Room Temperature For 24h Research Articles

Evaluation of formaldehyde when complete feed and soybean meal were inoculated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and Seneca Valley virus 1.

Formaldehyde has been found to decrease virus concentrations in feed and ingredient matrices. Continued research is needed to identify the appropriate inclusion levels and application time for different viruses in these matrices. The objective was to evaluate different inclusion levels of formaldehyde when applied either pre- or postinoculation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Seneca Valley virus 1 (SVV1) to complete feed or soybean meal. The experiment was designed in a 2 × 2 factorial with a formaldehyde-based product (Termin-8, Anitox Corporation, Lawrenceville, GA) applied either before virus inoculation (preinoculation) or after inoculation (postinoculation) at either a 2 or 3kg/MT. On day 0, samples of the respective matrices were weighed in 50g aliquots and added to 500mL bottles. Formaldehyde was applied to the preinoculation samples at the respective inclusion levels and 50 µL of each virus were added to the postinoculation samples. All bottles were shaken and allowed to sit at room temperature for 24h. On day 1, virus was added to the preinoculation samples and formaldehyde was added to the postinoculation bottles. Half of the samples were immediately processed (0h) and the other half were incubated at room temperature for an additional 24h. Samples were processed and aliquots were analyzed via triplex PCR. An application time × inclusion level interaction was observed for PEDV at 0h and SVV1 and PEDV at 24h in complete feed, where less viral RNA (P < 0.05) was detected in the postinoculation samples at either inclusion level as compared to the positive controls. In soybean meal, the same interaction was observed in PEDV and PRRSV at 0h and SVV1 and PEDV at 24h with less detectable RNA observed (P < 0.05) in the postinoculation samples regardless of inclusion level than the preinoculation counterparts and the controls. Overall, an application time effect was noticed in each matrix where less RNA was detected in the postinoculation samples at 0h (P < 0.05) compared to the preinoculation samples and the control, and at 24h, both the pre- and postinoculation samples had less detectable RNA (P < 0.05) than the control. Overall, formaldehyde can reduce detectable RNA immediately in contaminated complete feed and soybean meal, with greater decreases observed as mitigant contact time increases.

Biodiesel Production from Seed Oil Obtained from Pongamia pinnata L.

At the present time biodiesel are the most promising source of energy as it is renewable and can accomplished the rising energy demand. Pongamia pinnata L. (commonly known as Karanj) is an evergreen tree of family Fabaceae sub family Papilioneaceae, has been recognized as a potential source of biodiesel prepared from the oil obtained from its seeds. In the present work, biodiesel fuel was prepared by alkaline-catalyzed esterification of high free fatty acids present in Karanj oil. The transestrification reaction was performed by varying practical parameters such as NaOH percentage (0.50%, 0.75%, 1%), methanol to oil ratio ( 3:1, 6:1, 9:1), and reaction temperature and time (40°C for 2h, 60°C for 2h, room temperature for 24h) at constant stirring at 150 rpm. Optimum alkaline-catalyzed transesterification was achieved using 1% NaOH as a solid alkaline catalyst with a methanol-to-oil ratio of 1:6, temperature at 600C. The yield of methyl esters from Karanja oil under the optimal condition was 92%. The biodiesel and oil contents were analysed using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analyser. Fuel properties of the biodiesel obtained by transesterification were tested and found to meet the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Material) specifications.

Bacterial development in semen stored at ambient temperature in INRA96®

Sperm motility and mitochondrial activity can be maintained at room temperature for 24h in INRA96®. However bacterial development remains possible. Furthermore, very few studies evaluated the sensitivity of bacteria to the antibiotics included in INRA96. In experiment 1, semen from 8 stallions (28 ejaculates) was diluted to 20 × 106 sperm/mL in INRA96. The total amount of bacteria, dead or alive, was evaluated using Easykit6® (IMV-Technologies) immediately after dilution, then after 24h and 48h. Bacterial concentration remained stable during 48h cooled storage in Neopor® box (Minitube): mean±sem 9.8±2 × 105, 8.5±2 × 105, 8.4±12 × 105 bacteria/mL at 0h, 24h, 48h, respectively. Bacterial concentration significantly increased after 48h at ambient temperature between 13 and 26°C: 9.7±2 × 105a, 10±2 × 105ab, 28±6 × 105b bacteria/mL at 0h, 24h, 48h, and was significantly higher at ambient temperature than in cooled samples both after 24h and 48h. However, when data were analysed individually, the significant increase occured only for 3 of the 8 stallions. In experiment 2, semen from 7 stallions with 3 ejaculates each was evaluated in duplicate after 0h, 24h and 48h at ambient temperature. Easykit6® showed a significant increase in bacterial concentration for 2 stallions. Conventional bacteriology demonstrated an increase in CFU concentration for 3 stallions including the 2 mentioned above, and a decrease for another stallion. For example, stallion S showed 8±8a, 592±298ab, 8567±4493bCFU/mL at 0h, 24h, 48h, respectively, whereas stallion L showed 1259±504b, 92±53a,117±72aCFU/mL. Sixteen bacterialspecies (38 strains) and one yeast were identified. All the strains of Enterococcus fecalis, Listeria grayi, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, and some strains of Aerococcus viridans, Aeromonas salmonicida, Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas sepacia, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus xylosus, were resistant to both antibiotics of INRA96: 0.028g/L penicillinG and 0.077g/L gentamicin. Ten of the 20 strains identified at 0h and resistant to those antibiotics were not observed anymore at 24h. Eighteen of the 20 strains identified at 48h were resistant to those antibiotics. Eight of them have not been detected at 0h. Candida famata and the 17 bacterial strains identified at 0h and sensitive to those antibiotics were not observed anymore at 24h.The antibiotics and amphotericin B present in INRA96 seem enough to prevent microbial development at ambient temperature, provided that micro-organisms are sensitive to those molecules. Competition occurs between strains: those sensitive to the antibiotics of the extender cannot develop during storage, whereas others, even under the level of detection in raw semen, grow during storage because they are resistant. Bacterial concentration was not significantly correlated with sperm quality (motility, morphological abnormalities). Such bacterial level may not affect spermatozoa. Whether it could induce endometritis in inseminated mares needs investigation. Financial support: IFCE scientific council (Spermicrobes).

Effect Of Different Temperature Regimes And Chemicals On Seed Germination Behaviour Of Hippophae Salicifolia D. Don

Hippophae spp. (commonly known as Seabuckthorn) is a hardy deciduous shrub of family Elaeagnaceae, native to the temperate regions of Europe and Asia. Hippophae is considered to include seven species and eight subspecies, one of which is Hippophae salicifolia D. Don is also found in Indian Himalayan region. It is important for medicinal use in traditional to modern system of medicines e.g.- cough, bronchitis and expectorant. The present investigation was carried out to improve seed germination. We applied different chemicals including GA3 (5mM, 10mM, 15mM, 20mM), KNO3 and thiourea (50 mM, 75 mM, 100 mM, 125 mM) at room temperature for 24h. Treated seeds placed in Petri plates containing moistened Whatman filter paper. Petri plates were kept at different temperature regimes (room, 20°C, 25°C and 30°C) in incubator and moistened as per need with distilled water. A set of seeds without pre-sowing treatments were considered as control. The experiment was carried out in Factorial Control Randomized Design with three replications. Various germination parameters were observed and results indicated that among different treatments combinations; T4U4, (temperature 30°C × thiourea @ 100 mM) was found effective in all seed germination parameters but negative effect of this temperature were seen on survival of seedlings therefore treatment combination T3U4, (temperature 25°C × thiourea @ 100 mM) was found more suitable for early germination (8 days), mean daily germination (0.85 percent seeds/day) and germination percent (94.67).

Comparative evaluation of the postbleaching application of sodium ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol, and quercetin on shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the impacts of the postbleaching application of sodium ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol, and quercetin on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin. 60 extracted intact maxillary first premolars were collected and were randomly divided into five experimental groups as follows (n=12): Group A (negative control): no bleaching, Group B (positive control): bleaching with 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP), Group C: HP±10% sodium ascorbate for 10min, Group D: HP±10% alpha-tocopherol for 10min, and Group E: HP±1% quercetin for 10min. Composite bonding was done immediately after bleaching for Groups B-E and without any treatment for Group A. After being stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24h, all specimens were tested for SBS in the universal testing machine. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test were used to analyze the SBS values of all groups. The results showed that the bonding of composite to the unbleached group exhibited the highest mean value of SBS (22.68±2.91MPa). Among the antioxidant-treated groups, the highest SBS value was detected in quercetin-treated specimens (15.45±1.58MPa), which was significantly different from the positive control group (p<.05). It could be concluded that 10% quercetin applied for 10min increased the bond strength to bleached enamel, but it was not able to reverse it completely.

Furanonyl amino acid derivatives as hemostatic drugs: design, synthesis and hemostasis performance.

Using 3,4-dihalo-2(5H)-furanones and easily available hemostatic drugs, such as tranexamic acid (TA), 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid (ABA), aminocaproic acid (AA) as starting materials, serial multi-functional molecules 2(5H)-furanonyl amino acids are designed by the combination of different pharmacophores, and successfully synthesized by a transition metal-free Michael addition-elimination reaction. The reaction is carried out under mild conditions with ethanol-dichloromethane as solvent and only stirring at room temperature for 24h, and the yield can be up to 91%. All products are well characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution mass spectra (HRMS). Ten typical target compounds among them are selected out for the experiments of hemostasis performance by the evaluation of in vitro clot formation model and liver hemorrhage model. The test results show that, their hemostasis effect is better than the original drugs. Especially the target compound G, a TA derivative from 5-borneoloxy-3,4-dibromo-2(5H)-furanone, has the best hemostasis effect among all the tested compounds. These obtained target molecules are expected to be used as multi-functional hemostatic drugs.

Sea sand seawater geopolymer concrete

Geopolymers are cementitious materials known for their environmental benefits and comparable characteristics to conventional Portland cement. This paper investigates the mechanical properties of eight geopolymer mixes with varying mix designs. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of how unwashed sea sand and seawater influence the mechanical properties of the geopolymer mixes, as well as the impact of different binders, activators and curing conditions. Fly ash, slag and metakaolin are investigated as binders, while pentahydrate sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3·5H2O), anhydrous sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide solution are employed as alkaline activators. The geopolymer specimens were cured at room temperature for 24h, contrasting curing conditions between an atmospheric environment and submerged in seawater. The materials properties were characterized via compressive strength, density, cone penetration, sorptivity and nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation measurements. Compressive strength was measured after 3-, 28- and 56-days. The ultimate compressive strength of 54.28 MPa was obtained by incorporating fly ash, slag and normal silica sand, and sodium hydroxide solution submerged in seawater. Our results showed that the fly ash based geopolymer mixes activated by sodium hydroxide may be optimized to achieve high compressive strength. The use of unwashed sea sand affected geopolymer workability but had little influence on compressive strength.

Study of Precast Concrete under Different Curing Conditions

The strength and durability of precast concrete under different curing conditions were studied from the actual production of precast reinforced concrete member. The results showed that the early strength of concrete at room temperature for 24h, standard steaming for 12h and constant temperature steaming for 12h could all meet the concrete form removal requirements, but the concrete strength by constant temperature steaming for 7d, 28h was lower than room temperature curing and standard steaming. The durability of concrete in steam curing was lower than that in room temperature.

Evaluating nitrite content changes in some Chinese home cooking with a newely-developed CDs diazotization spectrophotometry.

The research developed a diazo-coupling carbon-dots (CDs) method for determining nitrite and optimized variables of sodium sulfanilate, CDs synthesis, characteristic wavelength, reaction time and temperature. The method can assay 0.025-2.0mg/L NO2- and has a detection limit of 9.6μg/L and 95-105% recovery. Subsequently, it was applied in detecting NO2- changes in some Chinese home cooking, the gotten results indicated that if the sautéed vegetables (cabbage, Chinese cabbage, spinach and lettuce) and stir-fry pork, fried peas and pickled vegetable are stored at 4°C for 72h, nitrite contents are far lower than the recommended value, but if stored at room temperature for 24h, the content in pure vegetables and shredded pork with green pepper will exceed the recommended value. Therefore, the staying fresher for the sautéed vegetables at room temperature is 24h, if stored in a refrigerator at 4°C, their staying fresher can be extended to 72h.

A new approach to extend the storage of donor corneas after 28days of corneal culture in an Italian eye bank.

This study aimed to evaluate the possibility to extend the storage of unused organ-cultured donor corneas. After 28 days of corneal culture in TISSUE-C (AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L., Italy) and 5-day storage in transport/deswelling medium CARRY-C (AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L., Italy), 25 corneas that were deemed suitable for transplantation were transferred in fresh TISSUE-C at 31°C for additional 7days and then in fresh CARRY-C at room temperature for 24h. Tissues were assessed for endothelial cell density (ECD), endothelial mortality and morphology after the standard and the extended corneal storage. In addition, the effect of donor age < 85years and ≥ 85years on corneal characteristics was assessed. After the extended storage, 6 out of 25 tested corneas (24%) showed ECD values below the acceptance limit (< 2000cells/mm2). 19 corneas (76%) were still suitable for transplantation and showed a 5.9% loss in ECD, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.0949) compared to standard storage period. The two donor age groups did not show statistically significant differences in any tested parameter, although a trend for lower ECD and higher mortality in Descemet's folds after standard storage was observed in the ≥ 85 age donor group. Thus, the attempt of the current study to provide new sight-restorative options for unused tissues and increasing the availability of corneas in case of shortage gave encouraging results. Although a higher vulnerability of corneas from very old donors could not be statistically demonstrated in the present study, higher sample size could be required for prolonging the shelf life of these tissues.

Effect of Pre-analytical Conditions on Prothrombin Time and Partial Activated Thromboplastin Time

Clinical analysis often involves clotting assays. Although the guidelines suggest the storing and freezing of samples before these assays, there are contradictory results in the literature. The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of the temperature and the storage of plasma sample on Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) in clinical samples for 65 patients without coagulation disorders. After centrifugation, plasma of each patient was tested at arrival as part of their routine care and separately aliquoted. Three aliquots were stored at room temperature, 4°C and - 20°C for 24h after collection, two aliquots were stored at 4°C and -20°C for 1 week and one aliquot was stored at -70°C for 1 month. PT from healthy patients was affected at room temperature for 24h and at 4°C for 1 week. For aPTT, the results were statistically different for all the conditions after 24h and at 4°C for 1 week. Results indicate that PT and aPTT can be stored at -70ºC for at least 1 month without any significant changes in the assay result.

In-Use Stability of the Rituximab Biosimilar CT-P10 (Truxima®) Following Preparation for Intravenous Infusion and Storage.

CT-P10 is the first biosimilar of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab. CT-P10 is currently available in over 51 countries worldwide, where it is approved in the same indications as its reference product rituximab. In-use stability studies are conducted for biologics to determine how conditions (e.g., temperature, light, humidity, length of time stored) affect drug quality following dilution and storage in infusion bags. We evaluated the in-use stability of CT-P10 for intravenous infusion stored diluted in infusion bags over longer periods than currently recommended by manufacturer guidelines. CT-P10, within the final month of its 36-month shelf life, was diluted to 1.0 or 4.0mg/mL and stored at 2-8°C in polyethylene or polyvinylchloride infusion bags for 2, 4, and 6 weeks. CT-P10 infusion bags were incubated at room temperature for 24h before analysis. Analyses included detection of sub-visible particles, formation of impurities and determination of charge variants, and heavy- and light-chain content. Cell-based CD20 binding affinity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity were also assessed. Diluted CT-P10 solutions remained clear, colorless, and free of visible particles irrespective of type of infusion bag, target concentration, or timepoint. Protein concentrations, sub-visible particles, pH, osmolality, and molecular weight and charge variants were stable across all timepoints and variables. The binding affinity and potency of CT-P10 remained unchanged, indicating that the efficacy of the antibody was maintained following in-use preparation. We demonstrated that CT-P10 was stable after refrigerated storage for up to 6 weeks followed by incubation at room temperature.

Microleakage evaluation of novel nano-hydroxyapatite-silica glass ionomer cement

Aims and Objectives: To analyze the microleakage of nano-hydroxyapatite-silica glass ionomer cement (nano-HA-SiO2-GIC) and compare it with conventional glass ionomer cement (cGIC). Materials and Methods: Twenty caries-free human premolar teeth were used. A standardized box-shaped class V cavity was prepared on the buccal surfaces at the cemento-enamel junction, with the occlusal margin (OM) set on enamel and gingival margin (GM) was placed on the cementum. Teeth were randomly assigned to two experimental groups of 10 teeth each and restored as follows: group 1, cGIC (Fuji IX) and group 2, nano-HA-SiO2 GIC. After 24h of immersion in distilled water, the teeth were thermocycled (500 cycles and 5°C–55°C). Following that, the teeth were placed in 2% methylene blue solution and stored at room temperature for 24h. The microleakage along the tooth-restoration interface was recorded. Independent sample t-test (two-tailed) was used to analyze the data. Results with P < 0.5 were considered statistically significant. Results: Microleakage in general was greater at GMs as compared to OMs for both the materials. Nano-HA-SiO2-GIC exhibited lower microleakage at occlusal level (0.2 ± 0.42) as compared to cGIC (0.5 ± 0.71), whereas, at GM nano-HA-SiO2-GIC displayed significantly less microleakage (2.7 ± 0.67) compared to cGIC (3 ± 0.00). Conclusion: Nano-HA-SiO2 glass ionomers showed less microleakage both at OMs and GMs compared to that at cGIC (Fuji IX).

Cytotoxicity and histopathological analysis of titanium nanoparticles via Artemia salina.

The consumption trend of nanoparticles by industry in this moment pays attention to titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs), due to their various applications: personal care products, household products, food industry, electronic devices, and healthcare products. Rising consumption of TiNPs without specific regulatory criteria for control safety releasing quantification leads to concern on the topic of environmental contamination and injurious effect. Therefore, this study investigates TiNP toxicities on aquatic animals representing hazardous effects to natural water resource, by determining 24-h LC50 of TiNPs with histopathology investigation. We select brine shrimp (Artemia salina) as a model. Ten adults A. salina were incubated at room temperature for 24h with various concentrations of TiNPs in triplicate. The mortality number of A. salina was recorded and LC50 value was calculated. The LC50 result is 1693.43mg/L. Next, A. salina histopathology investigation was done by selecting the living ones after incubation for 24h with 25% LC50 of TiNPs. We performed tissue processing, embedding, sectioning, and H&E staining, and observed under light microscope. Histopathology reveals TiNP occlusion throughout the intestinal tract. Epithelial cells show abnormal morphology such as hyperplasia, villus deformation, disorganized arrangement, severe edema, and necrosis area. Consequently, the current study shows the severity of TiNP effects on aquatic microcrustaceans and their negative impact on the ecosystem. Furthermore, this information will aid the elucidation of TiNP toxicity effect and the risk of ecosystem disruptions.

Sustainable development of selective iron carbide, silicon carbide and ferrosilicon (low temperature) phases during iron ore reduction using only polymers

Production of selective iron phases of iron carbide (nanoscale<2nm), silicon carbide or ferrosilicon using polymer resins and hematite is presented. Commercial epoxy resin, epiglue and silicones are used. Nonrenewable resources such as coke or high pure quartz are not used. A solid-liquid reaction provides for better intimate contact and reaction efficiency. Viscous epoxy and silicone resins can completely wet the reactants forming interfacial covalent bond between the metal oxide and the desired elements in the resins when cured at room temperature for 24h, while facilitating migration of desired elements into iron matrix during reduction of hematite. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and off gas studies confirmed the formation of iron alloy phases. The study opens pathway for feedstock recycling of silicones maximizing resource recovery reducing the landfill/depolymerization of silicones. The valuable resources such as silicon, carbon and hydrogen in waste silicones, can replace metallurgical coke and quartzite as alloying elements in FeSi or SiC. Recyclable bioepoxy resin /bio renewable/recycled epoxy resin, which will otherwise be landfilled or incinerated, make this process sustainable, cleaner and cost-effective. FeSi formation at much lower temperature (~1500°C) as opposed to very high temperatures (>1800°C) spells energy savings and emission reductions. A potential replacement of nonrenewable coke by the composites of the resins and iron oxide as spacer provides for added benefit. The SiC, Fe3C and ferrosilicon find application in the economical production of high pure hydrogen and photovoltaic industry.

Low temperature synthesis of titanium oxide sol and gel with Nb doping using dialysis process of metal chloride solution

Sol of layered titanate particles was obtained by stirring mixed solution of ethylene glycol and TiCl3 aq. at room temperature for 24h and gel was obtained by dialysis of the obtained sol. According to XRD measurement, the obtained gel consisted of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles.Synthesis of Nb-doped anatase TiO2 gel was also examined. Stirring the mixture of ethylene glycol, TiCl3 aq., and ethanol solution of NbCl5 also formed the layered titanate sol and Nb-doped anatase TiO2 gel was obtained by dialysis of the sol. Furthermore, heat treatment of the obtained gel was carried out by soaking it in H2O at 368K for 24h. This procedure greatly improved degree of crystallization of the anatase gel. In order to examine the effect of Nb doping on electrical property of the obtained anatase TiO2 gel, UV-VIS-NIR reflectance spectra of the obtained Nb-doped TiO2 particles were measured. When the doped amount of Nb ions increased, the decrease of reflectance of the powders occurred in NIR wavelength range. This result indicated that conduction electron density occurred by Nb doping. Accordingly, dialysis process of the sol obtained by stirring metal chloride solution in air at room temperature enabled to obtain Nb-doped anatase TiO2 gel.

Functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles by 3-mercaptopropionic acid for aqueous curcumin delivery: Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer assessment

Inherent biocompatibility and stability of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and their biomedical potentials make them an emerging candidate for drug delivery. The aim of this study was to develop and assess a simple procedure for surface functionalization of ZnO-NPs by 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) for water-soluble curcumin delivery. Carboxyl-terminated ZnO nanoparticles were successfully made using ZnCl2 and NaOH in the presence of MPA. The functional groups were activated by 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and the curcumin bonding was carried out at room temperature for 24h. The core-shell nanocomposite had a significant better solubility versus free curcumin, as characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis spectrophotometry, DLS, and TEM, p<0.005. In addition, MTT cytotoxicity assessment on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells revealed a drop of IC50 values from 5μg/mL to 3.3μg/mL for free curcumin and ZnO-MPA-curcumin complex, respectively. This result showed an augmented cancer-inhibitory effect of nanoconjugate complex. In conclusion, the presented improved solubility and elevated functionality of novel ZnO-MPA-curcumin nanoformula is promising, and could be considered for new therapeutic endeavors.

Stable Co-crystals of Glipizide with Enhanced Dissolution Profiles: Preparation and Characterization.

Present study deciphers preparation of co-crystals of lipophilic glipizide by using four different acids, oxalic, malonic, stearic, and benzoic acids, in order to achieve enhanced solubility and dissolution along with stability. All co-crystals were prepared by dissolving drug and individual acids in the ratio of 1:0.5 in acetonitrile at 60-70°C for 15min, followed by cooling at room temperature for 24h. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed no molecular interaction between acids and drug as the internal structure and their geometric configurations remain unchanged. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed closer melting points of raw glipizide and its co-crystals, which speculates absence of difference in crystallinity as well as intermolecular bonding of the co-crystals and drug. PXRD further revealed that all the co-crystals were having similar crystallinity as that of raw glipizide except glipizide-malonic acid co-crystals. This minor difference in the relative intensities of some of the diffraction peaks could be attributed to the crystal habit or crystal size modification. SEM revealed difference in the crystal morphology for all the co-crystals. Micromeritic, solubility, dissolution, and stability data revealed that among all the prepared co-crystals, glipizide-stearic acid co-crystals were found superior. Hence, it was concluded that glipizide-stearic acid co-crystals could offer an improved drug design strategy to overcome dissolution and bioavailability related challenges associated with lipophilic glipizide.

Multi-response behavior of aminosulfonaphthole system

Here, we report regioselectively functionalized synthesis, as well as photo physical, electrochemical, and thermal, of a novel water-soluble conjugated polymer. For this purpose, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed polymerization of a multifunctional monomer, 7-amino-4-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid (AHNAPSA) was carried out by using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant at room temperature for 24h under air. The structure of poly(7-amino-4-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid), (PAHNAPSA) was identified by using nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and ultraviolet-visible. Further characterization was performed by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cyclic voltammetry (CV), photoluminescence (PL), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and solid state conductivity measurements. The spectral analysis results exhibited functional group selective polymerization of the monomer containing a multi-active center. Solvent effects on the optical, electrochemical and photo physical properties of PAHNAPSA were investigated by using five different solvents. PAHNAPSA presented an irreversible redox characterization at different scan rates. Optical band gap of PAHNAPSA is also found in the range of 3.18 eV to 3.55 eV. The fluorescence measurements were utilized to investigate the photochemical behaviors of PAHNAPSA in selected polar solvents. Accordingly, PAHNAPSA surprisingly presented multicolor emission behavior with relatively high quantum yield in all selected solvents. In addition, PAHNAPSA presented a reversible pH-responsive behavior and also had high selectivity and sensitivity towards chromium ions. Finally, the kinetic parameters associated with the solid state thermal degradation of PAHNAPSA were calculated from isoconversional methods. The TG/DTG analysis showed that PAHNAPSA followed a diffusion controlled degradation mechanism in N2.

Bioconversion of alkali delignified cotton stalk using two-stage dilute acid hydrolysis and fermentation of detoxified hydrolysate into ethanol

Green biotechnology offers a promising approach to convert most of the solid agricultural wastes particularly lignocellulosic biomass into liquid biofuels. In this study, pretreatment of cotton stalk with sodium hydroxide (3% w/v; room temperature for 24h) removed lignin (52.48±1.17%) with minimum sugar loss (3.50±0.09%). Subsequent two-stage dilute acid hydrolysis of alkali delignified cotton stalk released 29.40±0.85g/L sugars with 63.50±1.06% holocellulose hydrolysis along with furfurals (1.32±0.10g/L) and phenolics (2.18±0.15g/L) in the hydrolysate. Detoxification of hydrolysate with overliming and adsorption with activated charcoal caused 59.12% and 78.44% reduction in total furfurals and phenolics, respectively. Batch fermentation of detoxified acid hydrolysate with monoculture and cocultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae VS3 and Pichia stipitis NCIM3498 showed ethanol production of 6.28±0.08g/L, (yield, 0.39g/g); 10.14±0.19g/L (yield, 0.45g/g) and 11.64±0.32g/L (yield, 0.47g/g), respectively.