes a feasible starting point for a continuous evolutionary path, proceeding via natural processes from the inanimate matter towards life as we know it.

Root and rhizosphere contribution to the net soil COS exchange

Background and aimsPartitioning the measured net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange into gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration remains a challenge, which scientists try to tackle by using the properties of the trace gas carbonyl sulfide (COS). Its similar pathway into and within the leaf makes it a potential photosynthesis proxy. The application of COS as an effective proxy depends, among other things, on a robust inventory of potential COS sinks and sources within ecosystems. While the soil received some attention during the last couple of years, the role of plant roots is mostly unknown. In our study, we investigated the effects of live roots on the soil COS exchange.MethodsAn experimental setup was devised to measure the soil and the belowground plant parts of young beech trees observed over the course of 9 months.ResultsDuring the growing season, COS emissions were significantly lower when roots were present compared to chambers only containing soil, while prior to the growing season, with photosynthetically inactive trees, the presence of roots increased COS emissions. The difference in the COS flux between root-influenced and uninfluenced soil was fairly constant within each month, with diurnal variations in the COS flux driven primarily by soil temperature changes rather than the presence or absence of roots.ConclusionWhile the mechanisms by which roots influence the COS exchange are largely unknown, their contribution to the overall ground surface COS exchange should not be neglected when quantifying the soil COS exchange.

Dynamics of Da'wah in Southeast Asia in the Digital Era

Recent developments in da'wah show positive and progressive dynamics, including in Southeast Asia. This condition is supported by the very massive growth of digital media. This article aims to analyze the dynamics of da'wah in Southeast Asia, especially in the digital era. As a region, Southeast Asia has its own characteristics, giving it a distinctive style of preaching. Southeast Asian people are known to be friendly, moderate and religiously tolerant. This research is descriptive qualitative research and library research. The conclusion of this research is that the potential of Islam in Southeast Asia is not merely a numerical power as the largest Muslim community, namely one-fifth of Muslims worldwide and its geopolitical strength. Furthermore, the roots of moderate and pluralistic Islamic life in Southeast Asia which have long historical roots have demonstrated the promising potential of this region. Da'wah in Southeast Asia should be the prototype of global da'wah. Da'wah in Southeast Asia has characteristics that are accommodative to local culture and anti-violence. Moderate and tolerant da'wah in Southeast Asia has reflected the teachings of the Koran and the teachings of the Prophet, and has proven effective in inculcating Islamic values in society at large.

Water quality at the end of the Mississippi River for 120 years: the agricultural imperative

AbstractArchived water quality data collected between 1901 and 2019 were used to reconstruct annual averages of various forms of C, N, P, and silicate concentrations and alkalinity in the lower Mississippi River. During this interval the average annual nitrate concentrations doubled pre-dominantly from fertilizer applications and tiling, silicate concentrations decreased by half as diatom sedimentation increased as dams were built, and alkalinity increased 16%. Variances in silicate concentrations were proportional to river discharge before 1980 and concentrations have been stable since then. Average annual temperatures, discharge and alkalinity increased simultaneously around 1980; this suggests that there was greater weathering thereafter and is supported by the positive relationships between variations in alkalinity and variations in nitrate, phosphate, and silicate concentrations. The conversion of forests and grasslands into farmlands and improved drainage resulted in less evapotranspiration, a higher percent of precipitation going into streams and altered soil water bio-geo-chemistries. Field trials demonstrating soil health improvements resulting from more live roots and soil cover and greater biodiversity demonstrate water quality improvements and no effect on farm profitability. Lowering nitrate loading to the coastal waters will reduce summertime hypoxic waters formation offshore, but alkalinity in the river will increase further with climate warming.

PATRIARCHAL CULTURE IN THE MOVIE THE PREY (2022)

This research aims to analyze the portrayal of a female character in fighting patriarchal culture in the film The Prey (2022). This research uses the theory of patriarchy by Allan G. Johnson and qualitative method by John Fiske's semiotics. This uses The Codes of Television, which are divided into three levels: reality, representation, and ideology. The results of this study show that in the movie The Prey (2022), patriarchal culture has become the root of life in the Comanche tribe. Therefore, a movement against patriarchy is required, as demonstrated by the character Naru in the film The Prey (2022).

DIFFICULTIES FOR CASE MANAGERS WORKING WITH FAMILIES FACING SOCIAL RISK

Social work has its roots in life itself. The profession of social worker is a creative combination of knowledge, values and skills. In recent years, social work with families facing social risk has received more and more attention in the country, and it can be said that social work with these families has become one of the priority areas. The article discusses the difficulties experienced by case managers when working with families facing social risk. The analysis of the problems faced by the case managers will help to improve the quality of social work, and, accordingly, to develop and expand social services for families facing social risk. Four case managers participated in the study. The results of the study revealed that a common phenomenon in families facing social risk by not having a job and not looking for one is low self-esteem. Many families facing social risk live in poverty, and this determines their further life, development and improvement. The study revealed that case managers working with families facing social risk had the following difficulties: alcoholism, a lack of social skills, violence against children, neglect of children, and lack of motivation. A close, trusting relationship between case managers and families improves the quality of the services provided, and helps to address the problems faced by the family more effectively. Case managers empower the family to be proactive in dealing with difficulties. Cooperation enables families to meet their needs for security, self-esteem and social support.

Expression of macromolecular organic nitrogen degrading enzymes identifies potential mediators of soil organic N availability to an annual grass

Nitrogen (N) is frequently limiting to plant growth, in part because most soil N is present as polymeric organic compounds that are not readily taken up by plants. Microbial depolymerization of these large macromolecular N-substrates gradually releases available inorganic N. While many studies have researched and modeled controls on soil organic matter formation and bulk N mineralization, the ecological—spatial, temporal and phylogenetic—patterns underlying organic N degradation remain unclear. We analyzed 48 time-resolved metatranscriptomes and quantified N-depolymerization gene expression to resolve differential expression by soil habitat and time in specific taxonomic groups and gene-based guilds. We observed much higher expression of extracellular serine-type proteases than other extracellular N-degrading enzymes, with protease expression of predatory bacteria declining with time and other taxonomic patterns driven by the presence (Gammaproteobacteria) or absence (Thermoproteota) of live roots and root detritus (Deltaproteobacteria and Fungi). The primary chitinase chit1 gene was more highly expressed by eukaryotes near root detritus, suggesting predation of fungi. In some lineages, increased gene expression over time suggests increased competitiveness with rhizosphere age (Chloroflexi). Phylotypes from some genera had protease expression patterns that could benefit plant N nutrition, for example, we identified a Janthinobacterium phylotype and two Burkholderiales that depolymerize organic N near young roots and a Rhizobacter with elevated protease levels near mature roots. These taxon-resolved gene expression results provide an ecological read-out of microbial interactions and controls on N dynamics in specific soil microhabitats and could be used to target potential plant N bioaugmentation strategies.

Improving Nursing Students’ Knowledge about Health Myths in Indonesia

Health myths are one of the factors that can hinder the achievement of government programs in the health sector, resistance that arises from the community can be even greater if the myths that are believed to have taken root in social life and are considered to have magical elements in their implementation. To change the wrong health beliefs in society, the role of health workers in providing health education and health literacy to all levels in society is important. Based on the problems found, the team's goal was to improve nursing students’ knowledge about health myths in Indonesia. The implementation of these activities was carried out for 199 nursing students from 7 provinces (DKI Jakarta, West Java, Banten, Jambi, East Java, Central Java, and Southeast Sulawesi) online through Zoom. This activity is the final series of a series of activities carried out by the Institute of Training, Education, and Research, Nurse Share Idea (NSID) about health myths that exist in Indonesia, while the implementation of this series of activities has been carried out from November 2020 to August 2021. The results of the Wilcoxon test of activities carried out can be seen in table 3. which shows that the value of sig = 0.002 (<0.005) means that the activities carried out have a positive impact on improving nursing students’ knowledge about health myths in Indonesia. Nurses have a role in facilitating public access to reliable health knowledge and information related to existing mythical issues. In supporting the role of nurses, activities to increase the knowledge of nurses and nursing students on topics related to health myths are also an important part to be considered and carried out on an ongoing basis because it has been proven to have a positive effect on its implementation.

Carbon dynamics in old-growth forests of the Central Hardwoods Region, USA

Managing old-growth forests and promoting old-growth complexity in aging forests for carbon emissions mitigation has become an important component of diversified land management strategies. In the midwestern US, the Central Hardwoods Region (CHR) is the largest continuous deciduous forested area and includes a diverse range of species compositions, forest structures, and topoedaphic environments. Understanding carbon storage potential in old-growth forests across the CHR is important for evaluating climate-adaptive management strategies to increase carbon sequestration in the region’s aging forests. We assessed forest carbon in two time periods (the early 1990s and the 2010s) in ten old-growth forests across a 770 km east-west productivity gradient from Indiana to Missouri. Further, we related anomalies in carbon pools between the two sampling periods to documented or observable disturbances. As expected, old-growth forests on more productive sites in the eastern portion of the study range stored more aboveground carbon (120–177 Mg C ha−1) than less productive sites to the west (93–117 Mg C ha−1). Over the twenty-year period, old-growth forests accumulated 9.2 ± 1.5 (mean ± SE) Mg C ha−1 or a 7 % increase in total aboveground carbon. Further, downed dead wood carbon increased 5 % (0.4 ± 0.7 Mg C ha−1), standing dead increased 7 % (0.3 ± 0.7 Mg C ha−1), live roots increased 4 % (1.0 ± 0.3), and dead roots increased by 68 % (0.3 ± 0.1 Mg C ha−1). However, stochastic disturbances can positively or negatively impact total carbon and carbon pools. Documenting carbon trends and disturbance effects in old-growth forests provides guidance to enhance the representation of structurally complex, late successional forests using active forest management. Old-growth forests are currently rare in the CHR landscape, but the abundance of aging forests in the region provides immense potential to store carbon, particularly when combined with strategies that optimize early- and late-successional habitats for carbon sequestration along with other ecological goods and services.

Association of maize (Zea mays L.) senescence with water and nitrogen utilization under different drip irrigation systems.

Drip irrigation is an efficient water-saving system used to improve crop production worldwide. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of maize plant senescence and its association with yield, soil water, and nitrogen (N) utilization under this system. A 3-year field experiment in the northeast plains of China was used to assess four drip irrigation systems: (1) drip irrigation under plastic film mulch (PI); (2) drip irrigation under biodegradable film mulch (BI); (3) drip irrigation incorporating straw returning (SI); and (4) drip irrigation with the tape buried at a shallow soil depth (OI), and furrow irrigation (FI) was used as the control. The plant senescence characteristic based on the dynamic process of green leaf area (GLA) and live root length density (LRLD) during the reproductive stage, and its correlation with leaf N components, water use efficiency (WUE), and N use efficiency (NUE) was investigated. PI followed by BI achieved the highest integral GLA and LRLD, grain filling rate, and leaf and root senescence rate after silking. Greater yield, WUE, and NUE were positively associated with higher N translocation efficiency of leaf protein responding for photosynthesis, respiration, and structure under PI and BI; whereas, no significant differences were found in yield, WUE, and NUE between PI and BI. SI effectively promoted LRLD in the deeper 20- to 100-cm soil layers, prolonged the GLA and LRLD persistent durations, and reduced the leaf and root senescence rates. The remobilization of non-protein storage N was stimulated by SI, FI, and OI, which made up for the relative inadequacy of leaf N. Instead of persistent GLA and LRLD durations and high translocation efficiency of non-protein storage N, fast and large protein N translocation from leaves to grains under PI and BI was found to facilitate maize yield, WUE, and NUE in the sole cropping semi-arid region, and BI was recommend considering that it can reduce plastic pollution.

Design and manufacture of four wheel tractor for medium size work rice farming

<span>Indonesia is located at the equator occupy areas north and south of its bearing atmosphere where about 270 million people live the land of very rich soil and are also rich in mineral sediment demanded heavily for today's technology including nickel, bauxite, lithium, and aurum with its close articles such as thin and uranium. So numerous heavy mining equipment works around the clock. Unfortunately, the other potential products of the rich soil were somehow neglected as the nation left such activities to its traditional practice by utilizing man and animal to cultivate the plantation, so that the productivity of the land from the surface is very minimal such that the average productivity of the soil only reach 27% compared to its champion in the developed countries per acre per year. The study on such low soil productivity is caused by two main problems, such that the lack of massive soil processing technology and low attraction for the worker to pursue their career in farming as more money is offered by the transportation sector being an online transport business. This article is a series published on the tractor research initiative that aims to provide a functional medium tractor powered by a 30 HP engine that can do the basic work of a tractor including lifting soil on the surface so that oxygen will fill up the soil and the mineral can reach the root of the plant life on it and kill the unfavorable weeds in the process. The article will discuss all functional elements of the tractor and necessary specifications from design, manufacturing, and final assembly. Further publications will involve optimal design and construction to head for the final products of its commercial endeavor.</span>

Cerita Rakyat, Identitas Naratif dan Katekese Umat

The core claim of this article is that oral traditions form the basis for which local people both trace their origins and at the same time endeavour to conceptualize their relationships with their fellow human beings and with the cosmos. It means that oral traditions are a fundamental tool for people in establishing their roots of life within a community and in assiting their efforts to establish authority within a society.the people narate their identity and this uniqueness is claimed not by exclusion but by relation to the others. What has been written here is a presentation about the genre of oral traditions in conjuction with an analysis about the church's prophetic role in teaching using the functional equivalence of the oral traditions.an important point to be emphasized in this article is that idiom, methaporand simile are fundamental to the styles ofspeech ofthe people are often used not just to explain something in more detail but also to trace the origins of an individual and conceptions oflife. It is for sure the oral tradition is a meditation on humanity.

Challenges Faced by the Traditional Medical Practitioners from Siddha System towards Transition to Information Technology-based Approaches at Chennai, India

Traditional System of Medicine has its strong roots in human life since eons. The wellbeing and health care needs of the Human kind has been taken care consistently by this profound historical medical system. One such system of medicine which has its origin from Southern part of India is Siddha System of Medicine. Siddha framework is a treasure-house of mystery science, epitomizing the consequences of the ardent pursuit thereof by the old Siddhars. The registered and traditional Siddha Doctors practice these ancient medical services - based on the treasured Palm scripts of Siddhars. A major part of these manuscripts are more defenseless than the recorded conventional information. In this manner, the current review was planned to report and quantitatively dissect the neighborhood information on the customary Siddha practitioners in Chennai. This article highlights the challenges encountered by the Siddha practitioners towards the transition to an information technology-based approach in the Siddha system of medicine at Chennai. In this study, a questionnaire was provided to 56 Siddha practitioners in Chennai and the data were evaluated based on a questionnaire pertaining to utilisation of big data repository, use of electronic reporting, personalized patient care management, evidence-based decision supporting system using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning and data on preventive diseases. The study observed that the practitioners felt a strong need for change to IT-based systems for recording the personalized patient care management and utilising the databases for reporting the various aspects observed.

Root and rhizome traits of the common reed (Phragmites australis) in a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment

Belowground plant parts play an important role in wetland functioning but their biomass and structural traits have remained out of focus in constructed wetlands. We studied the biomass and structural traits of rhizomes and roots of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. in the inflow and outflow parts of a newly established constructed wetland with subsurface horizontal flow (Slavošovice, Czech Republic). The rhizome biomass of P. australis increased until the 6th year after planting and reached about 1.5 and 2.0 kg.m−2 in the inflow and outflow parts of the bed, respectively. The average live root biomass was about 7% of the total live belowground biomass. Analysis of the rhizome branching pattern showed that in the 8th year after planting, the rhizome life span was definitely two years and most probably up to four years. The root structural traits showed that thicker and shorter roots were formed in the inflow part. As a result, there were differences in total root length, which reached 2.4 km m−2 in the inflow and 3.3 km m−2 in the outflow parts. This probably reflects a higher nutrient availability at the inflow rather than the toxicity of the discharged wastewater. The results of this study support previous arguments that the belowground parts of P. australis are an important carbon source in constructed wetlands, tolerate the anaerobic environment in the treatment bed well and provide a large surface area for the attachment of microorganisms.

Bacterial community in soil and tree roots of Picea abies shows little response to clearcutting.

Clearcutting represents a standard management practice in temperate forests with dramatic consequences for the forest ecosystem. The removal of trees responsible for the bulk of primary production can result in a complex response of the soil microbiome. While studies have shown that tree root-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi disappear from soil and decomposing fine roots of trees become a hotspot for fungal decomposition, the fate of the bacterial component of the soil microbiome following clearcutting is unclear. Here, we investigated the response of bacterial community composition for 2 years following clearcutting of a Picea abies stand in soil, rhizosphere and tree roots, by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. While in the first few months after clearcutting there was no significant response of bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere and soil, bacterial communities associated with tree roots underwent more profound changes over time. Acidobacteria were abundant in rhizosphere and soil, while Firmicutes were strongly represented in the roots. In addition, bacterial communities on decomposing roots were significantly different from those on pre-clearcut live roots. Compared with fungi, the response of bacterial communities to clearcutting was much less pronounced, indicating independent development of the two microbial domains.