Roof Shape Research Articles

Evaluation of local erosion and deposition on the W-monoblock of JA-DEMO divertor

We developed and performed a 3D Monte-Carlo simulation on local erosion and deposition in outer divertor target of JA-DEMO. The local erosion and deposition were evaluated considering the divertor plasma parameters and the roof shape of W-monoblocks. First, for local erosion simulation, the trajectories of D ions and impurity (He and Ar) ions were traced before irradiating the monoblock surface. The physical sputtering was calculated by these ions irradiation, considering their charge states, incident-energies and -angles. The highest sputtering flux was produced by multiply-charged Ar ions (Ar3+–Ar5+). The sputtering flux strongly depended on the poloidal positions along the divertor target. Although almost no erosion (sputtering) was obtained in low-temperature zone (∼1 eV), the erosion occurred in mid- (∼10 eV) and high-temperature (>10 eV) zone. Second, for local deposition simulation, the trajectories of W atoms emitted from the monoblock surface were traced. After transport (including ionization and recombination) in the plasma, W atoms and ions were deposited on the monoblock surface. The deposition occurred even on the area where plasmas did not irradiate (shadow). This was due to perpendicular diffusion to magnetic field lines, gyro-orbit effects for W ions and straight-line motion for neutral W atoms. The poloidal distribution of the deposition fluxes was similar to that of the sputtering fluxes. In low-temperature zone, no deposition flux occurred due to very low sputtering flux. The deposition flux in mid-temperature zone increased significantly and that in high-temperature zone remained high.

3D Reconstruction of Geometries for Urban Areas Supported by Computer Vision or Procedural Generations

This work presents a numerical mesh generation method for 3D urban scenes that could be easily converted into any 3D format, different from most implementations which are limited to specific environments in their applicability. The building models have shaped roofs and faces with static colors, combining the buildings with a ground grid. The building generation uses geographic positions and shape names, which can be extracted from OpenStreetMap. Additional steps, like a computer vision method, can be integrated into the generation optionally to improve the quality of the model, although this is highly time-consuming. Its function is to classify unknown roof shapes from satellite images with adequate resolution. The generation can also use custom geographic information. This aspect was tested using information created by procedural processes. The method was validated by results generated for many realistic scenarios with multiple building entities, comparing the results between using computer vision and not. The generated models were attempted to be rendered under Graphics Library Transmission Format and Unity Engine. In future work, a polygon-covering algorithm needs to be completed to process the building footprints more effectively, and a solution is required for the missing height values in OpenStreetMap.

Indoor scene reconstruction from LiDAR point cloud based on roof extraction

Indoor scene reconstruction from LiDAR point clouds is crucial for indoor navigation, scan-to-BIM, and virtual reality. However, occlusions caused by furniture and clutter make this task challenging. This paper introduces a novel framework for reconstructing 3D models using typically unoccluded ceiling point clouds, because the ceiling is difficult to be obstructed by indoor objects and is relatively well preserved. This framework starts with extracting the roof, roof is extracted by a proposed method based on cloth simulation which can extract various shape of roofs. Then a room instance map of the scene is obtained by input the point cloud density map to Mask R-CNN. By overlapping the roof point cloud and room instance map, the whole roof is segmented into roof points of different rooms. Next, we extracted the contours of every room's roof and a new algorithm was proposed to detect connections between different rooms to restore the topological relationship between rooms, generating the scene's floor plan. Finally, by detecting the contours and connections' height, the floor plan is stretched to detected height to generate a 3D model. To evaluate the proposed method's effectiveness, experiments were conducted on two indoor LiDAR point cloud datasets, GibLayout and ISPRS Benchmark, comprising a total of 13 scenes. The results were compared with representative methods, including Floor-sp and Heat for floor plan extraction, and Polyfit and KSR for 3D model reconstruction. The experimental results show that the new method outperform existing approaches, enabling the reconstruction of highly overlapping 3D models of real scenes.

Re-designing demolished Cultural Heritage. A study of a thin shell design for earthquake-destroyed churches in Finiq municipality

This scientific study involves the methods for the design of thin shells on top of cultural heritage buildings that have already collapsed in the municipality of Finiq. The studied object is an orthodox church in Finiq municipality, in Leshnica e Sipërme village. Its roof has already collapsed because of an earthquake and the degradation of the mate- rial. However, the dominant part of the structure, such as walls and columns, is still standing, even though need reinforcement. The maximum span of the roof is long enough to justify the use of a thin shell structure. This study tries to find an elegant solution to this problem, which combines structural beauty with the efficiency of the design and building process, defined as important aspects of a good structural design. The methods proposed for the reconstruction of the existing part of the church are the restoration methods used for monuments in Albania. The propositions take into consideration the state of degradation of each structural element. The primary goal for the reconstruction of the reinforcing elements is that they will not affect the primary function of the building and to restore and keep the cultural heritage values of the object. The pre-design of the roof is made using non-linear analyses. The shape of the new roof and its thickness are chosen to use the Hanging Model Analysis, the Sanders-Koiter equations, the Membrane Theory and a buckling analysis using the software Karamba. The designing of rigid joints, which connect the roof with the other part of the structure, is made so that the entire structure could work and behave as one, while it is loaded during its lifespan. The shell is designed as a pre-fabricated one using UHPC material and divided into panels with rigid joints between them. The analysis and validation of the design of the structure is made with the Load Capacity Analysis in the Ultimate Limit State of it using the software Karamba. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of recovering the already degraded cultural heritage structures and the role that technology can play in ensuring the integration of the old part of the structure with the new one.

Wind tunnel experiment on cross-ventilation of generic isolated building with various roof shapes: Impact of roof pitch and eaves

This study examined the effects of roof shape, specifically roof pitch and eaves, on cross-ventilation performance through wind tunnel experiments that measure static pressure on walls and the detailed wind velocity distribution for isolated building models with basic roof geometries. A flat roof, a gable roof, and two types of shed roof with different orientations were compared. The buildings with a flat or shallow roof pitch (15°) showed no significant change in the pressure difference between windward and leeward facades. However, a steeper roof pitch (30°) caused a significant increase in pressure difference, especially for the shed roof that ascends in the wind direction (shed-A roof). This was caused by larger projected building areas creating stronger recirculation zones behind the building, leading to lower pressure on the leeward facade. The shed-A roof with a pitch of 30° had the best ventilation performance among the tested cases. Eaves generally reduced pressure differences, except for the shed-A roof. The effect of eaves was weaker than reported in previous studies. The experimental results obtained in this study can serve as a validation database for a more detailed study of this problem using computational fluid dynamics.

Roof Shape Design for Ice Rinks in Cold Regions under Carbon Reduction Targets

In the midst of today’s energy crisis, carbon emissions from ice rinks in cold regions present a significant environmental challenge. The shape of an ice rink’s roof significantly influences these emissions. This study developed a methodology to quantify the carbon emissions of ice rinks and explained how their roof shapes impact emissions during the operational phase. Roof shapes were divided into the following three categories: flat, curved, and combined torsion shell. Carbon emission modeling was established and calibrated using the Ladybug + Honeybee platform, followed by regression analyses on the slope and curvature of each roof type. The findings indicate a robust correlation between the carbon emissions of an ice rink and the slope and curvature of its roof. Roof shape influences approximately 2% of carbon emissions during the operational phase of an ice rink. Among the various roof shapes, the curved dome roof demonstrates the most effective overall carbon savings, at a rate of 0.93% compared to the flat roof. Selecting an appropriate roof shape has significant carbon-saving potential for ice rinks. The findings of this study may serve as a valuable reference for the formulation of energy-saving design standards in cold regions.

Building Roof Covering Materials for Residential and Commercial: Comparison and Best Choices

Choosing the right roofing material is an important aspect of building design and construction. Both residential and commercial buildings have roof-related needs. But basically, the selection of roofing materials is not only for protection from but also based on energy efficiency, aesthetics, and longevity of the building. In addition, the design of roof shape selection must be done carefully because the wrong selection can cause rainwater seepage or leakage on the roof and high repair costs. This research aims to explore by comparing the characteristics of roof covering materials and provide the best choice based on needs. The research method used is a qualitative research method with the stages carried out, namely data collection techniques, sample determination, data analysis and research conclusions. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that for residential houses, tile roofs and concrete deck roofs are the best choice because they offer an optimal combination of aesthetics, durability, energy efficiency, and cost that is suitable for the Indonesian climate. While for commercial buildings, metal tile roof is an excellent choice due to its durability, energy efficiency, and modern aesthetics that suit the needs of commercial buildings.

ANALISIS AREA PERLINDUNGAN SISTEM PROTEKSI PETIR PADA GEDUNG DENGAN SIMULASI PENEMPATAN DAN JUMLAH FINIAL

The theory and application of external lightning protection systems for buildings are not included in the curriculum of the Electrical Engineering Department. Instead, this material is introduced to students through skill training outside regular class schedules, with a focus on components of external lightning protection systems such as finials, down conductors, and grounding. The obligation to install lightning protection systems on buildings is mandated by Law No. 28 of 2002 and Government Regulation No. 36 of 2005. Protection from lightning requires precise planning to be effective in safeguarding buildings. Analysis of lightning strike phenomena and their consequences can be conducted by applying theoretical principles, such as electric fields, magnetic fields, induction voltage, and various theorems related to lightning strike phenomena. Students are provided with an understanding of the concept of lightning strikes, the potential dangers, and the damage they can cause to buildings, living beings, and electronic equipment both inside and outside the building that is affected by lightning strikes. In this simulation, each group is given images of buildings with varying roof shapes and sizes. The buildings are equipped with external lightning protection systems, including the number and placement of finials on the roof, which are then simulated. The effectiveness of the finials placed in these locations is tested to analyze the extent of protection, to ensure that the building is protected from the dangers of lightning strikes. A total of 40 students participated in this activity, divided into 8 groups. Five groups successfully simulated the installation of finials to achieve an effective level of protection against lightning strikes, while the remaining three groups could only determine the extent of the protection area without being able to plan the installation efficiently. This training provides a benefit by enhancing the knowledge and skills of the students. The students' enthusiasm is reflected in active discussions and question-and-answer sessions that contribute to problem-solving.

Optimum design of Chinese solar greenhouses for maximum energy availability

Given the aging of greenhouse facility, there is a need for investigating the transformation of existing greenhouses to maximize solar energy utilization. In this study, Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) in the Beijing area served as an optimized prototype. A mathematical model was established to determine the range of CSG vertex positions. Then, a 3D dynamic simulation model was developed to optimize greenhouse structure and determine the lighting roof shape that offers better light and temperature environments. The structural safety of CSG steel skeletons was assessed and designed using finite element software. The optimized greenhouse significantly improved the indoor climate, particularly in light environment. Compared to the original greenhouse, the average captured solar energy of the optimized CSG increased by 5.4 MJ m−2, and the average temperature increased by 3.1 °C. The maximum differences in solar radiation and temperature among various lighting roof shapes are 4.8 % and 6.1 %, respectively. Furthermore, the optimized CSG steel skeletons met the requirements for structural stability. The payback period of CSG optimization was about 1.6 years. These methods and findings provide valuable design strategies for upgrading old greenhouses and can be further applied in different regions.

End-to-End Framework for the Automatic Matching of Omnidirectional Street Images and Building Data and the Creation of 3D Building Models

For accurate urban planning, three-dimensional (3D) building models with a high level of detail (LOD) must be developed. However, most large-scale 3D building models are limited to a low LOD of 1–2, as the creation of higher LOD models requires the modeling of detailed building elements such as walls, windows, doors, and roof shapes. This process is currently not automated and is performed manually. In this study, an end-to-end framework for the creation of 3D building models was proposed by integrating multi-source data such as omnidirectional images, building footprints, and aerial photographs. These different data sources were matched with the building ID considering their spatial location. The building element information related to the exterior of the building was extracted, and detailed LOD3 3D building models were created. Experiments were conducted using data from Kobe, Japan, yielding a high accuracy for the intermediate processes, such as an 86.9% accuracy in building matching, an 88.3% pixel-based accuracy in the building element extraction, and an 89.7% accuracy in the roof type classification. Eighty-one LOD3 3D building models were created in 8 h, demonstrating that our method can create 3D building models that adequately represent the exterior information of actual buildings.

Investigation of the integration of an oscillating aerofoil-based energy harvester into the building roof

The increasing energy efficiency requirements have led to innovative renewable energy solutions being integrated into buildings. Several works have shown the potential of micro wind turbines on buildings. However, their implementations have been hindered by several challenges. Flow energy harvesting devices such as oscillating aerofoils provide potential, yet a literature gap exists regarding their integration into buildings. This study addresses this gap by investigating oscillating aerofoil wind energy harvesting system performance through numerical modelling. A coupled numerical model was introduced, integrating a novel computational approach using ANSYS Fluent with one degree of freedom in rotational motion. This methodology was introduced to analyze the dynamic behaviour and predict mechanical power output of the oscillating aerofoil wind energy harvesting system, which is a novel exploration in existing literature. Moreover, validation of the computational fluid dynamics model was conducted through using experimental wind tunnel data in the literature, and results demonstrated agreement between numerical and experimental results. To improve the wind energy harvesting system of a single oscillating aerofoil, it was integrated into building roof to take advantage of acceleration effects of building roof shape. The design improvement comprises of a novel wind energy harvesting system design of an oscillating aerofoil integrated into three different building roof including flat, pitched, and curved shapes to enhance energy efficiency. The numerical analysis demonstrated that integrating an oscillating NACA 0012 aerofoil into a curved roof resulted in the highest average power output. Specifically, the integration of the curved roof and the aerofoil yielded 18 watts, while the flat roof generated only 0.6 watts at a wind speed of 3 m/s. Integration into a pitched roof achieved 12 watts at 9 m/s. Comparatively, integrating the curved roof with the aerofoil increased power output by 50% compared to the pitched roof design at 9 m/s wind speed. Thus, variations in wind speed significantly impact performance. In addition, changes in wind direction from 0 to 10 degrees led to reduced efficiency and lower predicted power output. Lastly, the power spectral density for NACA 0012 integrated into the pitched and curved roof buildings revealed peaks at 5.8 Hz in 9 m/s wind speed conditions.

New Life in the Countryside: Conservation and Sustainability of Vernacular Architectural Facade Characteristics in the Jiangnan Region, China

The facade form of vernacular architecture is an outward manifestation of the building structure, which can easily give people an intuitive impression of the building. Most of the existing studies focus on analyzing the construction process and building materials of vernacular architecture in detail, but there are few studies on the characteristic elements in the form of architectural facades. The main objective of this study is to propose a new methodology for objectively analyzing the morphological characteristics of architectural facades with complex networks to support the sustainable development of vernacular architecture. The results of the study show that the vernacular architectural facades in the Jiangnan region are characterized by the richness of details and distinctive layers and that the formal elements that can show the regional characteristics are preserved in the process of the sustainable development of vernacular architecture. The most crucial part of this is the roof shape, followed by the simplification of the detailing and how the vertical form elements are laid out horizontally. The article addresses the protection and continuity of vernacular architectural facade characteristics and proposes a strategic plan to strengthen the vernacular architectural facade characteristics in the Jiangnan region, aiming to protect the traditional characteristics and continue the traditional culture.

Structural performance and fragility assessment of elevated residential buildings during 2017–2018 hurricanes in Texas and Florida

Elevating coastal houses on columns or piles is recognized as an effective technique for reducing the risks of flooding and storm surges. However, recent hurricanes have exposed a potential vulnerability in this approach, as many elevated residential structures sustained significant wind damage even at wind speeds below the current design level. Elevating a structure increases its exposure to stronger winds and leads to potential changes in the wind effects due to the air gap beneath the floor. However, there has been limited research comparing the performance of actual constructed elevated and slab-on-grade residential structures during realistic wind events. To fill this gap, authors utilized publicly available building performance datasets, collected by the Structural Extreme Events Reconnaissance (StEER) Network and others, to extract data on the performance of 851 elevated and 1536 slab-on-grade residential houses impacted by Hurricanes Irma, Harvey, and Michael. Effects of several key parameters were analyzed in terms of the intensity and distribution of the damage experienced by the different components. Furthermore, empirical fragility functions were developed for different roof shapes and cladding materials by combining the estimated wind speed that affected each structure and the assigned damage ratios for the roof and wall claddings. Analysis using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the median wind speeds of various damage states of the components in both elevated and slab-on-grade houses. Additionally, a significant difference was observed in Texas slab-on-grade houses which experienced either no, minor, moderate, or severe damage, compared to their Florida counterparts. Results showed that elevated houses experience more damage than their slab-on-grade counterparts regardless of the roof shape, cladding materials, and construction age. Additionally, results showed that the elevated houses built in Texas exhibit the highest level of vulnerability among the various housing groups studied. Specifically, the percentage of elevated houses in Texas that experienced destroyed damage state surpassed those of slab-on-grade houses in Texas and elevated houses in Florida by 343 % and 166 %, respectively. The paper identified several knowledge gaps, and it emphasized the need for further experimental tests of building components and different building geometries to improve existing risk models.

Kajian Bentuk Arsitektur Batak Toba dan Toraja sebagai Hasil Memori Kolektif Austronesia

Title: Study of Toba and Toraja Batak Architectural Forms as a Result of Collective Austronesian Memory The archipelago (Indonesia) that we live in today is the distribution of the Austronesian people who lived in riverine areas in South China and North Vietnam in the mid-4th BC. Cultural development in an area results from a mixture of internal and external things. The mixing of culture and art by early settlers and new settlers resulted in diverse architectural forms, even though they share the same principles of traditional values (Austronesian collective memory). Toba and Toraja Batak architecture is hollow architecture with a similar roof shape that resembles the shape of a boat, a typology of houses and barns facing each other, and a housing complex oriented to form a particular axis. This research used an exploratory-qualitative approach, using literature sources combined with direct observations in the field. This research aims to find the level of closeness between Toba and Toraja Batak architecture based on the collective memory of the Austronesian people.

Gangue grouting filling in subsequent space of coal green mining: methodology and case study

Underground backfilling stands out as a crucial technological strategy for the eco-friendly and effective management of solid waste in mining operations. However, existing backfilling techniques have led to increased production processes at the working face, resulting in a reduction in coal extraction efficiency. Addressing the temporal and spatial interference between mine solid waste backfilling and coal mining is essential. To overcome this challenge, this study introduces a novel post-mining spatial gangue slurry backfilling method. Radar detection was employed to ascertain the typical characteristics of the subsequent space collapse roof shape. Stress monitoring and compaction experiments were conducted to establish the relationship between stress and the bulking coefficient of the overlying rock mass, identifying subsequent spatial void structure characteristics. The development of a CO2 mineralized coal-based solid waste filling material, utilizing conventional low-calcium fly ash under normal temperature and pressure conditions, was presented. This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the post-mining spatial gangue slurry backfilling method, outlines the spatial layout approach for the corresponding system, and analyzes research challenges associated with gangue slurry backfilling materials and the technology of slurry injection borehole layout. The research aims to innovate an efficient underground disposal model for gangue, contributing to the refinement of the technical system for the comprehensive disposal and utilization of gangue.

Climate, climate change and the global diversity of human houses.

Globally, human house types are diverse, varying in shape, size, roof type, building materials, arrangement, decoration and many other features. Here we offer the first rigorous, global evaluation of the factors that influence the construction of traditional (vernacular) houses. We apply macroecological approaches to analyse data describing house features from 1900 to 1950 across 1000 societies. Geographic, social and linguistic descriptors for each society were used to test the extent to which key architectural features may be explained by the biophysical environment, social traits, house features of neighbouring societies or cultural history. We find strong evidence that some aspects of the climate shape house architecture, including floor height, wall material and roof shape. Other features, particularly ground plan, appear to also be influenced by social attributes of societies, such as whether a society is nomadic, polygynous or politically complex. Additional variation in all house features was predicted both by the practices of neighouring societies and by a society's language family. Collectively, the findings from our analyses suggest those conditions under which traditional houses offer solutions to architects seeking to reimagine houses in light of warmer, wetter or more variable climates.

REGIONALISM IN ARCHITECTURE: A STUDY OF LOCAL PERCEPTIONS ON PUBLIC STATE BUILDINGS IN WEST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Regionalism in architecture opposes the globalized approach that disregards local identity. Understanding regionalism is crucial for preserving a region's identity through architecture. Public state buildings in Indonesia play a pivotal role in expressing regional independence through distinctive features. The architectural regionalism of West Kalimantan is defined by vertical composition, building shape, mass, spatial layout, and envelope. This research aims to examine regionalism characteristics of public state buildings in West Kalimantan by comparing them with public perception. The research involves a descriptive approach using questionnaires based on variables related to architectural regionalism. Out of the 36 iconic state buildings studied, 21 meet the regionalism criteria in West Kalimantan. These buildings share common features such as the use of local materials, responsive design to the climate, and incorporation of historical and cultural values into spatial meaning. The most influential factors in assessing the identity are roof shape, cultural symbols, and ornamentation.

Biofilm removal effect of diatom complex on 3D printed denture base resin

For patients who have difficulty in mechanical cleaning of dental appliances, a denture cleaner that can remove biofilm with dense extracellular polymeric substances is needed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of diatom complex with active micro-locomotion for removing biofilms from 3D printed dentures. The diatom complex, which is made by doping MnO2 nanosheets on diatom biosilica, is mixed with H2O2 to generate fine air bubbles continuously. Denture base resin specimens were 3D printed in a roof shape, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (107 CFU/mL) was cultured on those for biofilm formation. Cleaning solutions of phosphate-buffered saline (negative control, NC), 3% H2O2 with peracetic acid (positive control, PC), denture cleanser tablet (DCT), 3% H2O2 with 2 mg/mL diatom complex M (Melosira, DM), 3% H2O2 with 2 mg/mL diatom complex A (Aulacoseira, DA), and DCT with 2 mg/mL DM were prepared and applied. To assess the efficacy of biofilm removal quantitatively, absorbance after cleaning was measured. To evaluate the stability of long-term use, surface roughness, ΔE, surface micro-hardness, and flexural strength of the 3D printed dentures were measured before and after cleaning. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for Windows with one-way ANOVA, followed by Scheffe’s test as a post hoc (p < 0.05). The group treated with 3% H2O2 with DA demonstrated the lowest absorbance value, followed by the groups treated with 3% H2O2 with DM, PC, DCT, DCT + DM, and finally NC. As a result of Scheffe’s test to evaluate the significance of difference between the mean values of each group, statistically significant differences were shown in all groups based on the NC group. The DA and DM groups showed the largest mean difference though there was no significant difference between the two groups. Regarding the evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of the denture base resin, no statistically significant differences were observed before and after cleaning. In the cytotoxicity test, the relative cell count was over 70%, reflecting an absence of cytotoxicity. The diatom complex utilizing active micro-locomotion has effective biofilm removal ability and has a minimal effect in physical and mechanical properties of the substrate with no cytotoxicity.

Thermal Performance of Vernacular Stilt House in Palu City

The stilt house is one of vernacular architecture features in Indonesia. Several stilt vernacular houses persist until 70 to 100 years old in Palu City. Stilt house forms were proved to be adaptive to tropical climates. This research provides evidence of a thermally comfortable interior created by the vernacular stilt house of Palu City. The research was carried out in two stages: field measurement and thermal comfort value analysis, based on SNI 03-6572-2001 standards. Purposive sampling was used to determine the research sample for vernacular stilt houses. The selected stilt house is located on Anoa street No 57, North Tatura Ward, Palu City. Field measurement was performed to record the indoor and outdoor thermal condition of the sample house employing Hobo Onset U12-012 RH-Light data logger and Hobo H-22 microclimate station. The results show that the outdoor air temperature peak is 36.8°C with 45% humidity. Meanwhile, the indoor peak temperature on the 1st floor reached 32°C with 51% humidity. On the 2nd floor, there are five rooms with peak temperatures ranging from 29.5°C to 34.6°C with 53% to 64% humidity, indicating that each room has a different temperature performance. This condition is due to several parameters, such as ceiling height, roof shape, opening size, room layout, and room orientation. The result also showed that the indoor air temperature tends to be lower than the outdoor air temperature. Hence, it is indicated that the design strategies of the sample building are adaptive to the tropical warm and humid conditions of Palu.

Modeling heat transfer and air circulation by convection in bottom‐heated agricultural greenhouses

AbstractIn agricultural greenhouses, effective heating systems are essential for maintaining proper temperature control and air circulation during the winter. This study delves into the analysis of heat exchange through natural convection within heated greenhouses, with a particular emphasis on the impact of bottom heating. Two distinct types: mono‐chapel and bi‐chapel, each featuring triangular or spherical roofs are examined. To capture the variable roof shapes, we employ a change‐of‐variable method, and the numerical solutions are obtained using the finite volume method. The results show that heat transfer is enhanced by increasing the Rayleigh number. This improvement differs according to the shape of the roof. Heat transfer decreases by about 5% for the spherical mono‐chapel case compared to the triangular case for Ra = 103. For Ra = 105, the monospherical case favors heat transfer, with an increase of 0.35% compared to the triangular case. In the case of bi‐chapel roof, heat transfer is greater with a triangular roof for Ra = 103, showing an increase of 6.4% compared to the spherical case. This study not only sheds light on the fundamental aspects of heat transfer in greenhouses but also provides valuable insights for optimizing greenhouse design based on specific roof configurations and heating conditions.