Room-temperature Quantum Hall Effect Research Articles

Study of magnetoplasmons in graphene rings with two-dimensional finite element method

Graphene plasmons are important collective excitations in graphene, which play a key role in determining the optical properties of graphene. They have quite lots of unique features in comparison with classical plasmons in noble metals. Of them, the active tunability is the most attractive, which is realized by external gating (equivalently electric field). As is well known, graphene also has strong magnetic response (e.g. room temperature quantum Hall effect), so magnetic field can act as another degree of freedom for actively tuning graphene plasmons, with the new quasi particles being so-called graphene magneto-plasmons. Because of the two-dimensional nature of graphene, the numerical studies (or full wave simulations) of graphene magneto-plasmons are usually carried out through a three-dimensional approximation, e.g. treating two-dimensional graphene as a very thin three-dimensional film. Actually, this treatment takes quite some time and requires high memory consumption. Herein, starting from Coulomb law and charge conservation law, we propose an alternative numerical method, namely, two-dimensional finite element method, to solve this problem. All the calculations are now performed in two-dimensional graphene plane, and the usual three-dimensional approximation is not required. To characterize the excitations of graphene magneto-plasmons, the eigenvalue loss spectrum is introduced. Based on this method, graphene magneto-plasmons in graphene rings of four kinds are investigated. The strongest magneto-optic effect is observed in circular ring, which is consistent with its highest rotational symmetry. In all the rings, the lowest dipolar graphene magneto-plasmon always supports symmetric mode splitting, which can be further modified by the interaction between inner edge and outer edge of ring. As the hole size is very small, the edge current confined to the outer edge dominates, and that confined to the inner edge can be ignored; while increasing the hole size, the interaction between these two edges increases, which results in the reduction of the symmetric mode splitting; when the hole size is larger than a critical value, the symmetric mode splitting will disappear.

Quantum Hall effect in q-formalism based on Fermi gas model

To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, the quantum Hall effect (QHE) is considered in thermal non-equilibrium conditions (TNEC) via [Formula: see text]-algebra. The [Formula: see text]-algebra is a topological tool that provides a controlling [Formula: see text]-parameter to approximate theoretical results to the laboratory ones. We obtain the QHE spectrum and [Formula: see text]-deformed Hall potential (or Hall potential in TNEC) via the density probability current. Because of the Pauli Exclusion Principle, we model the QHE using relativistic Fermi electron gas and the [Formula: see text]-deformed Fermi–Dirac distribution. We find the dependence of deformed Hall potential to temperature and magnetic field for different geometric [Formula: see text]-regions. Further, we geometrically prove that the magnitude of the Hall potentials depends on the [Formula: see text]-regions (i.e. [Formula: see text]). We find that for some [Formula: see text]-amounts, the Landau energy gap on graphene-based materials can be explained in the room-temperature quantum Hall effect (RTQHE). Our method may be applied to analyze new electronic devices based on graphene in TNEQ.

Room temperature quantum Hall effect in q-formalism

Room temperature quantum Hall effect in q-formalism

The frontiers of functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites as chemical sensors

Abstract Graphene is a single-atom-thick sheet of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms that are packed in a hexagonal honeycomb crystalline structure. This promising structure has endowed graphene with advantages in electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties such as room-temperature quantum Hall effect, long-range ballistic transport with around 10 times higher electron mobility than in Si and thermal conductivity in the order of 5,000 W/mK, and high electron mobility at room temperature (250,000 cm2/V s). Another promising characteristic of graphene is large surface area (2,630 m2/g) which has emerged so far with its utilization as novel electronic devices especially for ultrasensitive chemical sensor and reinforcement for the structural component applications. The application of graphene is challenged by concerns of synthesis techniques, and the modifications involved to improve the usability of graphene have attracted extensive attention. Therefore, in this review, the research progress conducted in the previous decades with graphene and its derivatives for chemical detection and the novelty in performance enhancement of the chemical sensor towards the specific gases and their mechanism have been reviewed. The challenges faced by the current graphene-based sensors along with some of the probable solutions and their future improvements are also being included.

Pseudogap, Fermi arc, and Peierls-insulating phase induced by 3D–2D crossover in monolayer VSe2

One of important challenges in condensed-matter physics is to realize new quantum states of matter by manipulating the dimensionality of materials, as represented by the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in atomic-layer pnictides and room-temperature quantum Hall effect in graphene. Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) provide a fertile platform for exploring novel quantum phenomena accompanied by the dimensionality change, since they exhibit a variety of electronic/magnetic states owing to quantum confinement. Here we report an anomalous metal-insulator transition induced by three-dimensional (3D)–two-dimensional (2D) crossover in monolayer 1T-VSe2 grown on bilayer graphene. We observed a complete insulating state with a finite energy gap on the entire Fermi surface in monolayer 1T-VSe2 at low temperatures, in sharp contrast to metallic nature of bulk. More surprisingly, monolayer 1T-VSe2 exhibits a pseudogap with Fermi arc at temperatures above the charge-density-wave temperature, showing a close resemblance to high-temperature cuprates. This similarity suggests a common underlying physics between two apparently different systems, pointing to the importance of charge/spin fluctuations to create the novel electronic states, such as pseudogap and Fermi arc, in these materials.

Heteroepitaxial growth of wafer scale highly oriented graphene using inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition

The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of graphene on Cu has attracted much attention because of its industrial scalability. Herein, we report inductively coupled plasma-assisted CVD of epitaxially grown graphene on (111)-textured Cu film alloyed with a small amount of Ni, where large area high quality graphene film can be grown in less than 5 min at 800 °C, thus affording industrial scalability. The epitaxially grown graphene films on (111)-textured Cu contain grains which are predominantly aligned with the Cu lattice and about 10% of 30°-rotated grains (anti-grains). Such graphene films are exclusively monolayer and possess good electrical conductivity, high carrier mobility, and room temperature quantum Hall effect. Magnetoresistance measurements reveal that the reduction of the grain sizes from 150 nm to 50 nm produce increasing Anderson localization and the appearance of a transport gap. Owing to the presence of grain boundaries in these anti-grains, epitaxially grown graphene films possess n-type characteristics and exhibit ultra-high sensitivity to adsorbates.

Two-phonon scattering in graphene in the quantum Hall regime

One of the most distinctive features of graphene is its huge inter-Landau-level splitting in experimentally attainable magnetic fields which results in the room-temperature quantum Hall effect. In this paper we calculate the longitudinal conductivity induced by two-phonon scattering in graphene in a quantizing magnetic field at elevated temperatures. It is concluded that the purely phonon-induced scattering, negligible for conventional semiconductor heterostructures under quantum Hall conditions, becomes comparable to the disorder-induced contribution to the dissipative conductivity of graphene in the quantum Hall regime.

Graphene synthesis, characterization and its applications in nanophotonics, nanoelectronics, and nanosensing

In the last decade, as semiconductor industry was approaching the end of the exponential Moore’s roadmap for device downscaling, the necessity of finding new candidate materials has forced many research groups to explore many different types of non-conventional materials. Among them, graphene, CNTs and organic conductors are the most successful alternatives. Finding a material with metallic properties combined with field effect characteristics on nanoscale level has been always a dream to continue the ever-shrinking road of the nanoelectronics. Due to its fantastic features such as high mobility, optical transparency, room temperature quantum Hall effect, mechanical stiffness, etc. the atomically thin carbon layer, graphene, has attracted the industry’s attention not only in the micro-, nano-, and opto-electronics but also in biotechnology. This paper reviews the basics and previous works on graphene technology and its developments. Compatibility of this material with Si processing technology is its crucial characteristic for mass production. This study also reviews the physical and electrical properties of graphene as a building block for other carbon allotropes. Different growth methods and a wide range of graphene’s applications will be discussed and compared. A brief comparison on the performance result of different types of devices has also been presented. Until now, the main focus of research has been on the background physics and its application in electronic devices. But, according to the recent works on its applications in photonics and optoelectronics, where it benefits from the combination of its unique optical and electronic properties, even without a bandgap, this material enables ultrawide-band tunability. Here in this article we review different applications and graphene’s advantages and drawbacks will be mentioned to conclude at the end.

Room-temperature quantum Hall effect in graphene: the role of the two-dimensional nature of phonons

We consider two-dimensional nature of the electron-phonon coupling in graphene as a source for the room-temperature quantum Hall effect discovered in 2007. It is shown that magnetic field introduces strong cut-off for coupling with the two-dimensional acoustic phonons, viz. the processes with energy tranfer exceeding ℏslB−1 are exponentially suppressed, while for three-dimensional phonons the cut-off is set by a temperature T (here s is the sound velocity and lB ∝ B−1/2 is the magnetic length). Consequently, at sufficiently high temperatures and magnetic fields only a small part (~ ℏslB−1/T) of the electron states is involved in coupling with a given electron state in comparison with the case of three-dimensional phonons. Hence, the percolation threshold is postponed, and the quantum Hall effect survives up to T = 300 K.

A unified theory of quantum Hall effect and high temperature superconductivity

The quantum Hall effect (QHE) and high temperature superconductivity (HTSC) have remarkable common features. They occur only in two-dimensional (2D) solids. The critical temperature Tc of some HTSC exceeds 160K while the room temperature QHE is observed in graphene. The cause of both QHE and HTSC is the phonon exchange attraction. We develop a theoretical model for the QHE in terms of the composite bosons (fermions), each containing an electron and an odd (even) number of fluxons (magnetic flux quanta). The composite particles (boson, fermion) are bound by the phonon exchange attraction. If the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of the composite (c)- bosons occurs, then the system exhibits zero resistivity and the associated Hall conductivity plateau. The Hall conductivity is calculated rigorously without averaging. The mystery of the fractional charge carried by the c-bosons is resolved in our model.

ChemInform Abstract: Controlling the Shapes and Assemblages of Graphene

AbstractReview: 22 refs.

GRAPHENE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

The latest addition to the nanocarbon family, graphene, has been proclaimed to be the material of the century. Its peculiar band structure, extraordinary thermal and electronic conductance and room temperature quantum Hall effect have all been used for various applications in diverse fields ranging from catalysis to electronics. The difficulty to synthesize graphene in bulk quantities was a limiting factor of it being utilized in several fields. Advent of chemical processes and self-assembly approaches for the synthesis of graphene analogues have opened-up new avenues for graphene based materials. The high surface area and rich abundance of functional groups present make chemically synthesized graphene (generally known as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) or chemically converted graphene) an attracting candidate in biotechnology and environmental remediation. By functionalizing graphene with specific molecules, the properties of graphene can be tuned to suite applications such as sensing, drug delivery or cellular imaging. Graphene with its high surface area can act as a good adsorbent for pollutant removal. Graphene either alone or in combination with other materials can be used for the degradation or removal of a large variety of contaminants through several methods. In this review some of the relevant efforts undertaken to utilize graphene in biology, sensing and water purification are described. Most recent efforts have been given precedence over older works, although certain specific important examples of the past are also mentioned.

Controlling the shapes and assemblages of graphene

Carbon, a vital element in our daily lives, is still fascinating us at the nanoscale. In PNAS, Geng et al. (1) manage to synthesize ordered arrays of atom-thick hexagonal microplatelets consisting of sp2 hybridized carbon. Since the discovery of C60 (Buckminsterfullerene; an icosahedral carbon cage molecules with diameter of approximately 0.7 nm) (2), carbon nanoscience emerged, and it was witnessed that nanoscale carbon materials possessed different physicochemical properties compared with the well known bulk allotropes of carbon: graphite and diamond. During the past 20 y, other novel carbon materials have been synthesized and intensively studied: carbon nanotubes (3⇓–5) and graphene (6, 7). Graphene consists of an atom-thick sp2 hybridized carbon sheet, in which each carbon atom is bonded to three carbon atoms, thus forming a hexagonal framework with bond lengths of 1.42 A. This 2D hexagonal sheet has shown outstanding properties compared with other forms of carbon. Graphene exhibits a room-temperature quantum Hall effect (8), it is a semimetal, and it has an extremely high room temperature carrier mobility (at least two orders of magnitude greater than that of silicon) (9). Graphene could also exhibit extremely high thermal conductivity values ranging from (2.50 ± 0.44)×103 to (5.30 ± 0.48)×103 W/m⋅K (10, 11). From the mechanical standpoint, graphene is very robust and exhibits a Young modulus of approximately 1 TPa (12). It is noteworthy that the aforementioned properties of graphene systems strongly depend on, for example, the degree of crystallinity (e.g., domain size of crystalline domains and types/number of defects), edge morphology (atomically smooth edges or rough edges), and number of stacking layers (e.g., bilayer, trilayer). Individual graphene sheets were first isolated by using a repeated peeling “scotch-tape” method (6). However, alternative methods involving the thermal decomposition … [↵][1]1E-mail: mut11{at}psu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Free-standing graphene at atomic resolution

Research interest in graphene, a two-dimensional crystal consisting of a single atomic plane of carbon atoms, has been driven by its extraordinary properties, including charge carriers that mimic ultra-relativistic elementary particles. Moreover, graphene exhibits ballistic electron transport on the submicrometre scale, even at room temperature, which has allowed the demonstration of graphene-based field-effect transistors and the observation of a room-temperature quantum Hall effect. Here we confirm the presence of free-standing, single-layer graphene with directly interpretable atomic-resolution imaging combined with the spatially resolved study of both the pi --> pi* transition and the pi + sigma plasmon. We also present atomic-scale observations of the morphology of free-standing graphene and explore the role of microstructural peculiarities that affect the stability of the sheets. We also follow the evolution and interaction of point defects and suggest a mechanism by which they form ring defects.

Room-Temperature Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene

The quantum Hall effect (QHE), one example of a quantum phenomenon that occurs on a truly macroscopic scale, has attracted intense interest since its discovery in 1980 and has helped elucidate many important aspects of quantum physics. It has also led to the establishment of a new metrological standard, the resistance quantum. Disappointingly, however, the QHE has been observed only at liquid-helium temperatures. We show that in graphene, in a single atomic layer of carbon, the QHE can be measured reliably even at room temperature, which makes possible QHE resistance standards becoming available to a broader community, outside a few national institutions.