Role Of Ticks In Transmission Research Articles

The epidemiology of tick in transmission of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in buffaloes in Marshes of the south of Iraq.

Aim:This study aimed to investigate the role of ticks in transmission of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in buffaloes in marshes of the south of Iraq.Materials and Methods:This survey included 255 healthy and clinically ill buffaloes in marshes of the south of Iraq (Thi-Qar, Basra, and Misan provinces) between the periods from May 2017 to April 2018. Animals were clinically examined. Ticks, isolated from perineum and under tail, sent to the Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad and University of Thi-Qar for taxonomy. Ticks were dissected, and all internal organs were removed aseptically by forceps to sterile tubes containing brain heart infusion broth and incubated at 37°C for 36 h and subcultured on blood and MacConkey agars at 37°C for 36 h. Biochemical tests including citrate, methyl red, indole, urease, triple sugar iron (H2S), motility tests, and Gram stain were performed.Results:Two species of ticks were identified. Hyalomma spp. (175; 68.63%) were significantly higher than Rhipicephalus spp. (80; 31.37%). Conversely, pathogenic bacteria in Rhipicephalus spp. (55; 68.75%) was higher than detected from Hyalomma spp. (113; 64.57%), but non-significant. The prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in ticks on diseased buffaloes (110; 88.00%) was significantly higher than non-diseased (58; 44.61%). Escherichia coli (123; 73.21%) showed a significantly higher prevalence than Salmonella spp. (25; 14.88%) and Klebsiella spp. (15; 8.92%). There was no significant variation between Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella spp. The latter was significantly higher than Enterobacter spp. (5; 2.97%). The isolation rate of infected tick collected from buffaloes inhabiting marshes was 65 (66.32%), 45 (69.23%), and 58 (63.40%) from Thi-Qar, Basra, and Misan provinces, respectively, with no significant variation. July and August (71.05% and 72.97%) reported the highest among months, while November, December, January, and February recorded nil (0.00%). The summer season was significantly higher (72.72%) followed by autumn (62.06%) and spring (59.77%), while winter reported no any bacterial isolation (0.00%).Conclusion:The high prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria isolated from hard ticks supports the probability of transmitting these bacteria to buffaloes in marshes of the south of Iraq.

STUDIES ON ROLE OF TICKS IN TRANSMISSION OF SOME BLOOD PARASITES IN CAMEL

This study was carried out in the imported camels that enter Egypt coming from Sudan those were passed on Abu-Simbuel region (Abu-Simbuel Abatoir) of Aswan Governorate, southern Egypt in the period from November, 2015 to October, 2016, to identify tick species infesting camels, study the prevalence of ticks infestation in camels all over the year andthe prevalence of Trypanosoma and microfilaria infection of camels, also the role of ticks in transmission of Trypanosoma species. The overall prevalence in the tick infestation was recorded as (60.96 %) (1463/2400) .The higher infestation were recorded in November, December (2015) and January (2016) and lower infestation were recorded in June.A total of (960) ticks were collected from the infested camels and identified. Hyalomma dromedarii was the predominant tick species and comprised (83.54 %) of the collected ticks. Other tick species found in very low numbers were Rhipicephalus praetextatus(4.27 %), Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum(3.85%),Hyalomma impeltatum (2.92%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (2.29 %),Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum(1.35 %), Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (1.12 %), and Hyalomma truncatum (0.63 %).(99) blood samples from (4800 )collected blood samples was infected by Trypanosoma evansi and hence constitute a prevalence rate of (2.0625%),with highest prevalence rate infection was (8.5 %) in October, alsofounded that (2) blood samples from( 4800) samples that infected by microfilaria in February and December (winter) with prevalence rate (0.042 %)(2/4800).We founded two samples in gut of male ticks contain developed stages of Trypanosoma in (March and June).

Prevalence and species composition of ixodid ticks infesting horses in three agroecologies in central Oromia, Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the species composition and prevalence of ixodid ticks infesting horses in three agroecological zones in central Ethiopia. For this purpose, a total of 1,168 horses were examined for tick infestation. An overall prevalence of 39.04% of tick infestation on horses was recorded. A total of 917 adult ticks were collected from infested horses. Amblyomma, Boophilus, Rhipicephalus, and Hyalomma genera with the respective prevalence of 3.2%, 1.8%, 29.2%, and 4.7% were identified. In the study, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi was encountered with the highest prevalence (15.8%) whereas Amblyomma gemma was with lowest prevalence (1.5%). From the highland, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (3.1%), Hyalomma truncatum (1.0%), and Boophilus decoloratus (0.3%) were identified. From the midland, R. evertsi evertsi (27.5%), Rhipicephalus pulchellus (18%), Amblyomma variegatum (3.6%), B. decoloratus (2.8%), H. marginatum rufipes (2.6%), H. truncatum (1.8%), and A. gemma (1.5%) were identified. R. evertsi evertsi, 107 (27.5%), was with the highest prevalence in the midland. From the lowland, R. pulchellus (22.3%), R. evertsi evertsi (20%), H. truncatum (3.6%), A. gemma (3.1%), B. decoloratus (2.3%), H. marginatum rufipes (2.1%), and A. variegatum (1.5%) were identified. In the lowland, R. pulchellus, 87 (22.3%), was the most abundant tick species. The overall prevalence of tick infestation on horses was significantly (P<0.05) higher both in the midland, 225 (57.8%), and the lowland, 214 (54.87%), than the highland, 17 (4.4%). This suggests that horses in midland and lowland are at higher risk of tick infestation than those horses in the highland. Further studies on the role of ticks in transmission of diseases to equines and the importance of horses as alternative hosts in different parts of Ethiopia are needed.

Scientific Opinion on Geographic Distribution of Tick-borne Infections and their Vectors in Europe and the other Regions of the Mediterranean Basin

This report is the second of a series of two technical assessments of the role of ticks in transmission of animal diseases and zoonoses in Eurasia. A previous published scientific opinion (EFSA 201 ...