Commercial Role Research Articles

Marwari Community and Their Contribution in Socio-Religious and Cultural Aspects of North-Eastern Bihar

Marwaris are one of the most important leading business communities who dominate in business and industries in whole India. They are immigrant traders from Marwar, Shekhawati and adjoining regions of Rajasthan and Haryana. They have been migrated to different parts of the country and abroad too to establish and spread their business and now they have been permanently residing there. Their migration started since 19th century mainly due to conflicts between Rajput and Mughal emperors which were affecting their trades badly. In this connection they also reached to North-Eastern (N-E) regions of Bihar for trade purpose mainly. They put their concentration to establish themselves in trades in this region. After feeling secured they brought their families, relatives and neighbours too to establish in this new area. Their main aim was to bring these known people to flourish in trades. Slowly they became mixed with the local people and gradually started to play an effective role in commerce, trades, culture and politics too of this region. They have been well adapted to the local languages, customs, dresses, religion and culture besides maintaining their own cultural identity. Besides establishing various trades and industries and raising economy of the areas, they are also contributing a lot in the social upliftment of the society. The present paper deals with the role of Marwari community in the socio-religious and cultural development of N-E Bihar.

Youtube Video TrendingAnalysis Based on Machine Learning

Social media platforms play an important role in commerce, entertainment, marketing, education, media and communication. YouTube has a large and active user base, making it the center of corporate digital marketing efforts. There are always videos that attract a lot of attention in a short period of time and become trending videos on YouTube, and these videos can be displayed as trending videos on YouTube and updated daily. In this article, we analyzed data on YouTube trending videos in the US region and analyzed the targets that captured the attention of users in a relatively short period of time. We conduct exploratory data analysis on each aspect to gain data insights and find statistical similarities between them to understand viewing patterns across video categories. We present our analysis by measuring, mining, analyzing, and doing ANOVA comparisons of four scales of different categories of likes, dislikes, opinions, and comments. In addition, the study compared the accuracy of three machine learning methods on YouTube data, which counts the number of views and viewer reactions of popular videos on YouTube.

Analysis of the Market Development of Transport and Cargo-Carrying Services in The Republic of Uzbekistan

The research in this article is aimed at finding ways to increase the competitiveness of railway transport. The results of the study will further reveal the possibilities of railway networks to ensure the delivery, in the shortest time, of large volumes of cargo to domestic and foreign markets, the uninterrupted functioning of the necessary infrastructure for placing cargo facilities on the railway network. The object of research is the state of the transport system, which plays a decisive role in commerce.

The Role of Commerce in the Main Urban Area of Abruzzo: an Intra-Urban Reading

Since the 1950s, the urban structure of Abruzzo has gradually polarized on the area of Pescara-Chieti, as the expression of a series of location and settlement advantages. There, the trade sector, favoured by a period of expansion of large-scale commercial distribution, represented a powerful vehicle for territorial convergence and cohesion, contributing to the progressive process of marginalization of urban proximity trade. The aim of this work is to go beyond the opposition between suburban shopping center/central urban trade and to propose an interpretation at intra-urban scale that starts from peripheral neighbourhoods and peculiar spaces: They are able, in some cases, to better represent urban identity, but, above all, to provide a favourable observation point from which to promote a balanced and sustainable reorganization of the city.

Egyetemi hallgatók online élelmiszer-vásárlói magatartás vizsgálata a TAM-modell alapján

Napjaink kereskedelemében egyre fontosabb szerepet játszanak az új, alternatív értékesítési formák, mint például a csomagküldés, a direktértékesítés, a telefon és az internet. Releváns szakirodalmak és statisztikai adatok bizonyítják az e-kereskedelem sikerességét hazai és nemzetközi szinteken. Célunk volt az online értékesítés egy olyan szegmensét feltérképezni, ahol az említett eredményesség még mérsékelten van jelen. Az online élelmiszer-vásárlás jelenleg még nem integrálódott a fogyasztók életébe olyan mértékben, mint más piacvezető termékkategóriák (ruhák, lábbelik). Primer kutatásunk során kvantitatív eljárásként kérdőíves felmérést bonyolítottunk le. A Debreceni Egyetem Gazdaságtudományi Karának 501 hallgatóját tudtuk sikeresen bevonni a nem reprezentatív felmérésbe, melynek során törekedtünk minél több kultúra és nemzet felkeresésére. Legfőbb célunk volt választ kapni arra a kérdésre, hogy mely tényezők húzódnak meg az online fogyasztói preferenciák kialakítása mögött a gyorsan mozgó fogyasztási cikkek (FMCG) termékkategóriájában. Ehhez primer kutatásunk során a Technológia Elfogadás Modelljét (TAM) alkalmaztuk. Likert-skála segítségével mértük fel a hallgatók álláspontját a témában. Az elemzés alapjául szolgáló 18 állítást Radka és Martin (2018) kutatásaiból kerültek adaptálásra. S megbízhatósági vizsgálatot követően faktorelemzést végeztünk. A változókat három-három faktorba tömörítettük. A feltáró faktorelemzést és az adatredukciót, szakmai értelmezhetőség szempontjából külön választottuk. Az egy-egy faktorba tartozó állításokon főkomponens analízist hajtottunk végre. Ezt követően klaszterelemzést végeztünk, amelynek során négy-négy klasztert alakítottunk ki a magyar és külföldi hallgatókra vonatkoztatva. Az a feltételezés, hogy az FMCG-n belül az online élelmiszer-vásárlással szemben tanúsított attitűd a magyar egyetemisták esetében zárkózottabb, a külföldi hallgatókkal szemben, beigazolódott. JEL besorolás: M31, Q13

Itabaiana Grande: cenários econômicos e culturais da cidade dos caminhoneiros

RESUMO: Este artigo é fruto de trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito de estudos sobre aspectos culturais, sociais e econômicos frente à dinâmica de uma cidade sergipana de grande relevância socioeconômica regional. O objetivo do mesmo foi destacar as nuances econômica e social frente a centralidade que a cidade de Itabaiana possui na rede urbana do estado de Sergipe, com alcance no cenário nacional. Utilizou-se como metodologia ao longo do estudo a pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, a análise de paisagem e a observação não-estruturada. Percebe-se ao longo da pesquisa a interdependência econômica da sede urbana com o meio rural frente as interações socioeconômicas estabelecidas na região. Além disso, ressalta-se a centralidade da feira como patrimônio cultural de um povo, indo além dos fatores econômicos, e o papel fundamental do comércio diante do desenvolvimento local.
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Centralidade urbana. Feira. Desenvolvimento local. Cultura. Economia.

Commerce and Settlement: Rethinking Early New England History

This paper addresses the long and structuring impact of the Puritan paradigm on early New England history and historiography. It highlights the tendency of the religious model to obscure or marginalize the entrepreneurial and commercial impulse inherent in the colonizing project of the Massachusetts Bay Company. It argues that settlement, or the action of appropriating and transforming indigenous land for the benefit of the corporation, provides a salutary, contextual perspective on the role of commerce and expansion in shaping New England societies at their founding. The original documents and the promotion of the corporation show that John Winthrop and his colonial government embraced the economic implications of land appropriation and commercial development, managing labor and trade with a view toward colonial and financial success on an Atlantic scale. Their expansionist policies and their concern for the protection and preservation of the property and the privileges of the entire corporate body transformed the Company into a proto-state defined by and attached to its sovereignty.

Learning to Predict Population-Level Label Distributions

As machine learning (ML) plays an ever increasing role in commerce, government, and daily life, reports of bias in ML systems against groups traditionally underrepresented in computing technologies have also increased. The problem appears to be extensive, yet it remains challenging even to fully assess the scope, let alone fix it. A fundamental reason is that ML systems are typically trained to predict one correct answer or set of answers; disagreements between the annotators who provide the training labels are resolved by either discarding minority opinions (which may correspond to demographic minorities or not) or presenting all opinions flatly, with no attempt to quantify how different answers might be distributed in society. Label distribution learning associates for each data item a probability distribution over the labels for that item. While such distributions may be representative of minority beliefs or not, they at least preserve diversities of opinion that conventional learning hides or ignores and represent a fundamental first step toward ML systems that can model diversity. We introduce a strategy for learning label distributions with only five-to-ten labels per item—a range that is typical of supervised learning datasets—by aggregating human-annotated labels over multiple, similarly rated data items. Our results suggest that specific label aggregation methods can help provide reliable, representative predictions at the population level.

Domestic virtues and national importance: sailors, commerce, and virtue in Mansfield Park, Persuasion, and The Wealth of Nations

Many scholars have noted the ways in which Jane Austen's narratives bring to life elements of Adam Smith's moral philosophy as articulated in Theory of Moral Sentiments. His economic treatise Wealth of Nations is also worth considering. Looking at the representations of sailors in Mansfield Park and Persuasion, this essay traces connections to Wealth of Nations to argue that Austen is cautiously but increasingly accepting the role of commerce in her society. Through her portrayal of naval officers, she conceptualises commercial ambition and domestic affection as intertwined rather than in tension. This connection provides a check to acquisitiveness and mercantile urges. She also appears to reject specialisation as a desirable human occupation. As a result, she unites the sympathies of The Theory of Moral Sentiments with the entrepreneurial energy of The Wealth of Nations. While Fanny Price and Anne Elliot are each, in their own ways, exemplary women, it is noteworthy that Austen gives us William Price and Captain Wentworth as exemplary, naval, commercial, men.

Commercial Queens: Mongolian Khatuns and the Silk Road

AbstractThree women dominated the politics and government of the Mongol Empire in the decade of the 1240s. Töregene and Oghul-Qaimish ruled as regents and are credited with corruption and petty politics throughout their regencies, while Sorqoqtani Beki became a paragon of virtue throughout the world for her adherence to theyasaof Chinggis Khan. Curiously, very little attention has been paid to this period to verify the accuracy of the statements. This study examines the role of all three women, but also attempts to place their actions in context, examine their role in commerce and how that affected their activities and their legacies. It argues that while the overall depiction of Töregene and Oghul-Qaimish may not be inaccurate, it overlooks some crucial elements and motives in their actions which also reveal that Sorqoqtani's actions were not as virtuous as the sources state.

‘The Drab Suburban Streets were Metamorphosed into a Veritable Fairyland’: Spectacle and Festivity in The Ilford Hospital Carnival, 1905–1914

Ilford's rapid population growth during the 1890s and 1900s fuelled demand for the establishment of a local emergency hospital and, in order to finance this development, residents held an annual carnival every July from 1905 to 1914. The carnival was a huge success, eventually attracting estimated crowds of around 250,000 people. This article uses the Ilford Carnival to examine the relationship between leisure and suburbanization. It analyses the carnival as a spectacle, considering the event's combination of tradition and modernity, the role of commerce and technology in the production and reproduction of its imagery, and the geographies of cultural dissemination involved. The article then evaluates the carnival as a festival, examining how it both contributed to local identity formation and inverted suburban values, as well as how it helped bring meaning to suburban time and related to changes in the temporal organization of work and leisure.

Urban Respectability and the Maleness of (Southeast) Asian Modernity

The urban modernity that became an irresistible model for elites in Asia in the decades before and after 1900 was far from being gender-neutral. It represented an exceptional peak of patriarchy in its exclusion of respectable middle class women from the work force, from ownership and control of property and from politics. Marriage was indissoluble and the wife's role in the male-headed nuclear family was to care for and educate the abundant children she produced. Puritan religious values underlined the perils for women of falling outside this pattern of dependence on the male. Though upheld as modern and civilized, this ideal was in particularly striking contrast with the pre-colonial Southeast Asian pattern of economic autonomy and balance between women and men, and the relative ease of female-initiated divorce. Although attractive to many western-educated Southeast Asian men, including religious reformers determined to 'save' and domesticate women, urban respectability of this type was a poor fit for women accustomed to dominant roles in commerce and marketing, and at least equal ones in production. Southeast Asian relative failure in the high colonial era to adapt to the modern market economy may also have a gendered explanation. We should not be surprised that patriarchy and puritanism became more important in Southeast Asia as it urbanized in the late 20th Century, since this was echoing the European experience a century earlier. The question remains how far Southeast Asia could retain its relatively balanced gender pattern in face of its eventual rapid urbanization and commercial development.

El comercio en las estrategias de vertebración territorial de la Comunidad Valenciana

The expansive city model extensively developed by the Comunidad Valenciana, has led to changes in the habits and customs of its citizens which in turn has led to alterations in the way they consume, seduced by advertising and the attractive design of new shopping centres and, in particular their links with leisure activities. These processes have substantially modified the business model and the social relations in the city. The first governments of the Comunidad Valenciana developed legal apparatus designed to regulate and profit from the role of commerce as a tool for social and territorial cohesion. This resulted in Commercial Action Plans designed to safeguard and ensure the survival of older and more traditional commercial quarters of the city (historic centres and surroundings) which have been severely affected by these changes. They consist of financial programmes with a modest urban planning component designed to recover the lost financial incentives and regain the city’s capacity for social interaction and relation. However, as it has tended to be a piecemeal effort, it has not been possible to counteract the major centrifugal movements of commercial facilities.

Trust Management in Peer-to-Peer Networks

In recent years, various applications of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) computing have been widely used because of its unique advantages, which have play ed an important role in commerce, communications and other fields. The P2P system is essentially a distributed system, without central servers. Each peer is both client and server, who have the same status. However, some features of P2P networks, such as autonomy, dynamic, and heterogeneity lead to an important problem, namely unreliable quality of service. Unreliable quality of service is usually presented as providing false or unreliable service, impacting customer satisfaction. The establishment of trust models which evaluate s capabilities of peers can measure the service capacity of a peer, and identify malicious behavior, thereby reducing the risk of interaction and being an effective technique to ensure the overall availability of P2P networks. A trust model named METrust in P2P networks based on the recommendation is proposed. In METrust, a peer selects recommendation peers whose evaluation criteria are similar, and evaluation criteria of peers are determined through the AHP method (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Each peer in the network has a unique credibility of recommendation, and two trust parameters for updating the credibility of recommendation are introduced, namely updating range and updating strength. METrust proposes algorithms to compute the trust of peers. Simulations show that, the trust model METrust can identify malicious peers, and improve the quality of service in P2P networks effectively.

The Role of Commerce in the Growth of Towns In Central Highland Ecuador 1750-1920

Commerce was a key function of urban development in the Central Highlands of Ecuador. Three towns—Latacunga, Ambato, and Riobamba—are examined in some detail in order to understand why commercial functions developed more strongly in some towns than in others. A dynamic and prosperous agricultural hinterland was the key to growth. Ambato grew faster than the other towns because its hinterland, fairly densely populated by white smallholders, participated more readily in cash-crop production than did the Indian population surrounding the other towns.

“There's Millions in It!”: The Gilded Age and the Economy of Satire

“There's Millions in It!”: <i>The Gilded Age</i> and the Economy of Satire

Commerce, Culture, and Civilization in Greek Enlightenment and Contemporary European Thought

Abstract This article describes the interaction between Greek readers, writers, and publishers during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, giving particular attention to the challenges faced by the latter in obtaining financial support for their endeavors. These contingencies exerted a significant influence on the form and content of Greek discourse as expressed in one striking instance by the efforts made on the part of Greek intellectuals to publicly reimagine the role of commerce and its practitioners in the rise or rehabilitation of nations. In addition therefore to providing a revealing view of what one historian of the period has called “the linguistic construction of class,” the Greek literary preoccupation with commerce also serves as a valuable exhibit of “cultural transfer,” or the manner in which genres of thought originating in one setting may become naturalized within another to the point that they appear to have been generated from purely native sources and circumstances.

Ideas and Innovations: Which Should Be Subsidized?

The Bayh-Dole Act allows universities to commercialize their research. University laboratories therefore have two sources of funds: direct grants from the government and funds from commercialization. In addition to giving direct subsidies to university laboratories, the government also subsidizes the commercial sector, for example, through tax credits. Subsidies to commerce contribute indirectly to the university's research budget, because they increase the profit from commercialization. This paper investigates the optimal mix of direct and indirect subsidies to the university, in a context where the role of university research is to turn up for commercial investments, and the role of commerce is to turn the ideas into innovations. It also asks whether there is an argument for protecting as well as commercializations, as is authorized by the Bayh-Dole Act.

Buddhism in the re-ordering of an early modern world: Chinese missions to Cochinchina in the seventeenth century

AbstractIn the seventeenth century, Chan Buddhist masters from monasteries in South China boarded merchant ships to Chinese merchant colonies in East and Southeast Asian port cities to establish or maintain monasteries. Typically, Chinese seafarers and merchants sponsored their travel, and sovereigns and elites abroad offered their patronage. What were these monks and their patrons seeking? This study will investigate the question through the case of one Chan master, Shilian Dashan, who journeyed to the Vietnamese kingdom of Cochinchina (Dang Trong) in 1695 and 1696. In Dashan, we see a form of Buddhism thought to have vanished with the Silk Road: that is, Buddhism as a ‘missionary religion’ able to propagate branch temples through long-distance networks of merchant colonies, and to form monastic communities within the host societies that welcomed them. This evident agency of seafaring Chan monks in early modern times suggests that Buddhism’s role in commerce, diaspora, and state formation in early modern maritime Asia may compare to religions like Islam and Christianity, and deserves further study.

Ocular effects of acute ingestion of Cola &lt;i&gt;nitida&lt;/i&gt;(Linn) on healthy adult volunteers

Cola nitida Linn (Sterculiaceae) is an economic plant widely distributed throughout West Africa and possibly other parts of Africa.Members are malvalves because of their lobular nature. Because of its ubiquity, the plant plays an important role in commerce, and in social activities where it is casually eaten without prescription or restriction. The ethnopharmacological effects of bolus ingestion of 30g of Cola nitida was investigated on visually acute and healthy volunteers in order to determine its ocular implications or effects. Results showed that Cola nitida had no effecton the pupil diameter, visual acuity and intraocular pressure but improved the near point of convergence by 43% and increased the amplitude of accommodation by 11% while existing heterophorias are ameliorated. The stimulating effect of Cola nitida might overcome asthenopic symptoms with convergence insufficiency and allows near work to be donewithout stress. Somnolence and ocular muscle imbalance common features of the elderly canbe ameliorated or relieved.