Nationalism In Romania Research Articles

Shaping Romania's National Recovery and Resilience Plan

During the shaping of Romania’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), an environment conducive to the creation of institutional arrangements for socio-centric governance was established. However, these arrangements were not enduring and could not modify the specific path dependency of state-centric governance arrangements. This research presents and analyzes perceptions regarding the extent and way Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) were engaged in the shaping process of Romania’s NRRP. Based on semi-structured interviews with the relevant CSOs, factors that have influenced the involvement of CSOs in shaping Romania’s NRRP about other European fund programming processes, the lessons learned from this process, as well as possibilities of enhancing the current governance regime specific to European funds management were examined.

Romania's National Recovery and Resilience Plan – a Set of Reforms and Investments for the Increase of the Nominal and Real Convergence

Romania's National Recovery and Resilience Plan – a Set of Reforms and Investments for the Increase of the Nominal and Real Convergence

Long term 7Be deposition in Romania

This study is based on monthly 7Be deposition data at 29 of the stations of Romania's National Environmental Radioactivity Surveillance Network (NERSN), with different geographical and climatological conditions, extending over periods up to 17 years (1979–1995). The 7Be activity in each monthly sample from each station was determined using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry performed at the Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Bucharest-Afumati.The annual dynamics of atmospheric deposition of 7Be at each NERSN station showed a strong seasonal trend, very similar to the precipitation regime, with the highest values being observed in spring/summer and the lowest in winter. But the annual 7Be deposition fluxes varied broadly from station to station and year to year, from a minimum of 164 Bq/m2/y (Bechet, 1989) to a maximum of 1388 Bq/m2/y (Baia Mare, 1988). This large space-time variability of deposition was mainly due to the variability of the precipitation regime.The analysis of experimental data confirms the strong correlation of 7Be deposition data with precipitation, air temperature and the number of sunspots.Wet and dry deposition data are presented and discussed for four stations where separate dry and wet 7Be deposition measurements were performed.

On the Influence of Internal Factors on Romania’s Foreign Policy and Image

The article describes the internal processes in Romania after the collapse of the communist regime. The author attempts to determine the connection between the domestic and foreign policy of the country. This issue deserves attention since Romania's National Defence Strategy 2020–2024 prioritises the strengthening of the country's resilience and at the same time increasing international political weight. Having taken this into consideration, the author evaluates the domestic policy factors which have influenced the image of Romania in the international arena.

Romania's National Security Policy 1990-2020

Security is a complex, multi-dimensional approach context. In broad terms, it represents the ability to protect its citizens. The sole holder of the legitimate right to use intra-state and inter-state force is obliged through the consequence and expression of its sovereignty to protect and guarantee its citizens’ rights and freedoms and ensure the conditions for the exercise of their rights and freedoms. After the dissolution of the communist political and military bloc, security develops as a global concept that tends to include traditional political and military dimensions, new dimensions, such as economic, energy or security, individual rights, and freedoms. This study addresses Romania’s security policy, its evolution after 1990 and until now. The paper aims to highlight Romania’s position as a territory and its role in the regional context regarding security. Its statute as a NATO and E.U. member, and strategic partner of the United States, determined a permanent update of its security policy and proposed objectives, correlated with those of the entities to which it belongs. From the point of view of security policy, Romania has an important geostrategic role and can stand out as a regional leader due to the threats it could be subjected to. The study will highlight that its security policy provides many benefits for the country’s citizens and its institutions.

Manganyi, Calvin/Liebenberg, Ian/Potgieter, Thean (eds), South Africa and Romania: transition to democracy and changing security paradigms. Durban: Just Done Productions 2013, 376 pp.

This volume is based on NRF-funded research cooperation between the Institute for Political Studies of Defence and Military History in Bucharest and the Faculty of Military Science at Stellenbosch University, dealing with the transition from authoritarian rule to democracy. It discusses the transition to multi-party democracy, the consequent changes in the security environment and the current role and defensive posture of these countries in their respective regions. All contributions are abstracted separately in the introductory chapter (pp 1-11). The specific chapters discuss the joint experiences and challenges in facing the transition from authoritarian rule to democracy (1. Liebenberg, I: "Transition from Authoritarian Rule to Democracy": 13-36; 2. Sasz, P V: "Transition to Democracy in Romania": 37-57; 4. Mangayani, C: "The Role of Youth in South Africa's Transition": 87-121), the reform of the armies (3. Ionesco, M: "Transition, Alliances and Military Reform in Romania in the post-Cold War Period": 59-86; 5. Ferreira, R: "South Africa: From Apartheid Army to a Post-Apartheid Defence Force": 123-135; 7. Mangayani, C: "Structures for Political Oversight of the Military": 171-204; 8. Otu, P: "Military Reform in Romania": 205-231) as well as the repositioning of Romania's security strategy (6. Cioculescu, S: "Romania's National Security Strategy in the Post-Cold War Period": 137-170). South Africa's change in strategy concerning its interests in the Indian Ocean is the main focus of T Potgieter in chapter 10 (pp 267-305)and Romania's status within the Euro-Atlantic security architecture after the end of the Cold War and its entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the European Union (EU) has been dealt with by Carmen Rijnoveanu in chapter 11 (pp307-340). Worthy of special attention is chapter 9 (Liebenberg, I: "The Arms Industry, Reform and Civil-Military Relations in South Africa": 233-266), bridging the purchase of arms and ammunition during the inter-war years (1919-1939) to the period of World War II (1939-1945) and even further to the establishment of South Africa's own defence industry under apartheid rule (1948-1989), emphasising the enormous cost of maintaining a military superiority in southern Africa paving the way for South Africa's economic decline by the end of the 1980s and leading to the political demise of apartheid in the 1994 elections. In chapter 12 ("Waves of Change, Military-Political Reorientation, Economic Alliances and Uncertain Futures": 341-357), the editors make a comparison Strategic Review for Southern Africa, Vol 38, No 2 Book Reviews 181 of the different starting positions of both countries and the national security strategies that emerged from it.

The epidemiological background of small ruminant lentivirus infection in goats from Romania.

Background and Aim:Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) is an economically significant viral disease of goats caused by a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) belonging to Retroviridae family. This study aimed to summarize current information on the epidemiological status of SRLVs infection in the population of goats from Romania and to point out the CAE incidence throughout the 2008-2018 periods.Materials and Methods:An exhaustive review of the papers published in the international literature concerning the epidemiological status of CAE in Romania was carried out using electronic databases, and available statistical data from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) regarding the incidence of the disease between 2008 and 2018 were analyzed.Results:The true individual-level seroprevalence of CAE was estimated in 13 of 42 counties (31%) and ranged from 0.4% to roughly 40%. One hundred eighty-two outbreaks from 14 counties (33%) were reported, with a peak in 2010.Conclusion:The findings sourcing in the literature are very scarce and show disagreement with the situation reported by the national veterinary authorities. Lack of SRLVs screening policies represents the main obstacle in limiting the spread of the disease. Romania’s National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority should implement a program for diagnosis and surveillance of the disease to build a straightforward epidemiological picture that represents a prerequisite of any control and eradication program.

Dynamic Stability Assessment in a High Speed Wind Tunnel

The Clean Space initiatives provide a challenge for engineers at INCAS, Romania's National Institute for Aerospace Research “Elie Carafoli”, in Bucharest

Evaluation of the Information and Communications Infrastructures of Bulgaria and Romania Following Their Accession to the EU

ABSTRACT The European Union (EU) completed a massive expansion in 2004. On January 1, 2007 Bulgaria and Romania were admitted into the union. EU accession requires the fulfillment of a list of requirements relating to judicial, economic, information and social infrastructures. This article examines Bulgaria's and Romania's National Information Infrastructures (NII) analyzing traditional, high technology and competitive structures. Comparisons are made to the original 15 European Union member countries' (EU15) NII structures and to those ten countries which entered in 2004 (EU10). Results of the analysis indicate that Bulgaria and Romania compare favorably on traditional measures, though high technology infrastructures lag considerably in some instances, and will be costly to build well beyond available EU funding sources. The gap will provide opportunities for western high technology firms which should be favorably embraced by the two resource strapped governments.

Between Liberal and Republican Citizenship: Feminism and Nationalism in Romania, 1880-1918

This essay explores feminism's relations with nationalism and liberalism by examining specifically how feminists in late-nineteenth-century Romania understood citizenship and how they articulated views about women's empowerment starting from specific assumptions about individual rights and responsibilities in the community (as regulated by the state through citizenship). This perspective enables me to explain the eagerness of many feminist activists to work within the dominant paternalist/patriarchal context not as a paradox, but rather as an outgrowth of locally grounded, powerful contexts that worked together to afford specific choices to women struggling against patriarchy. In the case I discuss below feminists understood women's empowerment in terms of validating and increasing women's civic duties and responsibilities, rather than struggling for individual rights. These arguments built upon a well-established, albeit not clearly articulated, concept of republican citizenship, and reconstructed it most often in the language of nationalism (frequently ethno-nationalism), which had wide currency in Romania in the late nineteenth century.

Lessons for Theatre of the Oppressed from a Romanian Orphanage

In this article, Ioana Szeman makes a case for combining micro- and macro-analyses of power relations in Theatre of the Oppressed and other community theatre work, and for borrowing methods from anthropology and performance studies – including fieldwork – in both the planning and implementation stages. It focuses on Alternative, a project carried out in a Romanian orphanage in 1997, which illustrated the dangers of treating Theatre of the Oppressed as a technique to be passed down to the marginalized. Contrary to Augusto Boal's belief that, in Theatre of the Oppressed, ‘it is more important to achieve a good debate than a good solution’, in Alternative the organizers emphasized the end-product to the detriment of the process, envisioning ‘oppression’ as a static concept and the ‘oppressed’ as lacking agency. Ioana Szeman offers a sobering reminder that community theatre work sometimes may be more about the organizers' needs to find solutions than about the concerns of people in the community. In order to avoid that, she suggests that the oppressed need to be envisioned as people with agency, and local perspectives have to go hand in hand with concerns about larger power networks in a culturally sensitive application of the methods. The binary of the oppressed and oppressor becomes especially irrelevant, she argues, where totalitarianism, as in Romania, has left a legacy of nested hierarchies of power, and where a wider critique of systemic power is therefore necessary. Having gained her PhD in Performance Studies at Northwestern University with a dissertation on performance, marginality, ethnicity, and nationalism in Romania, Ioana Szeman has recently taken up a lecturing post at Roehampton University. She has also published in Theatre Research International.

The Roots of Illiberal Nationalism in Romania: A Historical Institutionalist Analysis of the Leninist Legacy

This article is a study of the dynamics behind “illiberal nationalism” in post-Leninist Romania. It seeks to provide a historical institutionalist explanation for the extent to which universalist liberal political principles have proven compatible with nationalist projects in post-Leninist Romania. The author's hypothesis is that the “illiberal” character of nationalism in contemporary Romania can be traced back to the nation-building project adopted by the Leninist regime in Romania. This nation-building project sought to engineer the reconciliation between nationalism and the universalist ideology of Leninism in much the same way that nationalism and liberalism have been reconciled in the West. Paradoxically, the more successful this Leninist nation building was, the more difficult it would be for post-Leninist elites to define a liberal variant of nationalism, given how deeply Leninist principles became embedded or fused with the nation's self-image. This counterintuitive logic partially accounts for the illiberal features of nationalism in post-Leninist Romania.

Vatra Româneasca and resurgent nationalism in Romania

Abstract The swift rise of the Vatra Româneasca movement has taken place in the context of a shattered Romanian economy and attendant political turbulence that has left a badly desocialized citizenry ripe for populist mobilization. Vatra has adapted important elements of Ceauşescu's nationalist ideology for use in the post‐communist age. Its success in articulating a campaign against policies of cultural pluralism and minority rights has extended the influence of office‐holders appointed under Communism in minority and mixed areas. Its rhetoric and symbols have been borrowed by the Iliescu regime which lacks a grass‐roots presence or a coherent ideology of its own. The political inexperience of this movement has not prevented it from creating an image of the nation and a set of values designed to enable a disorientated population to come to terms with bewildering changes. Whatever electoral prospects it may have, its rise is the clearest indication that nationalism of an implacable kind is well‐placed to fill the political vacuum left by the collapse of Communism.

Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics

Preface to the Second Edition ix Preface to the First Edition xi Part I. Comparative Analysis 1. The Interplay of Religious Policy and Nationalities Policy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe / Pedro Ramet 3 2. The Historical Role of Religious Institutions in Eastern Europe and Their Place in the Communist Party-State / Peter F. Sugar 42 3. Jewish Nationality and Religion in the USSR and Eastern Europe / Zvi Gitelman 59 Part II. The Soviet Union 4. The Russian Orientation and the Orthodox Church: From the Early Slavophiles to the Neo-Slavophiles in the USSR / Dimitry Pospielovsky 81 5. Catholicism and Nationalism in Lithuania / Kestutis K. Girnius 109 6. Religion and Nationalism in Ukraine / Vasyl Markus 138 7. Religion and Nationalism in Soviet Georgia and Armenia / S. F. Jones 171 8. Islam and Nationalism in Soviet Central Asia / James Critchlow 196 Part III. Eastern Europe 9. The Luther Revival: Aspects of National Abgrenzung and Confessional Gemeinschaft in the Germanic Democratic Republic / Dan Beck 223 10. Church and Nationality in Postwar Poland / Vincent C. Chrypinski 241 11. Christianity and National Heritage among the Czechs and Slovaks / Pedro Ramet 264 12. Religion and Nationalism in Hungary / Leslie Laszlo 286 13. Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslavia / Pedro Ramet 299 14. Religion and Nationalism in Romania / Trond Gilberg 328 15. Nationalism and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church / Spas T. Raikin 352 16. The Fate of Islam in the Balkans: A Comparison of Four State Policies / Zachary T. Irwin 378 Part IV. Conclusion 17. Conclusion / Pedro Ramet 411 Notes 425 About the Contributors 499 Index 503

The Union of the Danubian Principalities and the Proclamation of Independence: Premises for Romania's National and State Unity

The Union of the Danubian Principalities and the Proclamation of Independence: Premises for Romania's National and State Unity