Roll On-roll Off Research Articles

Strategi Peningkatan Volume Muatan Kapal Roro Trayek Makassar-Jakarta di PT Bumi Lintas Tama Kalla Lines

This study aims to determine the factors that affect the low volume of cargo and get the right action strategy to increase the volume of cargo of RollOn–RollOff (RoRo) Makassar-Jakarta route at PT Bumi Lintas Tama Kalla Lines. The type of data used in this research is quantitative data, namely about the main size of the ship (LOA, LBP, B, H and T), the ship's cargo capacity, the size of the ship's loading space, the number of ship decks, determining the internal and external factors that influence the handling of Roro Ferry shiploads with interviews and questionnaires and Questionnaire Forms. Using the method with the results obtained from the calculation of the load factor and the determination of the fishbone diagram factors to get the root cause of the lack of RoRo ship cargo volume. The sample in this study were 50 respondents consisting of practitioners at the Port and AMI Maritime Polytechnic Lecturers in Makassar. The results of this study indicate that the company adopts a conventional system that focuses on one side, namely incoming cargo or the Jakarta-Makassar route. In addition, the use of SWOT analysis found that the situation experienced by PT Bumi Lintas Tama is in quadrant IV, indicating an unfavorable situation with various internal threats and weaknesses. It is recommended to focus on strengthening internal strengths and overcoming weaknesses. As for its operational efficiency and performance, it should adopt a more holistic approach and consider using methods other than the fishbone method.

Vessel traffic scheduling optimization for passenger RoRo terminals with restricted harbor basin

Passenger Roll-on Roll-off (RoRo) shipping plays an essential role in short–distance waterway transport. An increasing number of RoRo passenger terminals adopt the layout of jetty berths in the restricted harbor basin surrounded by breakwater for the purpose of saving sea area, but ships cannot meet in the harbor basin due to inadequate water area. For the benefits of port authority, shipping company and maritime safety administration, it is an urgent problem to make a safe and efficient ship scheduling scheme in the busy RoRo passenger terminal with the restricted harbor basin. This paper formulates a multi-objective mathematical model for the integrated scheduling optimization of fairway and turning basin, with the minimum total scheduling time and total waiting time as the objective functions. Meanwhile, an adaptive ant colony optimization algorithm (AACO) is provided aimed at the proposed model, where minimizing the total waiting time is the fitness function. And the other one goal is reflected in heuristic information values, and then the selection process is affected. Numerical experiments on Xuwen terminal, the largest passenger RoRo terminal all around the world, indicate that the model has shorter total scheduling time and total waiting time compared with actual operation data. Effective solutions obtained by the proposed model and algorithm not only fundamentally increase safety and efficiency, but also improve the availability of turning basin and fairway. This study hence comes up with management insights to help port authority, shipping company and maritime safety administration.

Autonomous Vehicle-Loading System Simulation and Cost Model Analysis of Roll-On, Roll-Off Port Operations

The gradual commercialization of entirely autonomous vehicles is expected to bring numerous benefits, such as structural transformation in the industry. Specifically, in maritime transportation, automobile terminals that import and export finished autos are seen to transform their current loading system into a CAV (connected automated vehicle)-loading system to accommodate autonomous vehicles. In this study, the impact of introducing a CAV-loading system to a roll-on, roll-off (RORO) ports was investigated. Simulation models were developed to test the performance of the terminal with the CAV-loading system. Then, a cost model was developed to determine the economic benefits of the CAV-loading system. The results in this study revealed that operating costs were reduced by 90%, while terminal operations were significantly improved. In addition, the study revealed that using the CAV-loading system resulted in a 12% reduction in CO2 emissions compared to that using the current loading system. The originality of this study lies in its transformative potential for an industry that heavily relies on human labor and has limited mechanization and automation. This study provides significant implications for incorporating autonomous vehicles in planned automobile terminal operations.

Departure Vessel Scheduling Optimization Considering Traffic Restrictions in Turning Basin: A Case Study for Xuwen Terminal

As the largest modern passenger Roll-on Roll-off (RoRo) terminal around the world, the berthing operation of Xuwen terminal is occasionally suspended due to bad weather, such as strong wind or thick fog. During the suspension, the number of stranded passengers and vehicles increasingly accumulates. As soon as the weather permits, the growth exerts great pressure, especially on large-scale vessels leaving the port, whose inefficiency may cause a loss of access to the terminal for inbound ships and chaos for port management. The focus of this study is to improve the efficiency of departure scheduling by optimizing traffic rules in the harbor basin. A mathematical optimization model is formulated for minimizing the total scheduling time, and then an adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) algorithm is proposed to solve the model. A specific decoding rule is introduced, referring to the characteristics of the mentioned model. After employing the operation data of the Xuwen terminal, a numerical experiment showed that the proposed scheduling method outperformed the first-come, first-served (FCFS) strategy and an improved ant colony algorithm (ACA). Moreover, the constructed simulation model of the terminal manifested the validity of the optimal solution.

Object detection and ship classification using YOLOv5

Using a public dataset of images of maritime vessels provided by Analytics Vidhya, manual annotations were madeon a subsample of images with Roboflow using the ground truth classifications provided by the dataset. YOLOv5,a prominent open source family of object detection models that comes with an out-of-the-box pre-training on theCommon Objects in Context (COCO) dataset, was used to train on annotations of sub-classifications of maritimevessels. YOLOv5 provides significant results in detecting a boat. The training, validation, and test set of imagestrained YOLOv5 in the cloud using Google Colab. Three of our five subclasses, namely, cruise ships, ROROs (RollOn Roll Off, typically car carriers), and military ships, have very distinct shapes and features and yielded positiveresults. Two of our subclasses, namely, the tanker and cargo ship, have similar characteristics when the cargoship is unloaded and not carrying any cargo containers. This yielded interesting misclassifications that could beimproved in future work. Our trained model resulted in the validation metric of mean Average Precision (mAP@0.5)of 0.932 across all subclassification of ships.

Object detection and ship classification using YOLOv5

Using a public dataset of images of maritime vessels provided by Analytics Vidhya, manual annotations were madeon a subsample of images with Roboflow using the ground truth classifications provided by the dataset. YOLOv5,a prominent open source family of object detection models that comes with an out-of-the-box pre-training on theCommon Objects in Context (COCO) dataset, was used to train on annotations of sub-classifications of maritimevessels. YOLOv5 provides significant results in detecting a boat. The training, validation, and test set of imagestrained YOLOv5 in the cloud using Google Colab. Three of our five subclasses, namely, cruise ships, ROROs (RollOn Roll Off, typically car carriers), and military ships, have very distinct shapes and features and yielded positiveresults. Two of our subclasses, namely, the tanker and cargo ship, have similar characteristics when the cargoship is unloaded and not carrying any cargo containers. This yielded interesting misclassifications that could beimproved in future work. Our trained model resulted in the validation metric of mean Average Precision (mAP@0.5)of 0.932 across all subclassification of ships.

Overland and Oversea: Domestic Trade Frictions in the Philippines

Domestic trade costs are anecdotally high in the Philippines, and yet a systematic and spatially comparable metric of trade costs is unavailable. This paper fills this gap by estimating province border effects, or a province’s tendency to trade with itself rather than with other provinces. Subsequently, the effects of a maritime transport program based on roll-on roll-off (RORO) ships on province border effects are assessed. Using two novel datasets—the starting dates of RORO shipping services by route, and the intraprovince trade of agricultural products—this study finds that province border effects are substantial, with a typical province trading 51 times more with itself than with other provinces. The RORO transport program is associated with an average reduction of 35% of this home province bias. However, the border effect reductions are unevenly distributed, with the largest reductions concentrated in provinces near the biggest demand centers.

IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICY FOR HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS GOODS IN THE EFFORT TO ACHIEVE THE SAFETY AND SECURITY OF RO-RO SHIPS IN TANJUNG SILVER UTAMA KESYAHBANDARAN

North Jamrud Terminal, Tanjung Perak Port, Surabaya, has an operating function to accommodate passengers who will carry out embarkation/debarkation activities and coordinate vehicles that will get on or off the ship. Some of the areas that are the destination and origin of shipping services at the Gapura Surya Nusantara Passenger Terminal include Banjarmasin, Makasar, Maumere, Batulicin, Tanjung Priok, Benoa, Sampit, Kumai, Balikpapan, Waingapu, Sorong, Manokwari, Ende and several other cities.
 The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the implementation of the Pilot Assessment and Vessel Verification Policy as a Guiding Assistance Facility at the Tanjung Perak Surabaya Main Harbormaster Office to the supporting and supporting factors.,
 This qualitative research explores Policy, Handling of Dangerous Goods, Safety and Security of RO-RO (Roll On-Roll Off) Ships using Van Mater and Van Horn's theory of policy implementation. Collecting data in this study using interviews, documentation and observation. The results obtained are then collected, reduced, presented and conclusions drawn.
 The results obtained are RO-RO (Roll On Roll Off) Ship Transportation is very much needed by all people in various parts of Indonesia, but in its operation there are still many obstacles that must be aware of. Starting from the results of the investigation by the KNKT (National Committee for Transportation Safety) the RO-RO (Roll On-Roll Off) ship accident caught fire from the Tanjung Perak Port, Surabaya in the middle of the sea, from 2011 to 2019 as many as 5 ships indicated that they came from loaded trucks contained cargo of dangerous goods. Due to weak supervision of cargo of dangerous goods due to inadequate facilities and infrastructure, namely not having an early detection device (Xray), making it difficult for officers. Regarding the problem of the policy of handling dangerous goods cargo at the Tanjung Perak Main Harbor, it seems that it is not fully implemented, so that if it refers to the Van Metter and Van Horn theories, that the current conditions are policies for handling dangerous goods cargoes in an effort to realize the safety and security of RO-Ships. RO (Roll On-Roll Off) has not been fulfilled properly.
 Keywords: Policy, Handling, Cargo, Goods, Dangerous.

Assessment of the Influence of Added Resistance on Ship Pollutant Emissions and Freight Throughput Using High-Fidelity Numerical Tools

The reduction of ship pollutants is a key issue in the international agenda. Emissions estimation is usually based on standard calculations that consider the different scenarios of ships. This work presents research on the influence of added resistance on ship emissions and freight throughput. First, a methodology to assess the added resistance influence is shown. The procedure is applied to a roll on-roll off ship under two load conditions. Analyses are computed to value wind- and wave-added resistances for different seasons. An investigation on ship pollutant emissions for a whole route is performed. Moreover, the influence of added resistance on the ship freight throughput is analyzed. Finally, some relevant information is concluded. For instance, a difference of up to 53% in pollutant emission estimation is observed if added resistance is considered. Additionally, the navigation in added resistance conditions could lead to a freight loss of 18% per operational year.

Object Detection and Ship Classification Using YOLOv5

Using a public dataset of images of maritime vessels provided by Analytics Vidhya, manual annotations were made on a subsample of images with Roboflow using the ground truth classifications provided by the dataset. YOLOv5, a prominent open source family of object detection models that comes with an out-of-the-box pre-training on the Common Objects in Context (COCO) dataset, was used to train on annotations of subclassifications of maritime vessels. YOLOv5 provides significant results in detecting a boat. The training, validation, and test set of images trained YOLOv5 in the cloud using Google Colab. Three of our five subclasses, namely, cruise ships, ROROs (Roll On Roll Off, typically car carriers), and military ships, have very distinct shapes and features and yielded positive results. Two of our subclasses, namely, the tanker and cargo ship, have similar characteristics when the cargo ship is unloaded and not carrying any cargo containers. This yielded interesting misclassifications that could be improved in future work. Our trained model resulted in the validation metric of mean Average Precision (mAP@.5) of 0.932 across all subclassification of ships.

Determinant factors for the development of maritime supply chains: The case of the Swedish forest industry

The integration of shipping into multimodal supply chains represents a major challenge for the transport industry due to the reduced external effects of waterborne transport compared to land-based modes of transport. Roll on-Roll off (RoRo) shipping represents a maritime segment that could easily form part of an intermodal transport system, due to the fast cargo handling and the high frequency of departures. RoRo segment is quite developed in Sweden, representing 22% of the maritime segments, while forestry industry is one of the main shippers of RoRo services in the intra-European trade. This paper analyses the purchasing chain of forestry RoRo shipping services and identifies the determinants that have impact on its competitiveness. 8 semi-structured interviews with RoRo shipping operators, forestry companies and freight forwarders in Sweden were conducted, providing valuable input to this study. A taxonomy of determinant factors in the purchasing process of forestry RoRo shipping services is developed highlighting the interactions between them and drawing attention to the barriers that prevent the further employment of this transport mode. The results suggest that a different management ‘culture’ on carriers-shippers’ relationships and efficient port operations are key determinants for the establishment of successful intermodal RoRo services.

Expectations, Performance, and Satisfaction of Passengers on ROLL-ON ROLL-OFF Marine Transportation Vessels in the Case of Three Prominent Companies in Bacolod City

The study used the Expectancy-Disconfirmation Theory to determine the expectations, performance, and satisfaction level of Roll-on Roll-off (Ro-Ro) passengers. The study employed a descriptive-relational research design and a self-constructed questionnaire for data collection. The study tested the relationship between the preferred Ro-Ro company and the participants’ socio-economic profile and the difference in the levels of satisfaction when grouped according to the type of vehicle and preferred Ro-Ro company. The 370 participants, grouped according to their preferred company, presented dominant expectations in sub-areas under pricing, trip schedule, vessel management and seaworthiness, and service crew. Results showed that the participants' expectations, performance, and satisfaction supported the study’s Expectancy–Disconfirmation Theory theoretical framework. Positive disconfirmation happened since participants experienced a better performance than expected, which eventually led to satisfaction. Among the factors, the findings presented that only the provincial address had a significant relationship with the preferred RORO company. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the satisfaction towards service crew when participants were grouped according to vehicle type. The Turkey Post-hoc Test revealed that the difference between the 3-wheeled and 6-wheeled vehicles had the highest variation. Significant recommendations focused on improving the RORO companies’ services and facilities, especially trip schedules, vessel maintenance, service pricing, seaworthiness, and crew service. Future researchers are also recommended to cover other ports as the study was only limited to motorists of BREDCO port. Keywords: expectations, performance, satisfaction level, RORO, expectancy disconfirmation theory, positive disconfirmation

Planning and Simulation of Intermodal Freight Transport on International Networks. Hub and Spoke System in Euro-Mediterranean Area

The remarkable demographic growth and economic development of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean regions stimulate an ever increasing need for trade between the shores, especially from regions of North Africa and the Middle East towards Western European countries. Today, these exchanges take place mainly by sea and by roll on-roll off (Ro-Ro) ships; but the connections by container ships and by road transport are important too. Ro-Ro services are particularly crammed in some North-South directions, with relationships among few ports and with rather limited frequencies. Road transport, especially between the Middle East and Europe, has different limits in terms of cost, safety, and reliability. The paper proposes a hypothesis of a logistic organization on a Euro-Mediterranean scale, through the transition from a network of direct links to a hub and spoke (H&S) network, according to the scheme envisaged for air transport. The research aims to explore, within a framework of the socio-economic system and the mobility demand system, the feasibility of a H&S network for Ro-Ro freight in the Mediterranean basin, based on a hub with high logistical performances, limiting the planning to supply and process consequent impact assessments.

Energy Dissipation of Ship Structures subjected to Impact Loading: A Study Case in Side Collision

The main goal of the present paper is to study the energy dissipation characteristic as the influence of parameters in the event of ship collisions. The review is conducted on accident case between Roll on-Roll off (Ro-Ro) Marisa Nusantara with Reefer Qi Hang at Sunda Strait, Indonesia May 3rd, 2014, as reference. It was later modeled and analyzed by nonlinear simulations finite element (FE) method was presented to be used as a reference to get the verified model. This collaboration study is considered as a good reference because it used real accident damage to compare the numerical results. The result in collision energy from the virtual simulation was later verified with the calculation result of the empirical formula. In the extended study, the collision region and material model are selected as influenced parameters to design collision scenarios. The characteristic of collision energy from these scenarios will be discussed. In the same section, the damage pattern is observed and reviewed to find the relation between several parameters to calculation results. It was shown that the influence of region and location of target points contributed significantly to energy dissipation. In contrast, the key finding in material properties is that when Young’s modulus between materials was the same and the difference of yield strength of materials was not significant, then other material properties contributed to the result.

Over Land and Over Sea: Domestic Trade Frictions in the Philippines

This paper evaluates the effects of the introduction of Roll-On Roll-Off (RORO) Terminal System (RRTS) on agricultural trade and on provincial trade frictions within the Philippines. To do so, two datasets are created: (i) the starting dates of RORO services by route; and (ii) intra-provincial trade by product. Results suggest that provinces linked by RRTS increased trade by 35% compared with unconnected provinces. At the same time, RRTS is associated with an average reduction of province trade frictions. However, the distribution of gains among provinces is highly uneven and may have exacerbated pre-existing trade imbalances.

Key Factor for Successful Roll-on Roll-off (Ro-Ro) Operation: a Delphi Technique at Langkawi Terminal, Kedah

Roll-on Roll-off (Ro-Ro) vessel been used as a sea transportation that designed to carry cargo as well with passenger from one place to another place. This research is conducted at Langkawi Islands. The main transportation systems of this island are more on sea transport rather than air transport. The dissatisfaction of passengers with the facilities provided by Ro-Ro’s company at Langkawi Terminal has been discovered. Thus, this research are aims to investigate the key factors for successful Roll-on Roll-off (Ro-Ro) Short Sea Shipping (SSS) operations in Langkawi Terminal and to determine the relationship between key factors toward successful of Ro-Ro operation at Langkawi Terminal. Seven (7) competent expertise and experienced respondents in maritime sector at Langkawi terminal has been contributed in this research. A Delphi survey has been conducted for this research to identify any key factors and access their opinion on the relative of all key factors involved. Two (2) round of the Delphi questionnaire survey be used as a research instrument with the Likert scale. The reliability and validity of this research is 0.730. In conclusion, most respondents agreed that the key factors that have been analysis play an important role in achieving the successful of Ro-Ro operation at Langkawi Terminal.

Review Procedures of Transport Vehicles in KMP Baronang Track Bastiong - Sofifi North Maluku Province

Bastiong Ferry Port is managed by PT. ASDP Indonesia Ferry (Persero) Branch of Ternate airport 9 and examined by eight types of ferry Ro-Ro (Roll on-Roll off). The commercial track located in The Port of Bastiong Ferries is the track of Bastiong - Sofifi which the shipping distance is 14 nautical miles and has a travel time of 2 hours with average speed - average 8 knots. The Tracks Bastiong - Sofifi has the highest trip which is 7 trips a day, therefore it is allowed that the passengers and vehicles that transported more than other tracks. So much in ordinances of transport does not comply with the regulation No. 115 of 2016 which includes: weighing before loading onto ships, information on the weight and type of content, the type of fastener tools in use, the distance between the vehicle and the sterilization space vehicles of passengers during the voyage. Based on analysis of the problems in the KMP. Baronang, still found some problems such as the unavailability of the weighbridge at The Port of Bastiong Ferries, information about the weight and type of cargo that is not attached when the vehicle is loaded onto the ship, the type of fastener tools that are not in accordance with the rules that have been set, the distance between the vehicle distance adjacent vessel and the condition of the vehicle is not sterile space of the passengers during the voyage. Therefore, it is necessary in a further analysis concerning the procedures for the transport to suit the regulation No. 115 of 2016 ship that security and safety is maintained during the voyage.

Comparing Structural Casualties of the Ro-Ro Vessel Using Straight and Oblique Collision Incidents on the Car Deck

Roll on-roll off (Ro-Ro) ship is the preferable vessel for public transportation and also as a medium to distribute several commodities. Its operations are a straightforward process but traffic management is quite delicate, especially for cross-route. Moreover, maritime incidents sometimes occur, causing significant casualties and in the case of the Ro-Ro, collision with other ship is a possible threat with the ability to trigger immense damages. This research, therefore, was conducted to assess the structural casualties of a Ro-Ro vessel under collision. This was modelled with respect to a ship involved in a certain incident in Indonesia in the latest decade, and the designed collision problems were calculated using the finite element approach. The collision angle was selected as the main input parameter with the straight collision of angle 90° and oblique collision with different angles applied to the scenario. The results found the collision energy due to structural destruction to have distinct pattern and peak value under oblique cases with lower values observed for straight collision for all scenarios. It is, however, recommended that energy should be taken as an initial parameter in further investigation of structural damage and response contour.

A Practical Method for the Evaluation of Societal Risk in the Context of the International Maritime Organization's Safety Level Approach

The Safety Level Approach (SLA) is a structured application of risk-based methodologies for the International Maritime Organization's (IMO's) rule-making process. When the SLA is applied, safety goals have to be provided. In order to set appropriate levels for safety goals, it is necessary to measure the tolerance degree of the current safety level. Based on the consistency with individual risk criteria and the principle of continuous improvement, this paper proposes an approach to establish the societal risk criteria, which can be used for setting safety goals in the context of the IMO's SLA. Furthermore, by defining dynamic factors to express risk aversion, a method for tolerance measurement of the current societal risk is developed. Finally, a case study into the societal risk evaluation of cruise ships and Roll-On Roll-Off (RO-RO) passenger ships is conducted.

Intermodal freight network incorporating hub-and-spoke and direct calls for the archipelagic Philippines

Compared with point-to-point (PTP) transport, a hub-and-spoke (HS) network benefits from consolidation of cargoes in hubs, leading to lower average costs for hub-to-hub transport because of scale economies. This article explores the use of intermodal road – Roll-on Roll-off (RoRo) transport, in complement with container transport, that is, in a combined HS and PTP network topology for the archipelagic Philippines. The mixed HS network is modeled to incorporate the properties of multiple allocations, non-restrictive networking policy and general hub network topology. The large network problem is solved by a heuristic that uses Lagrangian relaxation as a starting point. The model is able to locate hub ports where cases of intermodal road-RoRo and container transport could transship and be used complementarily. It is shown that considerable savings in total network costs could be realized with a mixed network, as compared with a purely PTP one.