Role Of Sea Research Articles

Urban Effect on Sea-Breeze-Initiated Rainfall: A Case Study for Seoul Metropolitan Area

We examined the sea-breeze-initiated rainfall in the Seoul Metropolitan area (SMA) on 6 July 2017 using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model. The model captures the arrival of the sea breeze front (SBF), the development of afternoon rainfall in the SMA, and the location of the sea-breeze-initiated maximum rainfall in the northeastern SMA reasonably well but overestimates the subsequent rainfall. We conducted sensitivity tests to better understand the urban effect on the sea-breeze-initiated rainfall event. Through factor separation analysis, we first examined the explicit role of sea and urban effect on sea-breeze-initiated rainfall. The results show that the interaction of sea and urban effects cause rainfall in the northwest and northeast of the SMA, indicating that both urban heat island circulation (UHIC) and sea breeze play an important role in the study case’s rainfall. We further examined the relative role of urban roughness and anthropogenic heat on the sea-breeze-initiated rainfall through factor separation analysis. Both anthropogenic heat and urban roughness play a role in increasing precipitation in the northeastern area of the SMA, with a larger contribution of anthropogenic heat than urban roughness. The relationship between low-level convergence at the SBF and urban factors is discussed.

Coping with climate change related conflicts – The first framework to identify and tackle these emerging topics

Climate change is supposed to exacerbate conflicts arising from resource scarcity and contrasting objectives. Some European authors highlighted already the need to look at conflicting interests when elaborating and applying adaptation and mitigation strategies. This study analysed the level of consideration of these emerging topics arising through increased competition of resources, contrasting interests, climate change adaptation as well as mitigation measures for Austria and Southern Germany in detail. Furthermore, it surveyed the application of possible approaches for conflict prevention and mitigation in an international perspective and additionally examined the particular role of SEA as one of the instruments to cope with conflicts related to climate change. The results express the strong need to look at emerging conflicts in cross-sectoral and sectoral adaptation early enough and a strategic perspective. Based on the content analysis of the Austrian and German adaptation and mitigation documents, expert interviews as well as the international literature review, a rather low consideration of these emerging topics as well as approaches to cope with them became evident. In response to these deficiencies, the paper introduces a first framework to identify and tackle emerging and exacerbated conflicts related to climate change. This novel framework is internationally applicable. In the final step of the framework approaches to prevent and minimize conflicts are the key topic. Among these approaches, SEA could take a leading role in case mandatory planning instruments cover the topics related to potential or existing exacerbated fields of conflicts. Overall a mix of formal and informal instruments and a more cross-sectoral perspective seems necessary. To this aim, the paper introduces four main guiding principles to consider and minimize up-coming conflicting topics.

SEA effectiveness in Spain: insights from practice

ABSTRACTStrategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is fairly well-established in Spain, informing decision-makers on the likely environmental consequences of their plans and policies. However, limited attention has been paid to the study of SEA effectiveness in Spain, particularly with regards to practitioner and stakeholder views. This paper aims to bridge this knowledge gap by gathering and examining views on SEA’s participatory aspects, the performance of the procedural elements and the overall role of SEA in decision-making. The paper describes the legal implementation of SEA in Spain, and discusses current views on its effectiveness, grounded on the authors’ own experiences.

The role of sea and islands in the resistance war to save the country in Thanh Hoa province (1946-1972)

Thanh Hoa is one of the 28 provinces and cities in Vietnam which have sea and islands, which leads to Thanh Hoa’s involvement in Vietnam national maritime strategy. In the course of history, the two wars against the French colonialism and the US imperialism to defend the country have proved its vital role. The paper clarifies the role of the sea and islands in Thanh Hoa province, which means a great deal in Vietnam maritime strategy now.

Resistant Strains of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus; Unknown Risk for Multiple Sclerosis Exacerbation.

Background:Despite all advances in neurological sciences, there are unknown aspects in the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on this hypothesis, the enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are possible risk factors for exacerbations of MS.Objectives:The present study was carried out to investigate the role of resistant strains of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in MS exacerbation.Materials and Methods:Two-hundred nasal swab samples were collected from non-MS (n = 80), MS stable (n = 60) and MS exacerbation (n = 60) groups. Samples were cultured and those that were S. aureus-positive were analyzed for the presence of enterotoxins, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using disk diffusion method.Results:Ninety out of 200 nasal samples (45%) were positive for S. aureus. The highest levels of nasal colonization were seen in MS exacerbation group (68.33%). The most commonly detected enterotoxins were sea (30%), sec (15.55%) and seb (11.11%). There were significant differences between S. aureus colonization and type of samples (P = 0.026) and, also, between type of samples and prevalence of enterotoxins (P = 0.022). The highest levels of enterotoxigenic genes were seen in MS exacerbation group. The S. aureus strains had the highest levels of resistance against tetracycline (80%), ampicillin (72.22%), methicillin (66.66%), erythromycin (66.66%), oxacillin (63.33%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (61.11%) and cotrimoxazole (55.55%).Conclusions:Our findings should raise awareness about the role of sea and sec enterotoxins, in resistant strains of S. aureus, as a risk factor for MS exacerbation. It is better to keep MS patients away from polluted environments of hospitals and health centers.

Statistical energy analysis: a critical overview

For the benefit of the ‘enquirer within’, who may not be familiar with the background and concepts of SEA, this overview opens with a discussion of the rationale for the use of probabilistic energetic models for high-frequency vibration prediction, and introduces the postulate upon which conventional SEA is based. It compares and relates the modal and travelling wave approaches, discusses the strengths and weaknesses of SEA as currently practised and points out needs and directions for future research. Critical discussions of individual contributions to the development of the subject are presented only in as much as they treat specific matters of concept, principle or reliability. The roles of SEA in providing a framework for experimental investigations of the high-frequency dynamic behaviour of systems and in interpreting observations on operating systems, although equally important, are not substantially addressed. Nor are specific experimental techniques which involve considerations of transducers, spatial sampling, signal processing, error analysis and data interpretation, which require a critical review in their own right.