Role Of Urine Research Articles

Analysis of Bacterial Stent Colonization: The Role of Urine and Device Microbiological Cultures.

In this study, we explored the incidence of double J (JJ) contamination of patients who underwent an endourological procedure for urinary stones and ureteral stenosis. We developed a prospective study between January 2019 and December 2021. Ninety-seven patients, 54 male and 43 female, were enrolled. Urine culture was taken during four steps: before stent insertion, a sample from selective renal pelvis catheterization, a sample two days after the JJ insertion and finally, after the stent removal procedure. At the time of the stent removal, 1 cm of proximal and distal ends were cut off and placed in the culture for bacterial evaluation. Cohen's kappa coefficient value (k) and concordance rates of microbiological culture results were evaluated. The study group comprised 56% of male patients. Proximal and distal stent cultures were positive in 81 and 78 patients. The concordance rate of microbiological cultures between proximal and distal double J stent is 88% (k 0.6). The most common pathogens isolated from urine and stent cultures were Enterococcus spp. in 52 cases and Klebsiella spp. in 27 cases.

Detection of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in urine samples during outbreaks of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy.

Real-time PCR is the diagnostic technique of choice for the diagnosis and control of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in an outbreak setting. The presence of EHV-1 in nasal swabs (NS), whole blood, brain and spinal cord samples has been extensively described; however, there are no reports on the excretion of EHV-1 in urine, its DNA detection patterns, and the role of urine in viral spread during an outbreak. To determine the presence of EHV-1 DNA in urine during natural infection and to compare the DNA detection patterns of EHV-1 in urine, buffy coat (BC) and NS. Descriptive study of natural infection. Urine and whole blood/NS samples were collected at different time points during the hospitalisation of 21 horses involved in two EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy outbreaks in 2021 and 2023 in Spain. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to compare the viral DNA load between BC-urine samples in 2021 and NS-urine samples in 2023. Sex, age, breed, presence of neurological signs, EHV-1 vaccination status and treatment data were recorded for all horses. A total of 18 hospitalised horses during the 2021 and 2023 outbreaks were positive for EHV-1, and viral DNA was detected in urine samples from a total of 11 horses in both outbreaks. Compared with BC samples, DNA presence was detected in urine samples for longer duration and with slightly higher concentration; however, compared with NS, detection of EHV-1 in urine was similar in duration with lower DNA concentrations. Limited sample size, different sampling times and protocols (BC vs. NS) in two natural infection outbreak settings. EHV-1 was detected in the urine from naturally infected horses. Urine should be considered as complimentary to blood and NS in diagnosis of EHV-1 infection.

The Role of Urine and Washing Cytology in Primary Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumours

Introduction: Urine cytology (UC) is a recommended tool for the diagnosis of urothelial malignancies. Thus far, no specific recommendations regarding the role of washing cytology (WC) have been included in the guidelines. The goal of our study was to analyse the relationship between the histology of transurethrally (transurethral resection of the bladder [TURBT]) resected bladder tumours (BCa) and intraoperative UC or WC findings. Materials and Methods: Five hundred consecutive primary TURBT cases conducted between November 2010 and 2015 at our department of the University Hospital Luebeck were retrospectively analysed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of UC and WC were evaluated to detect BCa. Multivariate logistic regression models were fit to further examine associations between patient- and tumour-related factors and a bladder UC or WC positive for BCa. Results: UC was performed in 297 patients, WC in 294 patients, and both in 261 patients. Sensitivity was 50.7% in UC, 58.1% in WC, and 62.1% for both tests combined. Specificity was 97.8% for UC, 98.0% for WC, and 96.4% for the combined tests. PPV was 98.0% for UC, 98.1% for WC, and 97.2% for combined tests. NPV was 47.8% for UC, 54.5% for WC, and 55.9% for the combined tests. The multivariate analyses revealed no association between positive UC or WC results and subsequent radical cystectomy (UC OR 1.35, 95% CI: 0.3–5.7; WC OR 2.0, 95% CI: 0.4–11.4). Neither UC nor WC was significantly correlated with local recurrence. Conclusions: Cytologic testing is an important diagnostic tool in BCa detection, showing acceptable sensitivity of around 60% and excellent specificity of over 90%. UC and WC present similar sensitivity. Our results advocate, however, against cytologic testing during primary TURBT, especially with regard to the lack of value in assessing the risk of recurrence. The clinical benefit of taking both types of samples at once is minimal. Furthermore, intraoperative WC collection does not reliably predict subsequent cystectomies.

SC102 - Analysis of bacterial stent colonization: the role of urine and device cultures

SC102 - Analysis of bacterial stent colonization: the role of urine and device cultures

The Role of Urine in Semiochemical Communication between Females and Males of Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris) during Estrus.

Simple SummaryCanine reproductive behavior can be easily observed; however, the mechanism of semiochemical signaling in this species is still not well understood. Despite numerous studies, no efficient, artificial canine sex pheromones are available. In most studies of canine semiochemical communication, female urine was believed to be a source of volatile compounds that attract males. We hypothesized that urine is also a source of compounds that are very important in the process of the mating decision but are not so volatile. These compounds are collected by licking urine or the vulva and are transferred into the vomeronasal organ. Such behavior always precedes the male’s mating decision. In two experiments, we assessed the reactions of male dogs in response to air containing odor molecules from estrous females’ urine, from a live female in estrus, and from food, as well as during direct sniffing of urine samples from females in estrus, in anestrus, from male dogs and from humans. It was concluded that urine odor is not used for long-distance semiochemical communication in dogs but rather for close distance signaling.This study aimed to assess the mechanisms of semiochemical signal detection in dogs. In the first experiment, five males were exposed to volatile semiochemicals emitted by a live female in estrus and the female’s urine sample collected during estrus. The odor of canine food and clean air were used as controls. In the second experiment, 25 males could directly sniff and lick the urine samples from females in estrus, from females in anestrus, from males and from humans, placed in a lineup. Sniffing, licking and salivation, as well as keeping dogs at different distances from the source of odor, were recorded in both experiments. Experiment 1 showed that food odor was sniffed by males longer than estrous urine. Volatile semiochemicals from females in estrus evoked interest in males but without visual cues did not cause overt symptoms of sexual arousal. In Experiment 2, the estrous urine evoked interest in males and provoked significantly longer sniffing. Licking accompanied by salivation was observed in all instances only during direct contact with estrous urine. The results suggest a complex character of detection of female reproductive status, in which both volatile and nonvolatile compounds emitted by females and present in female urine are involved.

Knowledge Gaps in the Etiology and Pathophysiology of Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis: A Scoping Review.

Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) due to the prolonged exposure of the skin to urinary, fecal, or double incontinence represents a major clinical practice challenge. The aim of this review was to identify and critically appraise the results of published studies on the etiology and pathophysiology of IAD and highlight the current gaps in empirical evidence. Scoping literature review. The electronic databases PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE, and Embase were searched for relevant articles published from 1996 to April 2018. Thirteen studies and review articles related to the etiology and pathophysiology of IAD were identified in our initial review, and 3 studies published subsequent to our initial review were evaluated and included in our final review. These studies suggest that several etiologic factors contribute to the development of IAD including exposure to urine, stool, or a combination of these substances (dual incontinence), the duration and frequency of exposure, frequent cleaning, and inflammatory responses. Results from the current scoping review showed that despite the increasing interest in IAD, evidence related to the underlying mechanisms causing IAD remains sparse. This paucity represents a clear gap in knowledge and indicates a need for additional research. Future studies should aim at elucidating: (1) the role of urine and its inherent pH on skin integrity, (2) the role of stool, specific digestive enzymes, and fecal bacteria on skin integrity, (3) the permeability and susceptibility of the skin to damage following frequent cleansing activities and occlusion, and (4) the specific inflammatory response triggered following exposure to urine and fecal matter.

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM OF 37TH WORLD CONGRESS OF ENDOUROLOGY PROGRAM BOOK

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM OF 37TH WORLD CONGRESS OF ENDOUROLOGY PROGRAM BOOK

Analysis of Male Urine as Pheromone to Increase Reproduction in Female Tiger Grouper (Epinephelus Fuscoquttatus)

The aim of this study was to identify the steroid hormone compound in the urine of male tiger grouper, and the role of steroid hormone suspected as pheromone of the male fish to induce gonad maturity of female tiger grouper. The methods employed in this study included broodstock maintenance, the collection of male urine samples, pheromone analysis of male urine, and application test of urine for gonad maturity of female tiger grouper. The analysis of pheromone content in urine was performed by using LC-MS / MS and FTIR methods. Urine was applied for several females placed in concrete tanks with a volume of 12 tons, 4 females for each tank. The parameters tested were male urine dose: 1 ml, 2 ml, and 3 ml. The results of pheromone analysis using LC-MS / MS method in urine and sperm of male tiger grouper indicated a peak of ion percussion of 255 ms and 273 ms, while the ion products showed 159 F and 255F. Based on the result of FTIR test, it could be seen that the resulted bands were infrared absorption which had certain character patterns, in which urine had six infrared spectrums; this steroid was classified in alcohol group β-sitosterol. The role of urine as a pheromone carrier administered to female was observed through the concentrations of estradiol-17β hormone and testosterone in blood plasma. The results showed that the concentration of estradiol-17β was much higher when compared with testosterone, either before or after treatment. The high concentration of estradiol was related to the stages of egg development in the female before the spawning season. From the results of this study, it could be concluded that male urine of tiger grouper was a pheromone that could increase the stimulation and gonad maturity of female broodstock.

Study of chemical communication based on urine in tree shrews Tupaia belangeri (Mammalia: Scandentia: Tupaiidae)

Chemical communication plays a key role in mammalian reproductive and social behaviour. The chemical constituents of urine are the main signal resource that can encode sex, quality and social status. In order to investigate the role of urine in the reproductive biology of Tupaia belangeri, the volatile components of urine were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the behaviour of the tree shrew in response to urinary odour was investigated in a Y-maze test. The results show that hydrocarbons were the major components of urine in wild, acclimated and laboratory-breeding animals. The concentrations of the chemical components in urine from individuals in the wild population were higher than those in the acclimated and breeding animals. Tupaia belangeri showed significant differences in reactions of individuals and urinary odour. Males and females had different components in their urine. The stay duration of male tree shrews to the urinary odour of females in oestrus or lactating was significantly longer than that to the odour of pregnant females. The chemical components were different at different reproductive stages. Taken together, these results suggest that the odour of urine can encode female reproductive status and gender. Tupaia belangeri relies on these odours to recognise sex and choose a mate. Chemical communication based on signals in urine plays an important role in the reproduction of T. belangeri.

Role of urine and serum protein electrophoresis in evaluation of nephrotic-range proteinuria.

The usefulness of routine serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) screening in the evaluation of proteinuria is not known. The data on the clinical utility of these tests in 165 male patients with proteinuria greater than 3 g/d of protein who were screened for the presence of an M-spike are presented. Two hundred fifty-four studies were performed (SPEP, 155; UPEP 99) in these 165 patients. Twenty-four studies (9.8%) were positive for an M-spike (15 serum; 9 urine samples) in 19 patients (11.5%). Fourteen patients (8.5%) had an M-spike in either serum or urine, five patients (3%) in both studies. Two of these 19 patients were diagnosed with myeloma and 1 patient was diagnosed with primary amyloidosis. The other 16 patients were diagnosed with monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS). The group with a positive M-spike was significantly older (mean +/- SEM, 65 +/- 2 years; range, 39 to 78 years v 58 +/- 1 years; range, 25 to 84 years; P = 0.03), had a lower incidence of coexistent diabetes (21.1% v 61.6%; P = 0. 01), and a lower serum albumin level (3.2 v 3.6 g/dL; P = 0.05). Using a multivariable logistic regression model, the presence of an M band was positively correlated with age (odds ratio [OR], 1.056; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.006 to 1.108) and negatively correlated for serum albumin level (OR, 0.386; 95% CI, 0.184 to 0. 810), hematocrit (OR, 0.923; 95% CI, 0.852 to 1.001), and the presence of diabetes mellitus (OR, 0.128; 95% CI, 0.038 to 0.434). In summary, routine SPEP and UPEP screening in patients with proteinuria greater than 3 g/d of protein detected an M-spike in 11. 5% and myeloma in 1.2% of the patients. The cost per case of myeloma or MGUS discovered was $1,192.

17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 20-sulphate is a potent odorant in precocious male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr which have been pre-exposed to the urine of ovulated females.

Electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory epithelium have shown that 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 20-sulphate (17,20 beta-P-sulphate; a conjugate of the oocyte-maturation-inducing steroid in teleosts) is a potent odorant in precocious male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr. However, the olfactory epithelium of these fish only appeared to be responsive to the steroid after stimulation with the urine of ovulated female Atlantic salmon. Immature fish did not respond at any time. Stimulation with urine from immature and precocious male Atlantic salmon parr did not make the olfactory epithelium of precocious male salmon parr responsive to the steroid. 17,20 beta-P-sulphate was found in the urines of ovulated females, precocious male parr and mature male Atlantic salmon. The findings are discussed in relation to the possible role of 17,20 beta-P-sulphate in the physiology of Atlantic salmon.

Involvement of urine in epithelial-stromal interactions in urinary bladder carcinogenesis

The role of urine in epithelial-stromal interactions in urinary bladder carcinogenesis was investigated using the ‘Stroma’ bladder model established in our laboratory. Rats treated with 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BHBN) in drinking water for 4 weeks or age-matched untreated rats served as donors of bladders with denuded epithelium (‘stroma’ bladders), which were resurfaced 4 days later with urothelial cells from rats treated with 0.05% BHBN for 4 weeks. Subsequently, the transplants received weekly injections of normal rat urine or saline. In the urine-free environment, cell implants developed hyperplastic changes but few tumor formations with no significant difference between the two types of ‘stroma’ bladder. In contrast, urine instillation stimulated neoplastic growth, and tumor-enhancing effect was significantly accelerated in the BHBN-treated ‘stroma’ bladder group as compared to the control group. These results suggest that epithelial-stromal interactions are altered in such a way that bladder carcinogenesis is enhanced by prior exposure of the bladder stroma to carcinogen and subsequent urine contact.

Etiologic factors in diaper dermatitis: the role of urine.

Diaper dermatitis may result after repeated or prolonged contact of skin with urine and feces. A hairless mouse model was used to elucidate the role of urine in this process. The results of this work suggest that an important function of urine in the etiology of diaper dermatitis is to increase the pH of the diaper environment by breaking down urea in the presence of fecal urease. This rise in pH increases the activities of fecal proteases and lipases, which can damage skin. Urine can also increase the permeability of diapered skin to irritants and can directly irritate skin when exposure is prolonged.

Role of urine in coordinating reproduction in a desert rodent (Dipodomys merriami)

Detection of reproductive status from chemical signals in the urine of a desert rodent was examined. Intact and castrated male and estrous (induced) and nonestrous (ovariectomized) female Dipodomys merriami were tested for their preferences for various combinations of water and urine from intact males, estrous females, castrated males, and nonestrous females. Intact and castrated males were also tested for their responses to urine from females at different stages of the reproductive cycle: proestrus, estrus, and diestrus. Neither intact nor castrated males exhibited a preference for urine from females in may stage of the estrous cycle. Urine from intact males, however, was preferred by both intact males and estrous females. Urine from reproductively active males, rather than from estrous females, seems to contain information for coordinating reproduction in D. merriami.

The Role of Urine in a Patient with a Bladder Neoplasm

A review was done on reported cases of spontaneous regression of superficial bladder tumors in which cystectomy was preceded by bilateral ureterosigmoidostomy (the interval ranging from 21 days to 6 months). In every case in which the tumors were superficial complete disappearance of the papillary masses was observed by the naked eye and by microscopic examination. Tumor cells persisted in those cases in which the bladder wall was involved. I propose that the urine of the patient acts as a promoter to hyperplasia and neoplasia on foci of defective urothelial cells whose special coding apparatuses had been injured or destroyed by a carcinogen. The latter need no longer be present nor need there be exposure to co-carcinogen(s), such as is associated with excess alcohol intake or cigarette smoke inhalation.Tumor cells that were found in the excised bladder wall were cells that had become invasive (cancerous) and were no longer dependent.

Enhancement by Urine of Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis

The role of urine as a tumor-enhancing agent in urinary bladder carcinogenesis was investigated by using the heterotopically transplanted rat urinary bladder. Bladders removed from rats initiated with the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in drinking water for 4 or 10 weeks were heterotransplanted to syngeneic rats. These heterotopically transplanted bladders receiving repeated instillations of normal rat urine subsequent to transplantation had a higher incidence of carcinoma than did those receiving 0.9% NaCl solution. These results suggest that normal urine may contain tumor promoter(s).

The Role of Urine in Parent‐Offspring Communication in a Cichlid Fish

AbstractThe fry of the Midas cichlid, Cichlasoma citrinellum, preferred over blank water, a urine solution from either parent or from a nonparental adult of either sex. They failed to show a preference for the urine of a predator, C. managuense, or for the mucus from the mother. It is possible that steroid titers in urine could provide information on sex, and that peptide chains in urine could indicate species. The chemosensory acuity of fry is high, as they were able to detect a “concentration” of pheromone as low as one sibling per 2 1 of water. This high acuity implies that olfaction rather than gustation mediated the chemosensory responses described above.

Studies on the Nitrogenous Compounds in Urine of Mature Silkworm Larvae, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae)

Mature silkworm larvae, Bombyx mori, discharged about 0.3ml of urine2 immediately before cocoon spinning. Urine was composed of several kinds of nitrogenous compounds including 16 kinds of amino acids, urea, uric, acid, protein and ammonia. The quantity of each nitrogenous compound in urine varied according to the food condition during the 5th instar and silkworm races. Disc-electrophoretic analysis revealed that several proteins in urine were derived from digestive juice. The role of urine in nitrogen excretion is discussed.

The role of urine in the etiology of cancer of the urinary bladder.

It is shown that the site-frequency distribution of carcinomas relative to the upper and lower hemispheres of the urinary bladder is inhomogeneous. It is pointed out that the contact with urine is the important etiological factor and that other factors, if any, play only a secondary role. It is suggested that prolonged (forced) retention of urine should be avoided. Investigation of urinary carcinogens is needed.