Root Cause Of Violence Research Articles

Analysing Femicide and Antinationalism in The Nirbhaya Case: A Feminist Revisionist Mythmaking Reading of Clea Chakraverty's La Voix de Sita

Violence against women often stems from gender inequality, societal structures such as patriarchy, impunity, and institutional violence. Despite the remarkable progress it has made in establishing the representation of women in all fields, India still finds itself an unsafe country for women, with multiple cases of femicide reported every year. The present paper proposes a close look at violence against women in India through a multidisciplinary reading of Clea Chakravarty’s novel La Voix de Sita [Sita’s Voice] which is a retelling of the 2012 Delhi gang rape. Commonly known as the Nirbhaya Case, it ushered a lot of debates around women’s modesty and morality, alongside controversial anti-feminist remarks by the dominant misinformed strata of society on women being responsible for crimes done against them and the branding of feminism as anti-national. By approaching the revisionist mythmaking of Indian epics in the novel through a feminist lens, the paper also traces the root cause of violence against women in India by analysing media reports, interviews, and anecdotes focused on the case.

Black body representation in Get Out (2017) and Us (2019) by Jordan Peele

Black characters soon appeared in Hollywood films such as The Birth of a Nation (1915), Intolerance (1916). They are recognised as criminals, not conceded as human rights. African-American directors created films to change the image of black people. Jordan Peele inherits the efforts of his predecessors and takes the story of black people in cinema to a new level with identity clarification. That is clearly shown in the movies Get Out (2017) and Us (2019). The research aims to identify the black body representation in the above two films by Jordan Peele as an expression of identity. Body denial is the root cause of violence among African Americans. This acts as a form of identity tracing. The research combines the use of cinematic narrative and semiotic approaches with interdisciplinary research methods such as culturology and anthropology. The basic principle of the position of the research is the theory of ethnic identity. The use of comparison, collation, analysis and synthesis will be applied in the process of developing theses.

Proceedings from the Second Medical Summit on Firearm Injury Prevention, 2022: Creating a Sustainable Healthcare Coalition to Advance a Multidisciplinary Public Health Approach.

Proceedings from the Second Medical Summit on Firearm Injury Prevention, 2022: Creating a Sustainable Healthcare Coalition to Advance a Multidisciplinary Public Health Approach.

Trauma Healing on Domestic Violence: The Effectiveness of Islamic Feminist Counseling

This research is motivated by the rise of violence cases experienced by women. Domestic violence against women is very vulnerable due to the urge present in the perpetrators to behave aggressively because of the stressors they are facing and the widespread belief in a patriarchal culture, which is the root cause of violence between husband and wife. In this case, Islamic feminist counseling seeks to recover and reduce depression in women victims of violence by building awareness of their gender roles based on an Islamic perspective. Therefore, this research aims to discover how Islamic feminist counseling can heal the trauma of women victims of domestic violence. This research was conducted through a qualitative approach. The data collection techniques used were document study, observation, and in-depth interviews, with two counselees (using pseudonyms in this article) in domestic violence cases. The data validity technique employed in this study was a triangulation of data collection techniques and data sources, while data analysis was performed deductively and inductively. The results revealed that the counselor carried out three stages of Islamic feminist counseling: conceptualization, intervention, and termination. At all stages, the counselor has achieved each stage’s goals, although with different techniques for the two counselees at each counseling stage.

Freedom to Play, Learn, Live, and Thrive: A Youth-Serving Professional Call to Action to Address Firearm Violence

Every day 28 youth in the United States die from firearm violence [1]. Racial inequity in firearm violence is stark and longstanding [1]. Protecting youth requires tackling root causes of violence, including structural oppression, racism, poverty, and systemic divestment in communities, and addressing how firearms have been and continue to be used as tools of racial subjugation. School shootings and mass shootings often promote a national dialogue about firearm safety and account for a small proportion of firearm-related deaths.

The Palliative Role of Reparations in Reconciling Societies with the Past: Redressing Victims or Consolidating the State?

ABSTRACT Reparations as a transitional justice mechanism to remedy victims' harm, with an emphasis on state-building and a liberal market democracy, can clash with other post-conflict goals of reconciliation and the prevention of future violations. This article reviews the claimed goals and expectations for reparations, exploring especially their relationship with reconciliation and guarantees of non-recurrence. Drawing from fieldwork in multiple jurisdictions, we explore the complexity of reparations in practice. We assess whether reparations operate primarily as a palliative solution to the violence of the past that aims to settle and foreclose political contestation, rather than addressing root causes of violence.

Mothers’ Experiences in Taking Care of Schooling Children in the Context of Domestic Violence in Songwe Region, Tanzania

The purpose of this study was to explore the mothers’ experiences in taking care of schooling children in the context of domestic violence in Songwe Region, Tanzania. The study opted for qualitative approach using the interpretive phenomenological design with a sample of 30 interviewed participants obtained through snowball sampling. The findings show that physical violence against mothers in terms of slapping and punching with fists from husbands made mothers provide inadequate needs and services to children. The results further show that social cultural beliefs and norms that assign men to control the family properties and make decision on family issues are the major underlying root cause of violence against women including wives. It is therefore recommended that deliberate measures should be taken by the government through its respective ministry and NGOs to protect women including mothers against partner violence so as to create harmonious home environments where fathers and mothers should work together in providing essential needs for children.

Not Another School Shooting: Media, Race, and Gun Violence in K-12 Schools

This study examines the characteristics of school shootings and investigates the relationship between perpetrators’ race and how shootings are reported by the media. Findings, utilizing data from the Center for Homeland Defense and Security, demonstrate differences by race in the characteristics of school shootings and media reporting of school shootings. Inaccurate and incomplete portrayals of school gun violence in data repositories and the media may lead to public perceptions and policy responses that do not adequately address root causes of violence. In addition, these inaccurate depictions shroud the reality of gun violence in K-12 schools. Accurate information regarding the circumstances of gun violence in schools is a necessary component of preventing future violence.

Representation of Women and Nature in Abhi Subedi’s Māyādevikā Sapanā

The article aims to analyze the depiction of women and nature in Abhi Subedi’s play, Māyādevikā Sapanā [Dreams of Mayadevi] (2008) from the ecofeminist perspective. The play associates women to nature and suggests that there is similarity between the domination of women and exploitation of nature by men in patriarchy. The female characters of the play criticize the patriarchal gender roles based on hierarchy and dualism. They identify patriarchy as the root cause of violence against women and nature. Ecofeminist critics point out that there are conceptual, symbolic, and linguistic connections between feminist and ecological issues. Vandana Shiva and Maria Mies assert that it is the same patriarchal mindset that dominates women exploits the nature. Carolyn Merchant posits that modern capitalism treats nature as a wild female who needs to be tamed and controlled. Val Plumwood argues that western philosophy, which prioritizes reason to emotion, is the key to oppression of women and nature in the modern world. These critics suggest that feminism should also deal with the issues of nature because the destruction of nature harms women more than it harms men. Thus, ecofeminist perspective is relevant to analyze the depiction of women and nature in Māyādevikā Sapanā. The finding of the article reveals that patriarchy is unfriendly to women and nature; and issues of women and ecology are intertwined.

Understanding and Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) among University Students: A Peace Building Perspective

Campus violence and rising trends of extremism in Pakistani society is an alarming problem. The violent behavior of youth on campus is viewed as a product of sociopolitical, economic and cultural structure of the state. The purpose of this research is to analyze the root cause of violence and extremism on campus in the view of academia and it also studies the causal impact of imposition of legal punishments in deterring future crime in the case of Pakistani society. Descriptive design has been used and semi structured interviews were conducted from the political science, sociology and criminology academic experts working in leading universities in Pakistan to identify the major factors behind increase in extremism among university students. Secondary data was collected from books, journals and articles. Through analyzing deterrence as a theory of punishment and social control theory and applying Nested model for conflict analysis, it was concluded that incidents of campus violence is not only a social disorder faced on campus but a threat to national interest of the state. Based on the data collected the peace building approach has been analyzed and it has been recommended that the government, criminal justice system and civil society need to adopt a sensitive policy towards the problems of campus violence and extremism and if cured can represent the soft image of Pakistan on global forums.

A Behavioral Addiction Model of Revenge, Violence, and Gun Abuse.

Data from multiple sources point to the desire for revenge in response to grievances or perceived injustices as a root cause of violence, including firearm violence. Neuroscience and behavioral studies are beginning to reveal that the desire for revenge in response to grievances activates the same neural reward-processing circuitry as that of substance addiction, suggesting that grievances trigger powerful cravings for revenge in anticipation of experiencing pleasure. Based on this evidence, the authors argue that a behavioral addiction framework may be appropriate for understanding and addressing violent behavior. Such an approach could yield significant benefits by leveraging scientific and public health-oriented drug abuse prevention and treatment strategies that target drug cravings to spur development of scientific and public-health-oriented "gun abuse" prevention and treatment strategies targeting the revenge cravings that lead to violence. An example of one such "motive control" strategy is discussed. Approaching revenge-seeking, violence, and gun abuse from the perspective of compulsion and addiction would have the added benefit of avoiding the stigmatization as violent of individuals with mental illness while also acknowledging the systemic, social, and cultural factors contributing to grievances that lead to violent acts.

Design Principles, Common Land, and Collective Violence in Africa

The conventional wisdom blames colonialism as the root cause of violence in Africa, but at the expense of analytical clarity about the context of collective violence over common land. This article uses qualitative data and Elinor Ostrom’s perspective on governing the commons to analyze collective violence over common land in an African community. It finds that the absence of certain design principles strikes at the root of the violence in the African case. Exploring the less understood intricacies enriches analytical clarity about the conditions that lend themselves to sustaining the commons and gaining the compliance of generation after generation of resource users with property rights institutions for governing the commons.

Resurgence of Ethno-Religious Sentiment against Muslims in Sri Lanka: Recent Anti-Muslim Violence in Ampara and Kandy

The recent upsurge of violence against Muslims in various parts of Sri Lanka has grabbed the attention of popular discourses. However, little scholarly analysis has dealt with the recent rise of anti-Muslim sentiment and violence in the country, particularly the violence in Ampara and Kandy. As such, this article explores the implications and root causes of violence in Ampara and Kandy. This article is descriptive and interpretative in nature and mainly relies on secondary data. The article reveals that the violence in Ampara and Kandy unleashed by Sinhala Buddhist hardliners with complicity of law enforcement agencies caused much damage on the mosques, businesses and properties of Muslims. I argue that phobia against growing Muslim population, myth of sterilization pills, and economic jealousy and rivalry between Muslims and Sinhalese are the root causes of the violence against Muslims in Ampara and Kandy with some other sub-factors associated with it. Thus, there is a desperate need of better managing human and social security of all groups in the country, especially ethno-religious minorities.

Management of Cut Throat Injury: A Review of 20 Cases

INTRODUCTION: Cut throat injury is incised injury or incised resembling injury in the neck usually due to homicidal, suicidal or accidental cause. Multiple vital structures are vulnerable to get injured so it usually requires multi disciplinary approach. The objective of this study is to evaluate cut throat injury in terms of site, severity, cause, motivating factors, age and gender distribution of the victim and the surgical treatment method.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study was carried out by reviewing the chart, from May 2010 to April 2014. Demographics of the patients; cause and motivating factors; site, severity and the type of surgical treatment were recorded and analyzed.
 RESULTS: There were a total of 20 patients, of which 14 were males and 6 were females. The most common age group affected was 20-40 years. Homicide was the commonest cause in 12 (60%) patients, followed by suicidal attempt in 6 (30%) and accidental injury in 2 (10%) patients. Interpersonal conflict and psychiatric illnesses were the most common motivating factors for the homicidal and suicidal cut throat injury respectively. Most of the patients had zone II injury. Primary repair was the most common surgical treatment method.
 CONCLUSION: Young adults are more vulnerable to cut throat injury with majority having zone II injury and homicide being the most common cause. Primary repair is the most common surgical treatment method. Addressing the root cause of violence and identifying and treating the patients with psychiatric illness with suicidal tendency will probably reduce the incidence of cut throat injury in our society.

'It Is the Cause ... Let Me Not Name It': (mis)Reading Memento Through Othello

In exploring how Christopher Nolan’s film Memento might be understood as a reenactment of Shakespeare’s Othello, this essay aims, first, to reconstruct the full storyline of Nolan’s film through a comparative analysis of the two stories. Venturing that the film takes on the play’s central concerns with male sexual anxiety as the root cause of violence against women, the essay also aims to redirect Stanley Cavell’s notion of philosophical skepticism in the context of Othello to argue against the more common critical position that ‘what happens’ in Memento is fundamentally unknowable.

Violence Against Women: What’s Law Got to Do With It? A Reflection on Gang Rape in India

The brutal gang rape of a physiotherapy student in India in December 2012 drew the world’s attention to the problem of sexual violence against women in the country. Protests and mass public reaction towards the case pressurized the government to respond to the crisis by changing the laws on sexual violence. However, these new laws have not led to a decrease in VAW. Is this the result of the failure of the rule of law? Or does it highlight the limitations of law in absence of social change? This paper addresses the need for using law as a key tool in addressing violence against women in India. It recognizes that unless we address the structural and root causes of violence against women, our analysis will be limited. It is important to bridge the creation of new laws, with an analysis that speaks to the role of hypermasculinity, neoliberalism and culture in VAW. If unaddressed, what may result instead are quick fixes, symbolized by passing laws that act as token gestures, rather than leading to transformative action.

The Legal Politics of the Article 16 Decision: The International Criminal Court, the un Security Council and Ontologies of a Contemporary Compromise

This introductory essay aims to offer a framework through which to make sense of the controversies arising from International Criminal Court (icc) intervention in Africa. One such controversy is related to the deployment of the powers to refer and defer icc cases central to Article 16 of the Rome Statute for the icc. The manner in which the unsc has employed this power has led critics – particularly on the African continent – to conclude that a range of geopolitics has undermined the judicial independence of the icc. The essay argues, therefore, that the drafting history of Article 16 of the Rome Statute shows the workings of the political origins of the law and the manner in which foundational inequalities were woven into the very fabric of the Rome Statute. Following theorists such as Giorgio Agamben and Walter Benjamin who have conceptualized law as violence and who have taken seriously the ways in which violence and inequality live on through the law, the authors argue that not only can contemporary ontologies of international criminal law not escape the politics of its making, but if we are to adequately address the conditions of violence in the postcolonial African state there must be an ontological shift in the way we conceptualize law. They propose a rethinking that acknowledges root causes of violence and that take seriously politically adumbrated histories of violence that continue live in the armature of the postcolonial state. Considering how and when political settlements are relevant and rethinking how complementarity and cooperation might work more effectively are key to the conceptual framework.

New Start or False Start? The ICC and Electoral Violence in Kenya

ABSTRACTThis article investigates how far the International Criminal Court (ICC) trial of post‐election violence in Kenya represented a new start for Kenyan politics, for international criminal justice in Africa, and for the international response to democratic violence more broadly. For the first time an international criminal court investigated violence associated with the democratic process. The prosecution of instigators of violence was not only a demonstration of a far less patient international approach to a democratic process gone wrong; it also provided the internationally expected response to exceptional levels of violence in the face of domestic inaction. However, it is less clear whether the ICC case represents a new beginning for Kenya. It might be a new start for political accountability in the context of a weak domestic judiciary, but it cannot address the structural root causes of violence that require political reform rather than criminal prosecution.

Political Mobilisation and Rise of the Culture of Violence in South Africa Exploring the Root Causes

The decade leading up to South Africa’s first universal democratic elections in April 1994 was characterised by increasing violence. A systematic study of South Africa’s current history reveals that the government’s repressive policies during apartheid and the political rivalry among different political parties notably ANC and IFP during transition, had provided a fertile ground for the emergence of the culture of violence. In fact, this culture of violence continues to persist in post-apartheid South Africa even after almost two decades of rule of the democratic government. Moreover, high levels of corruption and links between criminal gangs and government officials in the post-apartheid period has worsened the condition in South Africa. This article is an attempt to explore the root cause of violence in South Africa and to find out government’s links, if any, with such violence during apartheid, transition and the post-apartheid period. Besides, the article examines the changing patterns of violence and public perceptions in South Africa after the end of apartheid.

Building on What's Already There

Twenty years have passed since release of Boutros Boutros-Ghali's influential agenda for The publication of this document coincided with a rapid expansion in United Nations -mandated complex humanitarian interventions, as well as with new efforts to apply postconflict as an operative framework for restoring and wellbeing to societies fractured by armed conflict. The present anniversary provides an opportunity not just for retrospective thinking about impact of past international efforts, but also for prospective thinking about how next 20 years might be more dynamic and sustainably effective.The advent of as an evolving practice supported by United Nations has created new opportunities for coordinating constructive responses to protracted conflict. Given its aspiration to develop instrumentalities for addressing root causes of violence and establishing foundations for stable peace, represents a significant development in thinking about problems of human insecurity, and helps to shape collective intentionality in ways that support lasting solutions. Nonetheless, deficits and challenges in contemporary practices must be faced squarely if we are to define a new or renewed agenda for decades ahead. Increased international capacity to mitigate organized violence and provide relief to suffering populations has not yet been matched with a corresponding ability to make stick or to avoid dangers and pitfalls associated with large-scale external intervention in fragmented and frague societies. Activities undertaken in name of have often marginalized local actors, proceeded in ways that did not adequately respond to local expectations and needs, and at times replaced one set of problems with another. In many cases, efforts to transplant through international efforts yield disappointing results - a temporary reduction in armed violence, but not a robust and deeply rooted process of reconstruction and social transformation.In light of these challenges, there is a need to acknowledge local agency and empowerment as one of foremost challenges of contemporary practice. If a special commission were to rewrite agenda for peace to incorporate lessons from last 20 years of experience, its authors would be well advised to localize peace - that is, to partner with local actors to tap indigenous resources and energize context- specific processes - as a central goal of 21st century efforts.FROM GALTUNG TO BOUTROS-GHALI AND BEYONDPeacebuilding is a subject and activity that predates work of United Nations' sixth secretary-general, but that was nonetheless substantially influenced by his contributions. In its early uses, term peacebuilding held currency almost exclusively among academic specialists in enterprise known as research. Though research tradition is seldom credited for its impact on Boutros Boutros-Ghali' s formulation, intellectual fingerprints of scholars are readily apparent. An early usage of term can be found in writings of Johan Gaining, who conceptualized it as one of three approaches to peace, alongside peacekeeping and peacemaking. Like Boutros-Ghali, Galtung contrasts with both peacekeeping and peacemaking. He describes peacekeeping as a dissociative path to peace: the antagonists are ktipt away from each other under mutual threats of considerable punishment if they transgress, particularly if they transgress into each other's territory.1 In contrast, Galtung designates peacemaking as the conflict resolution and as the associative approach.2 Critical of traditional approaches to keeping through threat and coercion, Galtung offers a qualified endorsement of conflict resolution approach - provided it is not merely an effort to paper over deep inequalities and divisions - and presents a case for as a process of change that seeks to redress global as well as intra-national structural violence by building nonexploitative structures and infrastructures of peace. …