IIII Research Articles

Morbidity related to major lung thoracoscopic resections in children.

In pediatric thoracic surgery, reported predictors for increased risk are symptoms and active/previous infections (RAP). We investigated the adverse events related to Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) in pediatric patients when considering RAP predictors. A retrospective analysis of pediatric VATS major lung resections in 2008-2021 was conducted at three institutions. We employed the pediatric surgical risk calculator to define patients' preoperative predicted risk (PredR). Postoperative complications were classified according to the Thoracic Morbidity & Mortality (TM&M) system. The observed TM&M rate (ObsR) and the PredR were compared. A subgroup analysis by RAP predictors was conducted. 37 patients (54% female) were included. Mean age and weight were 5.8 years and 22.8 kg. 56.7% had respiratory symptoms, 38.9% active infection and 59.5% history of infections (RAP subpopulations). VATS procedures were lobectomy (n=32), segmentectomy (n=3), bilobectomy (n=1) and pneumonectomy (n=1). The conversion rate was 5.4%. The mean PredR was of 4.43% (±1.8) and the overall ObsR was 45.94% with a median severity of II (I-III). This difference was significant and a higher PredR was not associated with complications development. PredR does not show association among the RAP vs non-RAP group. ObsR showed positive association with RAP, even if it reached statistical significance only for "respiratory symptoms" risk factor. ObsR reflected the number of bronchiectasis patients in our series (n=9), aligning with the hypothesis of "earlier and safer surgery". The risk calculator underestimates VATS morbidity. Multicentre studies will clarify the correlation between inflammation and surgical adverse events.

Objects as knowledge: A case study of outsight

A laboratory procedure employing insight problems allows researcher to capture how new ideas are discovered or constructed. Insight problems are relatively simple riddles designed to encourage an initially incorrect interpretation of the problem that leads to an impasse: Researchers are then poised to capture the moment the impasse is overcome, that is when a new productive interpretation of the problem is developed resulting in the solution. Researchers call this process ‘restructuring’: while the term describes the phenomenon, it is not clear how it explains it nor how restructuring comes about. The case study we describe here reveals the micro-processes involved in restructuring by using an interactive problem-solving procedure involving matchstick arithmetic problems. Originally developed by Knoblich et al., these problems present a simple but false arithmetic expression using Roman numerals: Participant must discover which matchstick can be moved and where to turn it into a true expression. The participant can manipulate matchsticks, and in doing so creates a dynamic object, the behaviour of which triggers new actions and cues new hypotheses about the solution. We present the case-study data in the form of a video of a participant instructed to narrate hunches and hypotheses as she interacts with a physical model of the solution, over three separate problems. On the basis of a granular coding of the participant’s verbal protocol along with an equally granular coding of the changes to the object (using ELAN; https://archive.mpi.nl/tla/elan ), the case study is the first to clearly reveal the restructuring process that results in the phenomenon of ‘outsight’, that is when the behaviour and polymorphic changes to the object qua model of the solution guides the participant to the solution.

Penerapan Algoritma CNN Untuk Mendeteksi Tulisan Tangan Angka Romawi dengan Augmentasi Data

This research aims to develop and apply a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm to detect handwritten Roman numerals. Handwriting recognition is a classic challenge in the fields of image processing and machine learning, especially for less common characters such as Roman numerals. In this research, we use data augmentation techniques to increase the diversity and number of datasets used in model training, which is expected to increase model accuracy and generalization. The dataset used consists of 1,120 images for testing and 280 images for validation, each of which is divided into 14 classes of Roman numerals I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, L, C, D , and M. Image data was created directly using simple software, namely Paint version 6.3. This research uses the Python programming language and Google Colab as a computing platform. Model training was carried out for 300 epochs and showed significant accuracy in the 150th to 300th iteration. The results at the 300th epoch show an accuracy of 0.9607 and a loss of 0.1162. The implementation of this algorithm shows significant potential in practical applications, such as in the fields of education and historical documentation. The conclusion of this research is that data augmentation is an effective technique to improve the performance of CNN models in detecting handwritten Roman numerals.

Design and simulated characterization of the dual-band polarizer based on metasurface structure

Dual-band polarizers must simultaneously exhibit high transmittance and bandwidth efficiency in fields such as polarization navigation and efficient detection. However, in most studies, the detection of dual bands is inefficient. To address this issue, we designed a dual-band polarizer similar in structure to the Roman numeral II, and it allows transmission of two different linear polarizations within different frequency bands. The interaction of the dual-band nano-polarizer with the polarization state of the incident light was analyzed through simulation experiments on the material, height, duty cycle, and other parameters of the periodic structure of the polarizer unit. The simulation results show that the proposed dual-band polarizer could achieve a polarization degree above 0.75 in the visible range and above 0.8 in the near-infrared (NIR) range. In addition, the transmittance was above 80% for x-polarization light in most of the visible wavelengths and reached 97.7% for y-polarization light in the NIR region, where NIR bandwidth accounted for 83.3% of the NIR wavelengths. The proposed design can achieve high transmittance and can be applied to ultrawide single-band polarization detection or dual-band vertical polarization detection.

Vitamin D and Albumin Deficiency in a Swiss Orthopaedic Surgery In-Patient Cohort.

Background: Vitamin D and protein deficiencies are common conditions in the general population. In Orthopaedic surgery, they can result in wound complications or poor bone healing. The goal of this study was, therefore, to determine the prevalence of vitamin D and albumin deficiencies in patients scheduled for elective Orthopaedic procedures. Methods: We performed an observational, noninterventional study using the demographic characteristics via means chart analysis of in-patients with an elective surgery in a single Swiss Orthopaedic centre. The following variables were collected and analysed: age, gender, BMI, ASA score, rate of vitamin D supplementation before surgery, and serum preoperative levels of vitamin D, albumin, Haemoglobin, calcium, and phosphate. Results: A total of 336 patients were analysed; there were 218 women (64.9%) and 118 men (35.1%). The average age was 59.4 years (17-89 years). The average BMI was 26.8 kg/m2 (17.8-37.6) and the average ASA score was II (I-III). The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 82.1%, being more common in the male (89.8%) than female patients (77.9%). Patients who received vitamin D supplements before surgery had an average vitamin D level in the normal range. Of the subgroup of 170 patients who were over 60 years of age, 78.8% of the patients were Vitamin D deficient, with deficiency once again being more common in men (93.3%) than in women (92%). Albumin deficiency was documented in 58.9% of the cases. A total of 62.8% of all the female patients were albumin deficient, and 51.7% of all male patients were. Of the subgroup of 170 patients who were over 60 years of age, 71.8% of the patients were albumin deficient, with the deficiency being practically identical in men (71.1%) and women (72%). Conclusions: Despite increased awareness in the medical community, vitamin D and albumin deficiencies remain highly prevalent in elective Orthopaedic patients. Pre/perioperative screening and addressing possible vitamin D and albumin deficiencies are of great importance for good outcomes in Orthopaedic surgery.

An Annotated Corpus of Tonal Piano Music from the Long 19th Century

We present a dataset of 264 annotated piano pieces of nine composers, composed in the long 19th century (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7483349). Annotations adhere to the DCML harmony annotation standard and include Roman numerals, phrase boundaries, and cadence types. The scores are encoded in the XML-based MuseScore 3 format. Annotations are embedded within the MuseScore files. In addition, all harmony information, alongside key features of the encoded measure and note objects, is provided in the form of plaintext TSV-formatted tables for increased interoperability with other datasets and analysis tools. Annotations were collaboratively created and reviewed by a pool of trained music theorists. Collaboration took place asynchronously online via a semi-automated GitHub-based workflow designed for quality assurance, allowing cycles of revisions and reviews until consensus is reached. The full revision history is retained, providing data for further empirical research on inter-annotator agreement and related topics. We also present descriptive statistics about the nine corpora and the dataset as a whole, including comparisons of pitch-class contents, phrase lengths, modulations, and cadence types. We conclude with a discussion of our musicological principles for corpus building and considerations of representability.

A Re-Evaluation of African Swine Fever Genotypes Based on p72 Sequences Reveals the Existence of Only Six Distinct p72 Groups.

The African swine fever virus (ASFV) is currently causing a world-wide pandemic of a highly lethal disease in domestic swine and wild boar. Currently, recombinant ASF live-attenuated vaccines based on a genotype II virus strain are commercially available in Vietnam. With 25 reported ASFV genotypes in the literature, it is important to understand the molecular basis and usefulness of ASFV genotyping, as well as the true significance of genotypes in the epidemiology, transmission, evolution, control, and prevention of ASFV. Historically, genotyping of ASFV was used for the epidemiological tracking of the disease and was based on the analysis of small fragments that represent less than 1% of the viral genome. The predominant method for genotyping ASFV relies on the sequencing of a fragment within the gene encoding the structural p72 protein. Genotype assignment has been accomplished through automated phylogenetic trees or by comparing the target sequence to the most closely related genotyped p72 gene. To evaluate its appropriateness for the classification of genotypes by p72, we reanalyzed all available genomic data for ASFV. We conclude that the majority of p72-based genotypes, when initially created, were neither identified under any specific methodological criteria nor correctly compared with the already existing ASFV genotypes. Based on our analysis of the p72 protein sequences, we propose that the current twenty-five genotypes, created exclusively based on the p72 sequence, should be reduced to only six genotypes. To help differentiate between the new and old genotype classification systems, we propose that Arabic numerals (1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 23) be used instead of the previously used Roman numerals. Furthermore, we discuss the usefulness of genotyping ASFV isolates based only on the p72 gene sequence.

Pedagogical proposal of tactile graphical framework for delimiting permanent preservation areas for the visually impaired

One of the biggest challenges for visually impaired people is learning cartographic content. Among the cartographic contents, the conceptualization and delimitation of preservation areas is an applied example with extreme relevance for environmental education. This article presents the process of developing a tactile graphic scheme for environmental education for visually impaired people regarding the delimitation of permanent preservation areas around springs and rivers. The creation of the teaching resource used easily acquired materials and followed format recommendations indicated by academic literature on tactile maps. The didact resource has textual content in Braille and Roman numerals, as well as legend and graphic scale in high relief. Special care was taken so that the teaching resource can be used in an inclusive manner, involving, at the same time, blind, partially visually impaired and students with full vision, to promote an inclusive educational environment. This resource can be a useful tool for teaching cartography topics applied to environmental conservation contexts.

ChoCo: a Chord Corpus and a Data Transformation Workflow for Musical Harmony Knowledge Graphs

Various disconnected chord datasets are currently available for music analysis and information retrieval, but they are often limited by either their size, non-openness, lack of timed information, and interoperability. Together with the lack of overlapping repertoire coverage, this limits cross-corpus studies on harmony over time and across genres, and hampers research in computational music analysis (chord recognition, pattern mining, computational creativity), which needs access to large datasets. We contribute to address this gap, by releasing the Chord Corpus (ChoCo), a large-scale dataset that semantically integrates harmonic data from 18 different sources using heterogeneous representations and formats (Harte, Leadsheet, Roman numerals, ABC, etc.). We rely on JAMS (JSON Annotated Music Specification), a popular data structure for annotations in Music Information Retrieval, to represent and enrich chord-related information (chord, key, mode, etc.) in a uniform way. To achieve semantic integration, we design a novel ontology for modelling music annotations and the entities they involve (artists, scores, etc.), and we build a 30M-triple knowledge graph, including 4 K+ links to other datasets (MIDI-LD, LED).

Photoplethysmography waveform analysis for classification of vascular tone and arterial blood pressure: Study based on neural networks

To test whether a Shallow Neural Network (S-NN) can detect and classify vascular tone dependent changes in arterial blood pressure (ABP) by advanced photopletysmographic (PPG) waveform analysis. PPG and invasive ABP signals were recorded in 26 patients undergoing scheduled general surgery. We studied the occurrence of episodes of hypertension (systolic arterial pressure (SAP) >140 mmHg), normotension and hypotension (SAP < 90 mmHg). Vascular tone according to PPG was classified in two ways: 1) By visual inspection of changes in PPG waveform amplitude and dichrotic notch position; where Classes I-II represent vasoconstriction (notch placed >50% of PPG amplitude in small amplitude waves), Class III normal vascular tone (notch placed between 20-50% of PPG amplitude in normal waves) and Classes IV-V-VI vasodilation (notch <20% of PPG amplitude in large waves). 2) By an automated analysis, using S-NN trained and validated system that combines seven PPG derived parameters. The visual assessment was precise in detecting hypotension (sensitivity 91%, specificity 86% and accuracy 88%) and hypertension (sensitivity 93%, specificity 88% and accuracy 90%). Normotension presented as a visual Class III (III-III) (median and 1st-3rd quartiles), hypotension as a Class V (IV-VI) and hypertension as a Class II (I-III); all p < .0001. The automated S-NN performed well in classifying ABP conditions. The percentage of data with correct classification by S-ANN was 83% for normotension, 94% for hypotension, and 90% for hypertension. Changes in ABP were correctly classified automatically by S-NN analysis of the PPG waveform contour.

The influence of the stimulus category on the characteristics of eye movements in visual search

Introduction. The speed and efficiency of visual search are important characteristics of the activities of a significant range of specialists working with visual information. Specialists have carefully studied the features of visual search from the point of view of cognitive psychology and in connection with the modeling of oculomotor activity. It has been shown that its effectiveness and the parameters of search eye movements are influenced by both stimulation factors and some cognitive factors (features of the subject's preset, the influence of previous search stages, etc.). We assume that the search features are also related to how well a person represents the desired stimulus: whether it belongs to a familiar semantic category, how accurate and unambiguous its visual representation is.&#x0D; The study aims to explore the relationship between the parameters of eye movements in visual search and the features of the mental representation of the target object.&#x0D; Materials and methods. We have created sets of stimuli belonging to different semantic categories, characterized by different accuracy of mental representations, but having similar sensory qualities. Each object (both the target stimulus and the distractor) in the search field was a black circle on a white background with four black segments inside. The segments formed one of three configurations: a) a face; b) a Roman numeral; c) a random configuration. The study participants were asked to find in a matrix of 84 objects a specific target stimulus belonging to one of the three specified categories. The scientists recorded the participant's eye movements during the search.&#x0D; Results. The results of the study generally confirmed the hypothesis about the relationship of search characteristics with the category of the target object. The smallest number of errors, the minimum duration of fixation and the maximum amplitude of saccades characterized the search for Roman numerals — objects with a well-formed and well-defined visual representation. The most difficult, as expected, was the search for objects representing random configurations of segments.&#x0D; Limitations. Since the study was largely exploratory in nature, the results obtained require clarification on a wider sample. It is possible that the characteristics of the search were influenced by such a factor not controlled in the study as the configuration of the lines, namely, the presence or absence of their intersections, which should be taken into account in further work.&#x0D; Conclusions. The better the visual representation of the target object is formed, the more successful its search is. In this case, eye movements are characterized by a shorter duration of fixation and a higher frequency of saccades of greater amplitude.&#x0D; Ethics. The study was conducted in compliance with the ethical principles set out in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association, all participants gave voluntary informed consent.

A Case for Charpentier: Treatise on Accompaniment and Composition trans. and ed. by Carla E. Williams

Reviewed by: A Case for Charpentier: Treatise on Accompaniment and Composition trans. and ed. by Carla E. Williams Andrew Woolley A Case for Charpentier: Treatise on Accompaniment and Composition. Translated and edited by Carla E. Williams. (Historical Performance.) Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2020. [xxvii, 146 p. ISBN 9780253051615 (hardback), $35; also available as e-book, ISBN and price vary.] Music examples, illustrations, table, bibliography, index. A Case for Charpentier is an edition with English translation of a late seventeenth-century or early eighteenth-century French music theory manuscript. It follows on from published translations of several other important sources that have been long available, including Etienne Loulié's Elements or Principles of Music (ed. Albert Cohen [New York: Institute of Mediaeval Music, 1965]), Michel de Saint-Lambert's Principles of the Harpsichord (ed. Rebecca Harris-Warwick [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984]), A New Treatise on Accompaniment: With the Harpsichord, the Organ, and with Other Instruments (ed. John S. Powell [Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991]), and Denis Delair's Accompaniment on Theorbo and Harpsichord (ed. Charlotte Mattax [Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991]). The study is particularly valuable for placing the source in the context of these and other similar tracts of the period and for providing a lucid translation in parallel with an edition of the original French. The source is headed "Traité de accompagnement" and is part of a miscellany volume acquired by the Lilly Library, Indiana University, in 2000. (The call number is Vault MT530.B73.) Besides the "Traité," the miscellany contains a printed musette treatise by Pierre Borjon de Scellery (1672) and an anonymous satirical play. The title of Carla Williams's edition and translation derives from the six leaves at the end of the "Traité," which are written in the hand of Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1643–1704)—one of only two short pieces of music-theoretical writing known to exist in the hand of this major seventeenth-century composer. Identified by Patricia Ranum [End Page 420] as a Charpentier autograph in 2009, these leaves are known as Manuscript "XLI" because of a figure on the first page that Charpentier copied. (Similar roman numerals appear in his "Meslanges autographes"; Charpentier apparently used them to indicate works he had produced for patrons who were not his regular employers.) A scholarly literature already exists concerning Charpentier's manuscript, including an essay by Ranum ("Discovered at the Lilly Library: Manuscript 'XLI,' an Autograph Theoretical Work by Marc-Antoine Charpentier (late 1698)," Panat Times, http://ranumspanat.com/xli_masterpg.html [accessed 9 September 2022]) and a partial translation by John S. Powell ("A French Baroque Primer: Étienne Loulié's Élements, ou Principe de musique (1696)," Early Music Performer, nos. 33–34 (2014): 4–17 and 27–38, freely available online at National Early Music Association: Early Music Performer Archive, http://earlymusic.info/EMperformer.htm [accessed 9 September 2022]). As well as discussing the authenticity of Charpentier's manuscript and its dating, the literature has considered the manuscript's relationship to the "Règles de composition de Monsieur Charpentier" that survive in manuscripts copied by the music theorist Étienne Loulié (1654–1702). Comparatively little attention, however, has been paid to the first twenty-seven leaves of the "Traité" in the hand of the anonymous individual Williams designates as "Writer A." Williams's complete edition of the "Traité" redresses this imbalance. A reference to "several curious essays" under the heading "Second Part" in a table of contents (transcribed complete by Williams) has been taken to mean that Writer A was in possession of Charpentier's manuscript, though it also suggests that the "Traité," as it survives in the miscellany, is incomplete; only Charpentier's is present among the "curious essays." In the introduction to A Case for Charpentier, Williams demonstrates Writer A's considerable familiarity with contemporary French music theory tracts, including the fifth edition of Michel L'Affilard's Principes très faciles pour bien apprendre la musique (Paris, 1705), which suggests that at least one portion of the "Traité" was copied after Charpentier's death. She also points to several instances where Writer A paraphrases or quotes Charpentier's writings, sometimes citing them directly, as in the reference "got from the late Charpentier...

Emergence of a novel genotype of class II New Castle Disease virus in North Eastern States of India

Outbreaks of New Castle Disease from three north eastern states of India were confirmed by clinico-pathological examination followed by reverse transcription-PCR detection of F gene of ND Virus (NDV). Irrespective of vaccination, the outbreaks resulted 90–100% mortality in the affected flocks. The analysis of fusion protein sequences from ten field isolates revealed them as the velogenic or highly virulent strain. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete F gene nucleotide sequences of the isolates have characterized only one of the isolate (OK149201) in the genotype XIII.2.2. The rest of the nine isolates are depicted in a distinct monophyletic group with average nucleotide distances from the other 20 genotypes ranged from 10.90 − 20.70. The nine isolates were further divided into two sub branches with the bootstrap support value of 100% at the nodes that define the two subgroups with an average evolutionary nucleotide distance of 6.00between the isolates in the two subgroups. As per the recommendation put forth in recently updated unified phylogenetic classification system for NDV, our findings clearly indicates emergence of a novel genotype of class II NDV in the biodiversity hot spot region of NER, India. The isolates in the newly identified genotype is designated with next available Roman numerals XXII. Further, the two subgroups within the genotype are designated as XXII.1 and XXII.2.

New nomenclature for mpox (monkeypox) and monkeypox virus clades

New nomenclature for mpox (monkeypox) and monkeypox virus clades

Codex Sierra: A Nahuatl-Mixtec Book of Accounts from Colonial Mexico

Codex Sierra: A Nahuatl-Mixtec Book of Accounts from Colonial Mexico

СТВОРЕННЯ І РОЗВИТОК СИСТЕМ ВАГОВИХ МІР НІМЕЧЧИНИ, АВСТРІЇ І КРАЇН СКАНДИНАВІЇ

The development of the economy in the territories of modern Germany, the peninsulas of Jutland and Scandinavia, inhabited since ancient times by tribes that spoke Germanic languages, required the use of various measures, the units of which must be related to each other. Since primitive times, the Germans, like other peoples of the world, used the so-called primitive natural measures, the standards of which were borrowed from nature itself. The political disunity of the Germanic tribes led to their lack of a single system of measures. However, a generally accepted standard of weight measures appeared with them. It was a mass of wheat or barley grain. When using units of measure in production and trade, the calculation was based on the numbers of ten and twenty adopted by the Indo-European peoples. In the II–I century B.C., the Romans conquered the territory of modern Germany to the west bank of the Rhine River. Roman colonies were founded there; the Roman system of measures and the monetary system were put into use. The Germanic lands to the east of the Rhine were not part of the Roman Empire. However, due to political ties and trade exchange with the Roman Empire, Roman monetary and weight measures gradually came into use in these lands. In the first centuries A.D., Germanic tribes attacked the Romans. In the 5th century, the Western Roman Empire fell. The territory of its provinces was conquered by Germanic tribes who created independent kingdoms here. In the 8th century, Charlemagne, the ruler of one of them, namely Frankish, united the former territories of the Western Roman Empire under his authority. In the empire of Charlemagne, a single system of measures was created, in which Roman and German measures were combined. In particular, instead of the Roman siliqua, which is a carob bean, the mass of a barley grain was adopted as the standard of weight. The calculation of units according to this system was conducted not only with the help of Roman numerals for 6 and 12, but also by dividing by the two system and using the decimal system. Charlemagne’s weight measures included units of coin and trade weight. Subsequently, as the analysis of the sources shows, it was on the basis of the Carolingian units of trade weight that systems of weight measures were created in the territories of Germany, Austria and the Scandinavian countries during the Middle Ages. In the 9th century, the Carolingian empire fell apart. In the 10th century, Otto I, the king of Germany, having united under his authority certain territories of Western Europe, announced the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. Later, this state gradually fell apart into separate possessions, the rulers of which introduced their own monetary and weight measures. They were based on the division into marks. Initially, this monetary weight unit was equal to 2/3 of a Roman pound. Subsequently, various stamp weight standards appeared in German lands. From the 15th century, the gold and silver mass standards of the Cologne mark are being distributed in Western Europe. In the second half of the XIX century, the political unification of Germany took place, which coincided with the introduction of the international metric system in the territories of Germany, Austria and the Scandinavian countries.

Abbreviations and Citations of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Works

The same citation format is used throughout the journal. References to Nietzsche’s texts are given in the body of the articles and reviews. References to Nietzsche’s unpublished writings are standardized, whenever possible, to refer to the most accessible print editions of Nietzsche’s notebooks and publications: Kritische Studienausgabe (KSA), compiled under the general editorship of Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari and based on the complete edition of the Kritische Gesamtausgabe (KGW) (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1967ff) or the electronic version published in the Nietzsche Source collection (http://www.nietzschesource.org/eKGWB) [abbreviated eKGWB]). References to the print editions of letters published by de Gruyter are cited as KSB (Sämtliche Briefe: Kritische Studienausgabe) or KGB (Briefe: Kritische Gesamtausgabe).In references to Nietzsche’s works, Roman numerals generally denote the volume number in a set of collected works or standard subdivision within a single work, and Arabic numerals denote the relevant section number. In cases in which Nietzsche’s prefaces are cited, the letter P is used followed by the relevant section number, where applicable. When a section is too long for the section number alone to be useful, the page number of the relevant translation is also provided. In the cases in which the KGW and KSA are cited, references provide the volume number (and part for KGW) followed by the relevant fragment number and any relevant aphorism (e.g., KSA 10:12[1].37, p. 1 refers to volume 10, fragment 12[1], aphorism 37, page 1).Abbreviations for titles of published works: AOM = Vermischte Meinungen und Sprüche (in Menschliches, Allzumenschliches II); frequently translated as Assorted Opinions and MaximsBGE = Jenseits von Gut und Böse; translated as Beyond Good and EvilBT = Die Geburt der Tragödie; translated as The Birth of TragedyCW = Der Fall Wagner; translated as The Case of WagnerD = Morgenröthe; frequently translated as Daybreak or DawnDS = David Strauss (Unzeitgemäße Betrachtungen I)GM = Zur Genealogie der Moral; frequently translated as On the Genealogy of Morals or On the Genealogy of MoralityGS = Die fröhliche Wissenschaft; frequently translated as The Gay Science or The Joyful WisdomHH = Menschliches, Allzumenschliches; translated as Human All-too-HumanHL = Vom Nutzen und Nachtheil der Historie für das Leben (Unzeitgemäße Betrachtungen II); frequently translated as The Uses and Disadvantages of History for LifeIM = “Idyllen aus Messina”; translated as “Idylls from Messina”RWB = Richard Wagner in Bayreuth (Unzeitgemäße Betrachtungen IV)SE = Schopenhauer als Erzieher (Unzeitgemäße Betrachtungen III); translated as Schopenhauer as EducatorTI = Götzen-Dämmerung; translated as Twilight of the Idols; references to this work also include an abbreviated section nameUM = Unzeitgemäße Betrachtungen; frequently translated as Untimely Meditations, Unmodern Observations, or Unfashionable ObservationsWS = Der Wanderer und sein Schatten (in Menschliches, Allzumenschliches II); frequently translated as The Wanderer and His ShadowZ = Also sprach Zarathustra (part IV originally published privately); translated as Thus Spoke Zarathustra; references to this work also include an abbreviated section name Abbreviations for other frequently cited posthumous and private publications, authorized manuscripts, and collections of Nietzsche’s unpublished writings and notes: A = Der Antichrist; frequently translated as The AntichristBAW = Friedrich Nietzsches Werke: Historisch-Kritische Gesamtausgabe, ed., Hans Joachim Mette and Karl Schlechta 9 vols. (Munich: C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1934–40).DD = Dionysos-Dithyramben; translated as Dionysian DithyrambsDW = “Die dionysische Weltanschauung”EH = Ecce Homo; references to this work also include an abbreviated section nameFEI = “Über die Zukunft unserer Bildungsanstalten”; translated as “On the Future of our Educational Institutions”GSt = “Der griechische Staat”; translated as “The Greek State”HC = “Homer’s Wettkampf ”; translated as “Homer’s Contest”HCP = “Homer und die klassische Philologie”; translated as “Homer and Classical Philology”NCW = Nietzsche Contra WagnerPPP = “Die vorplatonischen Philosophen”; translated as “The Pre-Platonic Philosophers”PTAG = “Die Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen”; translated as Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the GreeksSGT = “Sokrates und die griechische Tragödie”; translated as “Socrates and Greek Tragedy”TL = “Über Wahrheit und Lüge im aussermoralischen Sinne”; frequently translated as “On Truth and Lie in an Extra-moral Sense”WPh = “Wir Philologen”; translated as “We Philologists” or “We Classicists”

One after cmix. On the usage of Roman numerals in the early medieval Irish glosses

The present study investigates a specific form of linguistic contact found in the early medieval Irish glosses: the usage of Roman numerals in these texts. A corpus of bilingual (Irish and Latin) and monolingual Irish glosses, established with the Corpus Palaeohibernicum—a lexicographic database including Old and Middle Irish texts—is examined to see how Roman numerals were treated in an Irish speaking environment. It will be shown that, although the corpus is rather small, valid conclusions may be drawn from it, illuminating another facet of the puzzle of early medieval language contact.

Imaging-based stratification of adult gliomas prognosticates survival and correlates with the 2021 WHO classification.

Because of the lack of global accessibility, delay, and cost-effectiveness of genetic testing, there is a clinical need for an imaging-based stratification of gliomas that can prognosticate survival and correlate with the 2021-WHO classification. In this retrospective study, adult primary glioma patients with pre-surgery/pre-treatment MRI brain images having T2, FLAIR, T1, T1 post-contrast, DWI sequences, and survival information were included in TCIA training-dataset (n = 275) and independent validation-dataset (n = 200). A flowchart for imaging-based stratification of adult gliomas(IBGS) was created in consensus by three authors to encompass all adult glioma types. Diagnostic features used were T2-FLAIR mismatch sign, central necrosis with peripheral enhancement, diffusion restriction, and continuous cortex sign. Roman numerals (I, II, and III) denote IBGS types. Two independent teams of three and two radiologists, blinded to genetic, histology, and survival information, manually read MRI into three types based on the flowchart. Overall survival-analysis was done using age-adjusted Cox-regression analysis, which provided both hazard-ratio (HR) and area-under-curve (AUC) for each stratification system(IBGS and 2021-WHO). The sensitivity and specificity of each IBSG type were analyzed with cross-table to identify the corresponding 2021-WHO genotype. Imaging-based stratification was statistically significant in predicting survival in both datasets with good inter-observer agreement (age-adjusted Cox-regression, AUC > 0.5, k > 0.6, p < 0.001). IBGS type-I, type-II, and type-III gliomas had good specificity in identifying IDHmut 1p19q-codel oligodendroglioma (training - 97%, validation - 85%); IDHmut 1p19q non-codel astrocytoma (training - 80%, validation - 85.9%); and IDHwt glioblastoma (training - 76.5%, validation- 87.3%) respectively (p-value < 0.01). Imaging-based stratification of adult diffuse gliomas predicted patient survival and correlated well with 2021-WHO glioma classification.

(Digital Presentation) Water Oxidation in Acid with Earth-Abundant Electrocatalysts

Green hydrogen production from renewable energy can help overcome difficult energy challenges worldwide. It can help decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors such as steel, chemicals, and ammonia fertilizer. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) water electrolyzer serves as a promising technology when coupled with the fluctuating renewable energies for hydrogen production, with the advantages of fast response, dynamic operation, and excellent overload capacity. However, the only technically feasible anode catalysts for PEM are built on scarce iridium and require more than 40 years of annual production for 1 TW-scale. The scarce metal iridium has become a bottleneck limiting the scale development of PEM water electrolysis technology. Therefore, identifying earth-abundant catalysts with high activity and acid tolerance is essential to realizing large-scale hydrogen production via water electrolysis. Various 3d transition metals have been investigated as potential OER catalysts. In 2019, we reported how manganese oxide shows exceptional stability among earth-abundant materials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acid. At the time, non-precious metal catalysts had difficulty maintaining activity for more than a week at 10 mA cm-2. In comparison, manganese oxide (γ-MnO2) was able to electrolyze water for over 11 months at 10 mA cm-2. This was made possible by identifying a stable potential window for γ-MnO2 in which the OER can be catalyzed efficiently while simultaneously suppressing deactivation pathways. After that, a binary spinel oxide catalyst (Co2MnO4) was synthesized by mixing stable manganese with active cobalt using a thermal decomposition method. Cobalt oxides were shown to be active for the OER but unstable in acid. By incorporating Mn into the Co3O4 spinel lattice, the lifetime was extended by two orders of magnitude while maintaining the activity. The water electrolysis with Co2MnO4 in acid can be sustained over 1500 hours at 200 mA cm-2. The activation barrier of the obtained spinel Co2MnO4 is comparable to state-of-the-art iridium oxides, which are reported to have activation energies of 25-30 kJ mol-1 in acidic conditions. The catalyst dissolution was experimentally analyzed by spectroscopy methods. It is clarified that the tetrahedral Co is the preferable dissolution site and the dissolution rate is suppressed in Co2MnO4 compared to Co3O4, resulting in outstanding stability. The active working time of Co2MnO4 as a function of current density for the OER reaction and other earth-abundant electrocatalysts reported in the literature were summarized. The marked improvement of the activity and stability in acid makes cobalt manganese spinel materials an intriguing candidate for non-noble metal water electrolysis. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). Figure caption: Long-term stability of Co2MnO4 during the OER in acid. a, Time dependence of the electrochemical potential necessary to perform OER at 100, 200, 500 and 1,000 mA cm-2 geo in H2SO4 (pH 1) and H3PO4 (pH 1), respectively. The stabilities of Co3O4 and γ-MnO2 in H2SO4 (pH 1) are shown for comparison. All the experiments were performed at 25 °C using an FTO substrate except for curve IX, for which a Pt/Ti mesh was used. b, A comparison of the stability of Co2MnO4 with Co3O4 and other Earth-abundant OER catalysts reported in the literature12-28 (Please refer Nat Catal 5, 109–118 (2022)) (upwards and downwards triangles represent lifetime and operation time, respectively). The measurements were performed under acidic conditions. Data points with roman numerals (I to XI) correspond to curves I to XI in a. Diagonal lines indicate the total amount of charge transferred before deactivation. Only studies that report stability at pH < 3 were included in the literature survey. Figure 1