Shingle Roof Research Articles

Building Energy Efficiency Enhancement through Thermochromic Powder-Based Temperature-Adaptive Radiative Cooling Roofs

This paper proposes a temperature-adaptive radiative cooling (TARC) coating with simple preparation, cost effectiveness, and large-scale application based on a thermochromic powder. To determine the energy efficiency of the proposed TARC coating, the heat transfer on the surface of the TARC coating was analyzed. Then, a typical two-story residential building with a roof area of 258.43 m2 was modeled using EnergyPlus. Finally, the energy-saving potential and carbon emission reduction resulting from the application of the proposed TARC roof in buildings under different climates in China were discussed. The results showed that the average solar reflectivity under visible light wavelengths (0.38–0.78 μm) decreases from 0.71 to 0.37 when the TARC coating changes from cooling mode to heating mode. Furthermore, energy consumption can be reduced by approximately 17.8–43.0 MJ/m2 and 2.0–32.6 MJ/m2 for buildings with TARC roofs compared to those with asphalt shingle roofs and passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) roofs, respectively. This also leads to reductions in carbon emissions of 9.4–38.0 kgCO2/m2 and 1.0–28.9 kgCO2/m2 for the buildings located in the selected cities. To enhance building energy efficiency, TARC roofs and PDRC roofs are more suitable for use on buildings located in zones with high heating demands and high cooling demands, respectively.

Water Quality and the First-Flush Effect in Roof-Based Rainwater Harvesting, Part II: First Flush

Rainwater runoff samples from a range of roofing materials were temporally collected from 19 small-scale roof structures and two commercial buildings through simulated and actual storm events, and the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFLs), and pyrethroid insecticides and other water quality parameters were analyzed. In Part I of this research, the concentrations of these contaminants in roof runoff and soils receiving runoff from a range of roofing materials were evaluated. In Part II, recommendations have been developed for a first-flush exclusion to improve the quality of water harvesting for nonpotable uses. Recommendations focus on a first-flush diversion based on mass removals of total suspended solids (TSS) and PAHs linked to conductivity measurements throughout a storm event. Additionally, an upper-confidence limit (UCL) was constructed to determine the minimum diversion required to obtain 50, 75, 90, and 95% mass removal of TSS and PAH contaminants. The majority of TSS were produced during the initial 1.2 mm of runoff. Likewise, the majority of PAHs were removed during the initial 1.2 mm of runoff, except for the asphalt shingle roofs, where high PAHs were observed after 6 mm of runoff. The Texas Water Development Board (TWDB)-recommended first-flush diversion of one gallon for every 100 square feet of rooftop was not always adequate for removing 50% of TSS and PAHs from the roofs. Rainwater runoff conductivity decreased drastically between 1.2 to 2.4 mm of rainwater runoff. Diverting the first flush based on conductivity has the potential to also divert the majority of TSS and PAHs in roof runoff.

Attorno all’altare. La chiesetta alpina di Ettore Sottsass senior sul Monte Bondone

Ettore Sottsass Sr., an architect from Trentino who survived the First World War, left an enduring mark on the mountainous landscape of Monte Bondone. In the aftermath of the war, he undertook various architectural projects, including an alpine chapel in Vanéze in 1929. Funded by a spontaneous committee, the church stands as a testament to the communal sharing and gratitude among those who endured the war, and enjoyed a unique freedom in its construction as it was not commissioned by any diocese or parish. The octagonal structure, characterised by shingle roofing and pristine white walls, pays homage to Christian traditions while providing a serene haven amidst the mountains. The chapel’s interior design, including the arrangement of the altar and other spaces, demonstrates the architect’s modern vision that surprisingly anticipates the liturgical reforms of the Second Vatican Council. Surrounded by breathtaking mountain vistas, the construction remains a symbol of consecration and contemplation, even though the planned bell tower conceived by Sottsass in 1952 as a final act of re-consecration for the beloved mountain was never realized. The story of Sottsass and his chapel reflects the delicacy of “architectures drawn slowly, with attention and wisdom” which are necessary to avoid bringing harm to the mountains.

Field Method for Characterization of Deciduous Wooden Shingles

In the Nordic countries, a major part of the built heritage is constructed of wood and on churches it is still common for the roofing to consist of shingles. In the 20th century, there was a paradigm shift when the heritage authorities made new standards where, for example, the variety of species used throughout history was replaced by pine with sapwood. Today, it is evident that the broken traditions have resulted in roofings with shorter life spans (Göllas & Lindblad, 2021). Further, changes in forestry during the last century made old mature pines, appropriate for shingles, a scarcity. Until last year, it was common that wood for shingles was imported from Russia and northern Finland, which is questionable from more than one perspective. In a project by the Craft Laboratory, the aim is to reclaim traditional know-how through craft research. Old built-in shingle roofs are examined, old forestry and building literature is inventoried and tradition bearers are interviewed. Several of these sources put forward oak and aspen as species well suited for long-lasting shingle roofing. The focus of the exhibition is the development of a field method in which we present features to define wood species on the weathered surfaces of shingles using sight and touch characterization. A built-in roof with both aspen and oak shingles in Tönnersjö church in Halland will serve as an example.

Evaluation of energy efficient building envelope alternatives for sustainable cities

This study is aimed to create an exemplary project to present the contribution of the new buildings to energy savings when the residential buildings are transformed into green buildings. To create a sustainable built environment in residences, this study emphasizes that low-energy building strategies be combined with efficient and high-performance natural-sourced materials. Our findings show that using a natural-sourced material as the building envelope material has an impact on the use of primary energy and energy costs of the alternatives studied. In this study; In the case of replacing the building external wall components of an existing construction designed with internal insulation in the climatic conditions of Ankara, the change in energy performance has been investigated. The analysis was done with the help of BIM-based Revit Program and “Green buildings studio” where energy simulations were created. In the study, 54 different wall combinations were created by modeling combinations of different construction (porous, gas concrete, and pumice bricks), insulation (glass wool, rock wool, sheep wool, PUR, XPS, and EPS) and, roof (tile, asphalt shingle, and green roof) materials. When the outputs obtained from the analyzes were evaluated, the lowest energy consumption values were observed in the combination of pumice brick wall, green roof, and polyurethane insulation materials. In this scenario, the annual fuel consumption per square meter is determined as 30000.6 MJ/m2. On the other hand, the highest energy consumption values were observed in the combination of porous brick wall, tile roof and sheep wool insulation materials. In this scenario, the annual energy consumption per square meter is determined as 30026.6 MJ/m2. Although there are not high numerical differences between the findings, it has been observed that the results give consistent results with the thermal conductivity coefficients of the materials used in the combinations.

Automated Classification of the Phases Relevant to Work-Related Musculoskeletal Injury Risks in Residential Roof Shingle Installation Operations Using Machine Learning

Awkward kneeling in sloped shingle installation operations exposes roofers to knee musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) risks. To address the varying levels of risk associated with different phases of shingle installation, this research investigated utilizing machine learning to automatically classify seven distinct phases in a typical shingle installation task. The classification process relied on analyzing knee kinematics data and roof slope information. Nine participants were recruited and performed simulated shingle installation tasks while kneeling on a sloped wooden platform. The knee kinematics data were collected using an optical motion capture system. Three supervised machine learning classification methods (i.e., k-nearest neighbors (KNNs), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF)) were selected for evaluation. The KNN classifier provided the best performance for overall accuracy. The results substantiated the feasibility of applying machine learning in classifying shingle installation phases from workers’ knee joint rotation and roof slope angles, which may help facilitate method and tool development for automated knee MSD risk surveillance and assessment among roofers.

Releases of micropollutants from building surface materials into rainwater and snowmelt induced runoff

Building surface materials, exposed to wash-off by rainwater or snowmelt, are recognised as one of the significant urban diffuse pollution sources contributing to the impairment of stormwater quality. The pollution conveyed by roof runoff originates from two potential sources, migration of surface material constituents, or wash-off of pollutants deposited on the surface by atmospheric deposition. This study investigated the releases of metals and several groups of contaminants of emerging concern: alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, and phthalates, from commercially available materials, which are commonly used on buildings and structure surfaces in the urban environment. The materials tested included the following: metal sheets of stainless steel, copper, zinc, galvanised steel, corten steel, corrugated and coated steel, coated zinc; and bitumen-based roofing felt and shingles, as well as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) from two manufacturers. The stainless steel was considered a control material serving to estimate pollutant contributions deposited on the pilot panels from the surrounding environment. Moreover, this study presents novel data on roof snowmelt induced runoff quality, not reported in the previous literature. The experimental setup consisted of 2-m2 rectangular panels mounted in triplicates of each material and placed in an open-air setting on the campus of Luleå University of Technology, Sweden. Runoff leaving the gently sloping material panels was collected during 11 rain and three snowmelt driven runoff events occurring over a five-year period. The results showed that, in general, the micropollutant concentrations and loads were lower in snowmelt than rain induced runoff, and no decreasing trend was detected in the releases of phthalates or metals during the study period. Moreover, on a yearly basis, copper sheets were estimated to release 0.6 g/m2 Cu to runoff, zinc and galvanised sheets 1.3 and 0.7 g/m2 Zn, respectively, and, PVC sheets were estimated to release up to 78 mg/m2 of diisononyl phthalate (DINP).

Moisture performance of various wooden shingles designs tested on the Golobar cable yarding

ABSTRACT Wood is a traditional roofing material in Europe and other parts of the world. In the seventeenth century, wooden roofing was generally used on more important buildings, but today it is mainly used on huts and houses in the Alpine regions. As wooden roofing is expensive, we investigated the possibility of extending the service life of the roofing through material selection and details. The roof of the Golobar cable yarding was covered with shingles made of spruce (Picea abies) and larch (Larix decidua). Part of the spruce roofing was thermally modified and/or treated with a water-wax emulsion. On the underside, we cut grooves in selected roof shingles to increase the specific surface of the wood and to accelerate drying after rainfall. In addition, wood moisture monitoring sensors were installed on the roof shingles. Based on three years of the wood moisture content measurements, it can be concluded that among shingles made of untreated spruce wood, the highest moisture content was recorded for shingles with a rectangular cross-section without additional grooves. The additional grooves positively affected the moisture performance of wood. Treating the wood with Silvacera wax had an even more pronounced effect on the moisture content of the shingles than the grooves.

Capturing Small-Scale Surface Temperature Variation across Diverse Urban Land Uses with a Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Urbanization increases the urban land surface temperature (LST), challenging society and the environment. This study measured the LST of diverse land uses (LU) in Dallas–Fort Worth (DFW) using a high-resolution (8 cm) thermal infrared sensor onboard a small, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). LUs included park (PA), industrial (IA), residential low-cost (RLC), and residential high-cost (RHC) areas. LST was collected by the UAV at different times on eight nonconsecutive days. UAV-collected LST was compared with that from Landsat 8-9 and in situ measurements. RHC reported the highest mean LST, and PA showed the lowest mean LST. Dark-colored asphalt shingle roofs in RHC had the highest mean LST range at 35.67 °C. Lower LST was measured in shaded areas and under thick green cover, whereas areas with thin green cover occasionally reported higher LST than pavements. The micro-urban heat island (MUHI) was calculated between LUs and within land cover types (roof, pavement, green, and water). The MUHI varied from 4.83 °C to 15.85 °C between LUs and 0.2 °C to 23.5 °C within LUs for the less than 1 km2 study area. While the UAV thermal sensor and Landsat demonstrated a similar trend of LST variation, the UAV sensor reported more intense MUHI. An average percent bias (PBIAS) of 5.1% was calculated between the UAV sensor and in situ measurements. This study helps inform the urban design process by demonstrating how land use decisions impact LST locally and provides valuable insight for studies concerned with fine-scale urban LST variability.

Experiment and multiscale molecular simulations on the Cu absorption by biochar-modified asphalt: An insight into removal capability and mechanism of heavy metals from stormwater runoff

Asphalt has been the primary material for pavements and other building components such as roof shingles and waterproofing systems, which can be the path for stormwater runoff pollutants such as heavy metals (HMs). In this study, the capability and mechanism of asphalt and biochar-modified asphalt (BMA) to remove Cu as the typical HM found in the road dust and surface runoff were fundamentally explored for the first time. Experiment and multiscale molecular simulations were performed. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed the Cu absorption into the asphalts. Monte Carlo (MC) and density functional theory (DFT) revealed the detailed mechanism of Cu absorption. Biochar (BC) presence modified the spatial distribution of maltene and asphaltene fractions in asphalt and enhanced the absorption. Maltenes were absorbed into the porous structure of BC, leaving more asphaltenes in the asphalt part of BMA. Asphaltenes were the Cu adsorbing preference sites ascribed to the cation-π interaction between Cu and the aromatic plane. The DFT simulations also suggested favourable adsorption of other commonly found metals (e.g., Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, and Zn) onto asphaltenes. The present study found the capability and mechanism of BMA and asphalt to remove HMs at the molecular scales, providing a path for designing asphalts with value-added functionality in minimizing environmental pollution.

The meanings, changes, and challenges of the Grandmother’s house in Mosuo vernacular dwellings in Northwest Yunnan

This study investigates the Mosuo culture identity and transitions in the context of contemporary China. The Mosuo people are a small ethnic group who live in the highland regions close to the border with Tibet. At the center of values and architectural forms of Mosuo dwellings, the Grandmother’s house is explored in this study to see how identity is expressed through spatial organization, from houses, ornamentation, furniture, and furnishings to daily activities, life cycle events, and rituals. In April 2017, data was collected through ethnographical observations and interviews with 23 family members from five Mosuo households on their perceptions of the Grandmother’s house. Drawings were also used as a method to understand and analyze interior and architectural features of the Grandmother’s house. Elements of the Grandmother’s house that are meaningful and preserved include the female and male columns, low doors, hearths, Zambala, Guozhuang stone and Situo, the back room, and wood shingle roof. These elements constitute a “constant” in the construction of a Grandmother’s house and serve to promote the continuity and consistency inherent in traditional Mosuo dwelling, embodying Mosuo culture and values in the built form. The methods and findings presented in this paper aim to provide a comprehensive study/investigation of the Grandmother’s house and its spatial evolution, and to start a debate on the fate of this building.

Review on inorganic pollutants in stormwater runoff of non-metal roofs

Metal roofs have always been in the focus of stormwater runoff contamination. However, other roofing materials are also suspected of releasing metals and other inorganic substances with stormwater runoff. Hence, this review focuses on the impact of commonly used non-metal roofs - vegetated and non-vegetated - on stormwater runoff quality. Results from 42 studies were compiled and assessed to gain an overview of substances in runoff from nine roofing types with a special focus on green roofs. Concentrations of 27 substances including nutrients, heavy metals, and other inorganic substances were compared. Results show that the nine roof types that were assessed can be a potential source for inorganic substances in the runoff. Threshold values for groundwater protection are exceeded especially for PO43-, Cu, Pb, and Zn for some roofing materials. As the concentrations vary strongly for different parameters, no roofing material can be identified as clearly superior or inferior to the others. Gravel roofs act as a sink for NH4+ and can retain some heavy metals. Elevated heavy metal concentrations were found in runoff from wood shingle roofs treated with preservative chemicals and in runoff from most roofing types usually due to the used gutter materials. Green roof runoff shows increased concentrations of Ptot, PO43-, Na, K, Ca, and Mg. The concentrations depend strongly on the green roof age, the growth substrate, and applied fertilizers. In addition to the roofing materials, external factors dependent on the location (rural or urban site) influence the runoff quality. Runoff from the analyzed roofs must be seen as a diffuse source of environmental pollution and requires appropriate treatment before it is released into the environment or used for further applications. Overall, there are only a few studies on the topic so it is not possible to make statistically significant statements. More serious in-depth studies are urgently needed.

Study of wind loads on asphalt shingles using full-scale experimentation

Asphalt shingles constitute more than 80% of the roofing materials in current residential housing in the United States. Many post-disaster surveys have reported the failure of these roofing elements below the design level wind event. Research to realistically model the aerodynamics of asphalt shingles at full-scale is limited, resulting in knowledge gaps in peak wind loads and effects of permeability. In this study, the aerodynamics and wind resistance of asphalt shingles are studied by using a monoslope roof tested at Florida International University's Wall of Wind Experimental Facility. Results from both aerodynamic and failure assessment test protocols showed that shingles near the upper corners of the roof were subjected to high suctions due to cornering winds. This presents a critical loading case for which asphalt shingle roofing systems are not typically tested using current standard tests. Moreover, the extent of permeability underneath the shingles was observed to vary with the spatial location of shingles and wind direction. Finally, the comparison of area-averaged peak Cp values obtained from this study with GCp plots in ASCE 7-16 Standard showed that these provisions, which do not consider the effects of permeable roofing elements (e.g., shingles), can underestimate wind loads on asphalt shingles.

The Cultural Messages of Pyramid House in Palembang

Abstract 
 Pyramid House in Palembang is one of the works of art that is still very interesting to be researched today. The problem raised in this study aims to analyze the cultural message of the Pyramid House in Palembang. The method used is a qualitative method with a case study research design. The data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and document study. The results showed that in the manufacture of the Pyramid house, the main construction of traditional buildings used wood construction and a stilt system. The foundation used the construction of piles, the walls used boards, the roof used a leaf or shingle roof. The core parts consisted of the roof of the house, the door, the window, the stairs, and the floor of the house. In general, the typical architectural form of the Pyramid House, namely, the roof was shaped like a severed pyramid. Besides, the uniqueness of the house located in its multi-storey shape (kijing) and the walls were made of wood shaped like planks. Then related to the house name Pyramid, it contained two special meanings, namely, Five and Gold. The word five means the number five, while gold means the precious metal of great value. This is also a symbol of the function of the Pyramid house.

Investigating the Possibility of Using Roof Shingles Waste and Fibers in Stone Mastic Asphalt Pavements

In order to study the mechanical properties of stone mastic asphalt mixtures (SMA) which are used in roads pavement , the current study added various proportion of shingles (bituminous tiles with mineral aggregate coating) roofing (RAS), that are commonly used in sloping roofing, to SMA mixture containing 0.3% of added fibers. The percentage of 1, 2, 4, and 6% shingle particle wastes were respectively added to the SMA mixture samples on which Marshall Stability, moisture damage, dynamic creep and fatigue tests were performed. The comparison of the results revealed an agreement between the results from samples containing up to 4% of waste and normal samples. In addition, the mentioned samples were capable of providing the restrictions determined in the regulations. Thus, based on the results, it is suggested to use shingle wastes according to the suggested percentage. However, increasing the number of wastes will lead to a downward trend due to the disruption of uniform texture in the mixture.

High-fidelity prediction of flight trajectories of plate-type debris in boundary layer winds

From reconnaissance surveys, plate-type objects, such as roof shingles and tiles, are known to be among the most common types of debris objects. Therefore, a reliable prediction of their flight trajectories is instrumental for evaluating the vulnerability of building envelopes, especially in the regions with severe windstorms. Despite the development of several quasi-steady models for this purpose, the current literature lacks high-fidelity models to predict the flight pattern and impact velocity of the windborne debris objects separated from the ground and/or buildings. To address this gap, a coupled computational fluid dynamics and rigid body dynamics simulation framework was developed in the current study to capture the flight trajectories of plate-type debris objects in atmospheric boundary layer winds. Upon establishing a fundamental understanding of main flight characteristics, this study was extended to investigate the effects of initial pitch and yaw angles, plate characteristics, mean wind velocity, and release height on the flight of plate-type debris. In addition, a set of models were developed to predict debris travel distance, as well as linear and angular velocities associated with it. This can be directly employed to assess the impact-induced loading demand that building envelopes are expected to resist due to windborne plate-type debris.

Use of the Repairability Assessment Method for Evaluating Asphalt-Composition Shingle Roof Repairs

Each year, wind and hail cause billions of dollars in damage to asphalt shingle roofs of residential and commercial buildings. In some instances, the damage is clearly apparent to justify replacement of the entire roof surface. In other instances, the damage is more difficult to ascertain, leading to divergent opinions on whether the roof should be fully replaced or have more economical, localized repairs conducted. Historically, methods used to evaluate whether localized shingle repairs can be successfully and adequately performed have been done using a variety of approaches that rely on inconsistent and subjective analysis. This paper offers an alternative approach — the Repairability Assessment method. In this approach, the repairability of the roof is determined by evaluating whether repair actions will propagate damage. Evaluators using this method can calculate a damage rate and damage ratio that will provide them with a quantitative and repeatable means to guide their repairability assessment.

Systematic Design of Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter for Dynamic Loads

In recent years, renewable energy sources have been drastically increased over any other energy sources. In among those renewable energy sources, solar energy has gained more attention and importance over other types of renewable energies. On a smaller scale, whether by PV cell panels or passive solar home architecture, we can leverage the sun's rays to fuel the entire building. Passive solar homes are built to obtain heating through concrete, bricks, tiles, and other heat retaining materials in the sun through south-facing windows. Some solar-powered homes produce more than enough electricity, enabling the homeowner to return to the grid to sell surplus power. Batteries are also an economically attractive way to store excess solar energy so that it can be used at night. Scientists are hard at work on new advances that blend form and function, such as solar skylights and roof shingles. So, in order to convert solar energy to electrical energy, inverters are employed using photovoltaic cells. According to the necessity of power consumption and to increase the efficiency multilevel inverters are made into applicability. This paper focuses on the vital role played by photovoltaic cells to reduce the switching stress on cascaded type H-Bridge configured multilevel inverter. As a positive side effect of this, one can achieve reduced harmonic distortion, increased efficiency in output power, reduced power loss, ease of implementation. As well as by decreasing the number of switches employed, the system become more efficient.

Dynamic Authenticity: Understanding and Conserving Mosuo Dwellings in China in Transitions

Mosuo dwellings are distinctive vernacular architecture forms that are shaped by the unique matriarchal society of Mosuo in Southwest China. They have undergone dramatic transformations during the 21st century as a result of modernization and tourism. There is a lack of theoretical and empirical studies regarding the impact on the authenticity. This paper aims to fill this gap and develops a theoretical framework—cultural architectural assets—to understand and interpret the transitions of Mosuo dwellings and their authenticity in transitions. Adopting an anthropological methodology approach, this article examines the changes and continuities of Mosuo dwellings during the last thirty years. Fieldwork was conducted in nine Mosuo villages in Yongning Township through a range of qualitative methods, including participatory observations, photographic survey and photo elicitation interviews. The investigation results revealed cultural-architectural elements that are continued in the transitions include the courtyard form, the sacred chamber and the grandmother’s house; cultural-architectural elements that are changing include the flower house and grass house; cultural-architectural elements that are disappearing include the back room (Dupan) and the upper hearth in the grandmother’s house as well as the wooden shingle roof. As a result, the study constructs a conservation approach for sustainable development in three dimensions: living culture, building culture and values and beliefs. This analytical framework can be adapted to be applied to different contexts as a sustainable approach for the conservation and development of vernacular architecture in transitions.

Nelja võlli ja katusega külakiik Läänemaale Pusku külla / Constructing a four-shaft swing in Pusku, Läänemaa

The use and construction of village swings, including the corresponding know-how, has not disappeared from Estonia during the last couple of decades. The common construction solution for the village swing has a traditional outer shape, based on the constructor’s/developer’s intuition and visual images. Usually a swing located nearby and possessing good proportions is taken as an example. Also new materials or construction details can be tried out. In the area of technology and due to the safety requirements, the more modern and familiar connections of details are used as they are considered to be more reliable.
 Fundamental change in the overall shape of the swing is very rare. This article focuses on the four-shaft village swing, which was introduced to Hiiumaa at the beginning of the 20th century. The peculiarity of the swing is a base platform with benches on which swingers sit and which remains in a horizontal position to the ground during swinging. For that reason the swing has two parallel shafts supported on the upper part of the posts of the construction; two more shafts are fixed to the thills hanging from the shafts on which the platform of the swing is supported. In order to become familiar with the topic, the author mapped four-shaft swings in Hiiumaa and used the models for planning and constructing a new swing. The common features of swings in Hiiumaa included diagonals placed inbetween the poles of the swing and the thills fixed to the upper shafts. The proportions of swings observed varied; however, the structural connections were solved similarly. It is more common for swings to have benches than not. According to the photos of the Museum of Hiiumaa it can be concluded that four-shaft swings have been known here for more than a hundred years, which might reflect the influence of seaman who after travelling in the wide world came back home and tried to copy something they had seen in practice.
 The builder gained a new experience when he used pitched timber in the construction and planned a low slanting roof. The article describes the construction process of the swing, and photos enable to gain an overview of the work stages. The swing built in Pusku village in 2018–2019 follows the proportions of earlier swings but some constructional improvements have been made. First the pier foundation was constructed to establish the swing on stable ground so if any details breaks, it will be easy to replace it. Poles were made of pitched pine, which ensures a longer service life for the construction in exterior conditions (pine trees were barked three years before felling to let the timber saturate with resin). As an idiosyncratic experiment a low slanting shingle roof was built on the swing, to protect the connections of details and to extend the service life of the swing and prolong the swinging time. The metal parts of the swing were made by masters of the trade; wooden details were made in the workshop and installed on site so that the building process did not depend on weather conditions and this also saved money and time otherwise needed on the construction site.
 Keywords: village swings, swinging, log construction, facilities