Rolling Procedure Research Articles

Texture Evolution of High-purity Tantalum during 90°Clock Rolling

Abstract When fabricating high-purity tantalum targets for the sputtering procedure of integrated circuit manufacturing, a through-thickness texture gradient can form in the rolled tantalum (Ta) plate. This texture gradient hinders the target sputtering performance, reducing chip reliability. This study investigated the texture evolution during the 90°clock rolling through experimental and simulation methods. Balancing the plane strain deformation with the surface shear strain deformation during fabrication and limiting the total rolling reduction to no more than 85% can weaken the through-thickness texture gradient in the Ta plate. A crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) model was developed to simulate the 90°clock rolling procedure in the ABAQUS/Explicit software. The simulation and the experimental results are in agreement, with slight differences in texture type and intensity due to tantalum’s complex slip behaviors.

Optimization of mechanical, corrosion properties and cytotoxicity of biodegradable Zn-Mn alloys by synergy of high-pressure solidification and cold rolling process

Zinc (Zn) and Zn-based alloys are biodegradable materials, that have recently gained significant research attention due to their moderate degradation rate and good biocompatibility. However, their clinical applications are limited by their inferior mechanical properties. In this study, Zn-0.5Mn, Zn-1.0Mn, and Zn-1.5Mn (wt%) alloys were prepared via high-pressure solidification (HPS) and cold rolling (CR) procedures. Further, the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and in-vitro cytotoxicity of these Zn-Mn alloys were systematically investigated. The results revealed that their yield strength (σys) and ultimate tensile strength (σUTS) enhanced significantly after synergy of HPS-CR treatment compared to CR alone. Notably, among these alloys, the Zn-1.5Mn alloy exhibited the highest σys and σUTS after HPS-CR, at 296.4±5.4 MPa and 322.6±3.5 MPa, respectively. The primary reason for this phenomenon is attributed to the combination of grain refinement and solid solution strengthening performance. Furthermore, these newly designed biodegradable Zn-Mn alloys exhibited appropriate in-vitro degradation rates and acceptable in vitro cytocompatibility when tested in Hanks' solution.

Recovery effect of self‐myofascial release treatment using different type of a foam rollers

Among athletes, foam rolling is popular technique of myofascial release aimed to support recovery processes and counteract delayed onset muscle soreness. However, there is no consensus on the optimal parameters of the roller texture used in the procedure. The study aimed to determine whether using rollers with different textures and hardness (smooth/soft, grooved/mid, serrated/hard) in myofascial release affects post-exertional restitution rate and the level of perceived DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness) after intense anaerobic exercise. The study involved 60 healthy and physically active men randomly divided into three experimental groups and one control group (passive rest)—each consisting of 15 individuals: STH—rolling with a smooth roller; G—rolling with a grooved roller; TP—rolling with a serrated roller; Pass—passive rest group. After performing a exercise test (one-minute high-intensity squat), blood lactate (LA), creatine kinase (CK) and pain perception (VAS Scale) were monitored. The analysis of the average LA concentration in the blood 30 min post-exercise showed a statistical difference for all rolling groups compared to the passive rest group: STH (p < 0.001), G (p < 0.001), TP (p = 0.035). No statistically significant differences were found between the CK measurement results in individual assessments. Statistically significant differences in VAS values were observed between G (p = 0.013) and TP (p = 0.006) groups and the Pass group at 48 h, as well as between STH (p = 0.003); G (p = 0.001); TP (p < 0.001) groups and the Pass group at 72 h. Based on statistical data, a strong influence (η2 = 0.578) of time on the quadriceps VAS variable was noted. The research results confirm the effectiveness of rolling in supporting immediate and prolonged recovery. The conducted studies indicate a significantly better pace of post-exertional recovery after a rolling procedure lasting at least 120 s. The texture and hardness of the tool used did not matter with such a duration of the treatment.

Understanding the interrupted rolling procedure as a post-processing influence on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of the dual-phase composite Mg-8%Li/3%bagasse nanoparticles

Understanding the interrupted rolling procedure as a post-processing influence on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of the dual-phase composite Mg-8%Li/3%bagasse nanoparticles

Hot profiled rolling of C40 steel: production variable’s effect on rolling performance

ABSTRACT The usage of C40 steel bars is common in ships, mechanical, metallurgical, automobile, military hardware, and electrical construction fields. During manufacturing of these bars, roll force (RF), roll torque (RT), cropping loss (CL) and drive energy (DE) are important production variables that must be monitored for high-quality output, scrap reduction, and mill safety with minimum consumption of energy. Roll RPM, temperature of bloom, roll gap, bloom cross-section area, and diameter of roll are process characteristics that influence these response parameters. The impact of process variables on response variables during C40 steel rolling is probed in this research. To replicate the rolling procedure, FORGE® NxT 1.1 was employed. Following statistical testing, the simulated findings were validated utilizing data from experiments acquired in a bar rolling plant. The results of an analysis of variance were used to find significant model terms. There have been constructed regression models demonstrating the link between the response parameters and the process parameters.

Multi-functional flame retardant coatings comprising chitosan/ gelatin and sodium phytate for rigid polyurethane foams

In this work, a renewable multi-functional composite was fabricated from the combination of chitosan, gelatin and sodium phytate by a simple and eco-friendly process. The obtained products were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. The above composites were then added onto the surface of rigid polyurethane foams by a rolling procedure. The flame performance test conducted by cone calorimeter demonstrated that the surface coating could effectively reduce the value of peak heat release rate and total heat release to 115.0 kW/m2 and 3.5 MJ/m2 from 247.2 kW/m2 and 6.8 MJ/m2 of the rigid polyurethane foams, respectively. Except for foams, the coating composite also exhibited high flame-retardant efficiency in wood, plastic and fiber. Through mechanism analysis (morphology observation by scanning electron microscopy, structural analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectra and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry), it was suggested that the coating composite mainly took effect in condensed phase by the formation of physical barriers. Moreover, the newly prepared polyurethane foam composites also exhibited superior organic dye adsorption properties. This work provides an efficient, simple and eco-friendly route for large-scale production of multi-functional renewable materials that can be used in the fields of fire safety and environmental conservation.

Development of rolling procedures for pipes of K55 strength class at the laboratorial mill

Experimental results of physical simulation of the manufacturing technology of coiled rolled strip for pipes of K55 strength class (API SCT) at the laboratorial mill are presented. This manufacturing process includes hot rolling with accelerated cooling and coiling at high temperature. Melting of 4 laboratorial melts of K55 steel was conducted. Mechanical properties of pilot strips were examined. Investigation of microstructure via the methods of optical and scanning electronic microscopy was conducted. All samples have ferrite-pearlite microstructure which corresponded to the aimed microstructure. It was noted that molten metal without vanadium is more susceptible to forming of undesirable products of intermediate transformation stage. Recommendations on chemical composition and manufacturing technology of K55 steel on 2000 rolling mill are developed. Steel has the following aimed chemical composition for the main elements: 0.32 % C; 0.5 % Si; 1.05 % Mn; 0.05 % V. The following main technological parameters were recommended: heating up to 1240-1260 &ordm;C; temperature after 5th stand 1060-1100 &ordm;C; thickness of rolled semiproduct 30-40 mm; temperature before 6th stand 950-970 &ordm;C; finishing rolling temperature 830-870 &ordm;C; temperature in the 1st coiling group 650-680 &ordm;C; coiling temperature 620-640 &ordm;C.

Enhancement of the recovery of antioxidants from Oenanthe javanica herbal teas by optimizing the fermentation, steaming and rolling procedures

There is still a lack of studies evaluating the effect of different methods in processing of herbal tea from Oenanthe javanica . The present study aims to optimize the processing methods for the optimal recovery of antioxidant in the herbal tea. The aerial part of this plant was processed according to the standard manufacturing procedure to produce unfermented, partially-fermented and fully-fermented teas. The highest Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities were indicated by the infusion of unfermented tea with EC 50 values of 94.99 ± 0.32 μg/mL and 244.28 ± 11.72 μg/mL, respectively. The aerial part was subjected to steaming for seven different time durations and two rolling conditions. The maximum extraction recovery of total antioxidant (on the basis of FRAP analysis) was achieved from the machine rolled sample that was steamed for 60 min. The FRAP activity (EC 50 67.00 ± 0.16 μg/mL) was correlated with the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (10.98 ± 0.41 μg GAE/mg tea), total flavonoid content (TFC) (8.12 ± 0.20 μg QE/mg tea) and persicarin content (96.59 ± 5.32 μg persicarin/mg tea) with r values ranging from -0.627 to -0.817 ( p < 0.05). Thus, the findings have highlighted the optimization of steaming and rolling conditions are important procedures to produce herbal tea with high antioxidant ingredients. • Non-fermented herbal tea of Oenanthe javanica shows the highest antioxidant effects. • The FRAP activity is correlated with total polyphenolic and persicarin constituents. • Steaming for 60 min with machine rolling is the best processing method.

Anomalous In Vitro Corrosion Behaviour of Rolled Mg-1 wt. % Zn Alloy Due to Buffer-Microstructure Interactions

In this study, the influence of microstructure and buffer system on the corrosion behaviour of Mg-1 wt. % Zn is examined. The grain size of the alloy was refined from 700 µm to under 15 µm by rolling with varying reduction percentages per pass. The effects of the rolling procedure on the resulting corrosion profile were analysed with immersion and electrochemical methods. Though the rolling procedure resulted in significant grain refinement, the as-cast samples had the lowest corrosion rate of 2.8 mm/yr, while those of the rolled samples were as high as 15.8 mm/yr. The HEPES buffer system did not control the pH or support the formation of insoluble precipitates as well as the NaHCO3/CO2 buffer system, leading to more severe localised pitting corrosion in samples immersed in HEPES buffered media. While reducing grain size generally corresponds to a lower corrosion rate in Mg alloys, this study provides evidence that other factors such as texture and buffer system must also be considered to accurately test candidate alloys for biodegradable orthopaedic applications.

Measurement of uncertainties in tensile test properties of Thermo-mechanically Treated (TMT) steel bars

Uncertainty pervades our everyday lives. In almost every domain of our work we come face to face with uncertainty, which is classically probabilistic in nature. The advancement of technology made it imperative to measure the physical properties of material, machine components with more accuracy. The uncertainty is a parameter associated with the result of a measurement that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably attributed to the measurement.Thermo-mechanically Treated (TMT) Steel Bars are now universally accepted material for Reinforced Concrete (RCC) Structure. These reinforced steel bars are now being manufactured using thermo-mechanical treatment, in order to achieve the best possible combination of strength, ductility and bonding characteristics. The production of TMT Bar can be broadly classified into following steps: Steel Melting, Billet casting, Billet Reheating (if not directly casted Billet fed into rolling mill). Total Rolling procedures, Quenching. Self-tampering and aging. Consequently, there is a chance of measurement of uncertainties (MOU) in the final enducing properties of TMT Bar.In these studies, an attempt has been made to evaluate numerically, the measurement of Uncertainties of Tensile Test parameters of TMT Bars. These steel TMT Bars have been taken from same Billet stock, in order to fix-up the chemical composition of Steel Billet as constant. Significant variations in MOU (±%) observed for each test parameters (YS, UTS, % elongation) for the different sizes (8, 10, 16, 20, 26, 28, 32 mm). This information will be an important observation as far as acceptance criteria and use of steel TMT Bar, for Quality Control & Assurance (QCA) purposes.

Predictive and Prescriptive Analytics Toward Passenger-Centric Ground Delay Programs

Ground delay programs (GDPs) comprise the main interventions to optimize flight operations in congested air traffic networks. The core GDP objective is to minimize flight delays, but this may not result in optimal outcomes for passengers—especially with connecting itineraries. This paper proposes a novel passenger-centric optimization approach to GDPs by balancing flight and passenger delays in large-scale networks. For tractability, we decompose the problem using a rolling procedure, enabling the model’s implementation in manageable runtimes. Computational results based on real-world data suggest that our modeling and computational framework can reduce passenger delays significantly at small increases in flight delay costs through two main mechanisms: (i) delay allocation (delaying versus prioritizing flights) and (ii) delay introduction (holding flights to avoid passenger misconnections). In practice, however, passenger itineraries are unknown to air traffic managers; accordingly, we propose statistical learning models to predict passenger itineraries and optimize GDP operations accordingly. Results show that the proposed passenger-centric approach is highly robust to imperfect knowledge of passenger itineraries and can provide significant benefits even in the current decentralized environment based on collaborative decision making.

Development of RAFM steel for nuclear applications with reduced manganese, silicon and carbon content

In this work, we investigate an alternative route for the production of reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steels with reduced contents of manganese and carbon. Alternation of the chemical composition coupled with various heat treatments as well as quench & rolling procedures are applied in an attempt to reduce the DBTT without altering the nominal strength and ductility. The obtained experimental results on the mechanical properties and microstructural analysis are compared to the reference European RAFM steel i.e. Eurofer97. It is demonstrated that an alternation of the conventional heat treatment of the newly developed low Mn/C steel allows the production of a material with a ductile to brittle transition temperature as low as −133 °C and strength comparable to that of Eurofer97. On the other hand, the performed quench & rolling procedure does not lead to any noticeable reduction of the DBTT, albeit it significantly increases the tensile strength without compromising the ductility in the relevant operational temperature range.

Annular plaques mimicking Rowell's syndrome in the course of coronavirus disease 2019 mRNA vaccines: An overlooked phenomenon?

Effective vaccines for prevention of severe course and lethal outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 have been developed and approved in regulatory rolling and fast‐track procedures; they are now widely distributed worldwide. Data about cutaneous side‐effects of the new mRNA‐type vaccines is scant, however. We herein report two similar cases of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADR) mimicking Rowell’s syndrome that occurred after the first dose of BNT162b2 and mRNA‐1273, respectively. Both patients achieved prompt clinical improvement with a short pulse of oral prednisolone and non‐steroidal inflammatory drugs. We suspect this phenomenon to occur in a timeframe of 7–14 days after vaccination due to an interferon‐γ‐driven shift towards type I immunity in susceptible individuals. As rheumatic patients were excluded from phase III clinical trials and as most countries prioritized the elderly population to receive the vaccinations first, cutaneous ADR might become more frequent once the younger part of the population is vaccinated over the course of 2021. Atypical cutaneous ADR might be misinterpreted or overlooked by non‐dermatologists. Further studies are required to determine the best suitable vaccine types for individual groups of patients.

Achieving a combination of decent biocompatibility and large near-linear-elastic deformation behavior in shell-core-like structural TiNb/NiTi composite

As expected from the material design, a novel shell-core-like structural TiNb/NiTi composite possessing both decent biocompatibility and large near-linear-elastic deformation behavior (namely as near-linear elasticity accompanied by high elastic strain limit) was prepared successfully by a hot pack-rolling combined with cold rolling procedure. Non-cytotoxic TiNb outer shell obstructs the NiTi inner core from cells and provides the decent biocompatibility of TiNb/NiTi composite. Large near-linear-elastic deformation behavior for this TiNb/NiTi composite has been confirmed to be associated with intrinsic elastic deformation, two types of reversible stress-induced martensitic transformations (i.e. β↔α'' and B2↔B19′ transformations) occurring in a homogeneous manner, together with the (001) compound twin in B19′ martensitic plates. Our study provides a new design approach for developing NiTi-based composites with both decent biocompatibility and large near-linear-elastic deformation behavior for biomedical or engineering applications.

Influence of severe plastic deformation on superconducting properties of Re and In

The positron lifetime annihilation spectroscopy, magnetic and electrical resistivity data obtained for the pure polycrystalline rhenium and indium samples were compared with corresponding results obtained for samples after severe plastic deformation (rolling at room temperature). In the case of Re, the results clearly show that the superconducting properties of this material can be greatly enhanced by introducing large number of lattice defects into Re matrix. In particular, the rolled Re sample is type-II superconductor with the critical temperature Tc= 2.6 K and the upper critical field μ0Hc2≤0.034 T. Moreover, the resistivity data reveal that in the highly defected parts of the Re metal, the superconductivity emerges at 3.2–3.3 K and the magnetic field of μ0H=0.09 T is not high enough to fully restore the normal state in those parts of the studied material. In contrast to Re, severe plastic deformation performed at room temperature does noticebly not affect the superconducting properties of the In material. The positron lifetime annihilation spectra reveal that the concentration of the lattice defects in the rolled and the annealed samples is close to each other. We conclude that, the observed changes in superconducting properties of rolled Re (this work) and Ta (earlier work) cannot be caused by introducing additional quantities of impurities during rolling procedure and it must be connected with the presence of lattice defects in the rolled foils.

A Review of the Plastic Limit Test by Means of Rolling Paths

The standard plastic limit test, based on Atterberg’s original manual thread rolling method, is a simple, quick, and inexpensive procedure that has received very little attention for improvement since its initial inception over a century ago even though it receives much criticism because of its poor reproducibility. An investigation into the shortcomings of the standard test by means of manual rolling path tests examines the relationships between the water content, diameter and condition of soil threads, and the distinct ductile–brittle transition that occurs at the plastic limit. The ASTM and International Standards are compared, highlighting significant differences in their procedures. Modifications of the standard method are recommended to provide coherent objectives for a consistent rolling procedure, compatible considerations of diameter, and a more precise and authentic assessment of the end criterion at the plastic limit.

Synthesis Strategy of Metal Oxide Quantum Wires via a Nanoparticle-Induced Graphene Oxide Rolling Procedure.

The efficient synthesis of quantum materials is becoming a research hotspot as it determines their successful application in the fields of biomedicine, illumination, energy, sensors, information, and communication. Among the quantum materials, it is still a challenge to synthesize quantum wires (QWs) with surfactants due to the inevitable radial growth of QWs in the soft template method. In this paper, amphipathic graphene oxide (GO) was adopted as a macromolecular surfactant to limit the radial growth instead of the commonly used surfactant. GO could roll up under its electrostatic interaction with a cuprous oxide (Cu2O) quantum dot (QD) and then form a tubular template for the growth of the Cu2O QW, which was named herein as the nanoparticle-induced graphene oxide rolling (NIGOR) procedure. The NIGOR procedure was confirmed by the molecular dynamics results by simulating systems consisting of GO and Cu2O nanoparticles. An intermediate with a necklace morphology corresponding to the simulation result was also observed experimentally during the formation of the QW. Meanwhile, the formation mechanism of the QW was demonstrated rationally. Furthermore, increasing the dosage of the reactant, reaction time, and temperature altered the diameter of the QW from 2 to 4 nm and also changed the morphology of the final products from a QD to a QW and then to a bundle of QWs. This was attributed to the aggregation of materials for the lowest surface energy in the system. Additionally, the universality of NIGOR was manifested via the synthesis of other metal oxides as well. The NIGOR strategy provided an alternative, convenient, and mass production method for synthesizing QWs.

Development of a high-strength Mg–11Gd–2Ag (wt%) alloy sheet with extra-low anisotropy

A high-performance Mg–11Gd–2Ag (wt%) alloy sheet was prepared via a procedure of high-temperature rolling combined with aging. The sheet showed a tensile yield strength of 393 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 435 MPa, and an elongation of 5.2% along the rolling direction while possessing a near-isotropic mechanical response and a weak planar anisotropy. The grain refinement, the basal texture, the stabilized band-like structure boundaries, and the promoted precipitation of γ'' and β′ nanoplates synergistically enhanced the strength. Especially, the grain orientation with a-axis randomly distributed in the rolling plane gave rise to the extra-low anisotropy. The present work is contributing to developing high-performance Mg alloy sheets and the broadening of their application.

Role of hot rolling procedure and solution treatment process on microstructure, strength and cryogenic toughness of high manganese austenitic steel

Abstract In this study, the relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure of high manganese steels processed by different rolling practice and solution temperatures were systematically studied in terms of strength and toughness using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The experimental results suggested that the solution treatment is an effective method to improve Charpy impact toughness at −196 °C from ~68 J to ~120 J, while the strength decreases. The grain size coarsened with the increase of solution temperature. However, the change in strength and toughness was small. The role of grain coarsening on strength and toughness was weak. The stability of austenite at low temperature was high as the microstructure only consisted of austenite. The fracture mode during low-temperature impact process was ductile and the main deformation mechanism was mechanical twinning

Model-Based Rolling Matching Strategy for Crowdsourced Drivers and Delivery Tasks Considering Uncertain Transportation Duration

The matching of crowdsourced drivers and delivery tasks is an important decision problem for the crowdsourced delivery platform. Although the existence of uncertainty of transportation duration in logistics delivery has been verified, uncertain transportation duration has not been considered in previous studies on the matching of crowdsourced drivers and delivery tasks. This would lead to the limitation that the results of the existing methods cannot meet the time requirements of senders. In this case, the profit and customer satisfaction of the crowdsourced delivery platform would decrease. In this paper, a model-based rolling matching strategy to match crowdsourced drivers and delivery tasks considering uncertain transportation duration is proposed. In addition, it is assumed that the crowdsourced delivery platform also has some dedicated drivers to implement the delivery tasks that cannot be implemented by crowdsourced drivers. First, a simpler problem is described, which is to match crowdsourced drivers and delivery tasks considering uncertain transportation duration in a static data environment. Then, a model is proposed to solve the above problem. Based on the proposed model, this paper further proposes a rolling procedure to solve the problem in a data refreshing environment. Moreover, a heuristic algorithm is presented for combining multiple delivery tasks to solve the one-to-many matching. Finally, a case study and comparison are given to illustrate the validity and the contribution of the proposed matching strategy. The results show that the proposed matching strategy has a distinct advantage of cost savings.