Role Of Subjective Factors Research Articles

Reproductive intentions of Russians in 2022—2023: Тhe role of subjective factors

This study examines how the reproductive intentions of Russians changed during the socio-economic shocks in 2022—2023 basing on the data from a representative survey of respondents of reproductive age conducted in May 2023. We used multiple-choice models to identify the factors that influenced changes in fertility decisions. Most individuals who had planned to have children before the crisis did not change their plans (60.2%), 9.5% of respondents decided not to have children, while, on the contrary, 9.2% decided to have children earlier. The rest of the respondents postponed having children. The econometric model included both objective and subjective characteristics of respondents. Objective factors included income, housing availability, health, family status, and the presence of children. Subjective factors comprised emotions such as anxiety, fear, appeasement, happiness, and attitude to the political course of the country. The study found that psychological factors played a more significant role in decision-making. Anxiety and fear as well as disagreement with the country’s political course led respondents to postpone having children for an indefinite period. Conversely, a positive emotional background and the presence of a partner encouraged respondents to have children earlier. The decision not to have children was mainly explained by physiological limitations and attitudes to political course, while the income and emotional indicators had a more minor but significant influence. The results of model estimates are consistent with the cluster analysis of answers to the openended question about changes in reproductive intentions. We also discovered significant differences in decision-making for respondents before and after the age of 30 as well as for those with and without children. A series of demographic and social policy recommendations are suggested.

The role of personal motives in determining car ownership and use: a literature review

ABSTRACT Car dependency leads to a variety of societal problems and challenges, not least environmental ones. It is thus not only relevant but also critical to better understand the determinants of car ownership and use. Among those contributing factors, the role of subjective factors is often acknowledged to be important, yet not well understood. We conduct a systematic review of the literature regarding the effect of such motives on car ownership and usage. Based on the commonalities found in the reviewed articles, we identify and describe the five most relevant subjective factors in detail: (i) instrumental motives and autonomy, (ii) affective motives, (iii) symbolic motives, (iv) social norms, and (v) environmental motives. We synthesise these findings in a car ownership/use motives model, discuss implications for public policy and outline directions for future research.

Opportunities for Tax Culture Formation of Self-Employed

Self-employment in Russia characterized by a high level of shadow employment. The special tax regime was designed to carry out this activity from shadow. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the taxpayers behavior and their tax culture. The purpose of the article is to study the tax culture, factors influencing its demonstration in the taxpayers behavior, as well as to identify the features of tax culture in the field of self-employment. The information base of the article composed documents regulating the activities of self-employed, statistical data on the quantity, structure and dynamics of self-employment in the Russia and other countries, sociological surveys of self-employed. The main difference in the interpretation of tax culture is associated with the definition of its subjects. Therefore, the role of subjective factors in the taxpayers behavior is often overestimated. It is concluded that it is necessary to consider the issue of the tax culture of the self-employed not only from the point of view of their mentality, but first of all from the point of view of the external conditions of their activity. Low and irregular incomes, lack of social guarantees and financial support lead to the formation of the self-employed tax culture in the conditions of «survival». In this regard, actions to improve the tax culture by influencing internal factors are ineffective.

ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПРИНЯТИЮ УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКИХ РЕШЕНИЙ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ПОДГОТОВКИ МЕНЕДЖЕРОВ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В МАГИСТРАТУРЕ

Professionalism of management in the area of education is one of the conditions that ensures quality of education. Decision-making is the sort of quintessence of management activity that has a direct impact on the operation and development of educational systems. Studying of the teaching experience of education managers training at a number of higher educational institutions in the Siberian region resulted in the necessity of considering the problem of rationalizing and developing the specialized program of teaching the decision-making process. The aim of the research is to rationalize, develop and prove experimentally the effectiveness of the program of teaching managerial decision-making for education managers during the Master’s course while using studies of the factors that have an impact on the efficiency of managerial decision-making. During the research, statistical data about the influence of objective and subjective factors on the efficiency of education managers’ decisions made by them in the course of managing educational systems have been received. The concept of the author’s program of teaching education managers how to make managerial decisions ensures their mastering necessary skills as a process of development of the innovative culture. The content of the program allows to design the decision-making process as a specific kind of management activity. The methodical aspect of the program is aimed at using the case-study method in the process of teaching. The method provides optimal decision-making by its functionality. The research represents the experience of teaching the managerial decision-making process during the Master’s course at Omsk State Pedagogical University and the experimental data that prove the effectiveness of the developed program. The realization of the teaching program of managerial decision-making in the process of education managers training during the Master’s course ensures developing the appropriate competence through mastering skills of strategy development, skills of analyzing the situation and taking into account its dynamics, skills of step-by-step implementation of decision-making procedure on the basis of comprehensive and qualitative information. Teaching managerial decision-making using the case-study method helps to decrease the role of subjective factors of the negative kind.

Генетические ресурсы растений — неисчерпаемый источник продуктов здорового питания

В основу статьи положен доклад А. В. Конарева и И. Г. Лоскутова на пленарном заседании междисциплинарной конференции «FoodLife 2018», состоявшейся 18 – 20-го апреля 2018 г. в Санкт-Петербурге, а также доклады на секции 1 «Генетические ресурсы растений и здоровое питание: потенциал зерновых культур». В историческом и научно-методическом аспектах обсуждается значение генетических ресурсов растений, Вавиловского института (ВИР) и его коллекции в решении проблемы здорового питания. Внимание уделено роли субъективных факторов в развитии аграрной науки в стране (в СССР и России), в частности, биохимии сельскохозяйственных растений и технологической оценки, и решению проблем качества сельскохозяйственной продукции для обеспечения населения страны высококачественными продуктами питания. Обсуждаются негативные аспекты формирования общественного сознания по важнейшим вопросам здорового питания, современное состояние биохимических исследований ГРР. Дана оценка серии докладов участников конференции по секции 1 (роль ГРР в решении проблемы здорового питания).

The legal basis for the implementation of the financial policy of the state in the Russian Empire of the second half of the 19th century

The article analyzes the normative legal acts of the period of the Russian Empire, which were adopted for the implementation of the financial policy of the government. The analysis is carried out using the methods of modern jurisprudence, including those based on anthropocentrism as one of the areas of sociological theory of law. The importance of the subject of law in the implementation of legal norms is shown, the role of subjective factors in the development and implementation of the financial policy of the state is revealed. The process of construction of relations in the financial sphere with the help of financial law is shown. It is noted that the financial legislation of the Russian Empire consisted of a large number of regulations and was not codified. Distinct fiscal slope fiscal policies of the government determined the accounting bias financial legislation. The law was an instrument of financial policy, the government’s measures in the financial sphere were put into effect by means of normative legal acts, which had different forms. The financial and legal norms analyzed in the article regulated important areas of the state’s financial activity: budget and budget process, financial control, state revenues and expenses, taxation, state credit and banking. The content of these rules indicates the complex nature of the financial policy, which is not closed within the framework of several priorities for the state. At the same time, the often adopted financial and legal norms were aimed at solving not strategic but tactical problems in the financial sphere, first of all, at increasing the state budget revenues. There is a certain discrepancy between the legislative norms and the practice of their implementation in the field of finance.

The role of psychological well‑being in multiple sclerosis rehabilitation.

In patients affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) the disabilities increase during the progression of the disease, with a negative impact on quality of life. Rehabilitation improves motor performances, but remains unclear the role of psychological variables on motor recovery. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the psychological well‑being during a rehabilitation care in MS patients with moderate to severe disability. Longitudinal study. Outpatients in a Neurorehabilitation Unit of Pisa and Ferrara University Hospital. 93 subjects affected by MS with moderate to severe degree of impairment were recruited (43 male, 50 female; mean age 53±11.19 years). In relation to the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score the sample was divided in two group: Group 1 with moderate impairment (EDSS 4-5.5) and Group 2 with severe impairment (EDSS 6-7). Psychological and functional status was assessed before and after a motor rehabilitative treatment, appropriate to their clinical needs. Parameters collected were: Short Form 36, Patient Health Questionnaire, Fatigue Severity Scale, 6-minute walking test and 10-meter walking test. Mood disorders, low quality of life (QoL) and high perceived fatigue are characteristic symptoms in our sample. Results do not show a direct correlation with motor impairment. Mood improves in both groups, while walking endurance and speed ability recovers only in Group 1, on the contrary QoL improves only in Group 2. Regression analysis show that in Group 1 a better QoL predicts a higher motor recovery, whereas in Group 2 the improvement of walking endurance influences the subjective well‑being at the discharge. Subjective well‑being is related with the perception of the new condition of life. In less impaired patients psychological status can influence the liability toward rehabilitation treatment, while in more impaired patients motor recovery affect well‑being. Therefore, the psychological counselling should be provided during the rehabilitation treatment in order to achieve a successful patients' care. Our approach contributes to bring out the role of subjective factors on motor rehabilitation outcome and the functional recovery effect on the psychological well‑being. The knowledge of subjective needs related to disability degree should be used to customize an appropriate care in MS patients.

About the role of subjective factors in forensic expertise

The article examines the influence of subjective factors on the activities of a forensic expert. It is noted that to improve the objectivity and reliability of the findings of forensic experts is necessary to strictly observe the presumption of innocence, to develop guidelines for certain types of expertise, production of which is not carried out in the state forensic institutions, as well as carry out some other organizational and methodical activities.

Investigation of Alternate Behavioural Frameworks for Mode Choice Decisions of Workers in Chennai City

This study investigates the use of alternate behavioural frameworks namely – random utility maximization (RUM), random disutility minimization (RDM), random regret minimization (RRM) and composite decision rule (CDR) framework with respect to mode choice behaviour of workers in Chennai city. Most mode choice studies assume RUM as the inherent decision rule. However, this framework has been criticized due to its inability to represent non-compensatory behaviour, risk aversion and regret in choice. The multinomial logit model, used to capture utility maximization, suffers from the Independence from Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) assumption, in contrast to the other frameworks. Alternative frameworks such as “Disutility minimization” and “Regret minimization” have been proposed separately in the literature. However, these studies have not compared alternate behavioural frameworks using empirical data. Further, the role of subjective factors on mode choice has not been analysed in these studies. It is also interesting to examine the variation in the effect of explanatory factors across these decision frameworks. Due to the absence of comparative analysis, this study is motivated by the need to understand the extent to which mode choice involves non-compensatory behaviour, the degree of asymmetry between utility and disutility, and role of risk aversion and regret in mode choice decisions, particularly in the Indian context. A better behavioural understanding using suitable modelling frameworks can lead to more accurate mode share forecasts and has important implications for evaluating urban transport plans and policies.

Re-actualising Marxism in Russia: The dialectic of transformations and social creativity

This article analyses the differentia specifica (specific difference) of the Post-Soviet School of Critical Marxism in the areas of the methodology and philosophy of history and of the socio-political process. Among the main characteristics of the school, the authors stress the importance assigned to the ‘new’ dialectic of the ‘sunset’, genesis and transformation of socio-economic systems. Typical of this process are (1) non-linear evolution (or involution), including the dialectical unity of reforms and counter-reforms, revolutions and counter-revolutions; (2) the decline of objective basic determination and growth of the role of subjective factors; (3) the multi-scenario character of transformations, and so on. Also analysed are the contradictions, limits and potential of the social creativity of free association, in contrast to ‘activism’. The authors also provide a detailed account of Marxist studies in post-Soviet Russia, and show the place occupied by their school within this area.

The role of subjective factors in the information search process

We investigated the role of subjective factors in the information search process. Forty-eight participants each conducted six Web searches in a controlled setting. We examined relationships between...

Heterogeneous Decision Rule Model of Mode Choice Incorporating Utility Maximization and Disutility Minimization

With the advent of more flexible discrete choice models, the analysis of heterogeneity at the observed and unobserved levels is receiving increasing attention. However, heterogeneity in decision rules has hardly been investigated in the mode choice context. This study proposes a heterogeneous decision rule model of mode choice incorporating utility maximization and disutility minimization using empirical data from Chennai City, India. The two decision rules may yield different estimates of mode choice probabilities if the error structure is not symmetric. Therefore, a heterogeneous decision rule model is estimated by postulating separate choice behaviors for each decision segment. Because the decision rule remains latent, individuals are probabilistically assigned to the two segments. The membership propensity of belonging to each class is modeled by using a binary logit form. The performance of the proposed heterogeneous decision rule (HDR) model is compared with the pure utility maximization, pure disutility minimization, and heterogeneous latent class models. The results reveal that the HDR model outperforms these alternative specifications. Further, significant differences are observed across the decision segments for aggregate modal shares, intrinsic preference for different modes, sensitivity to modal attributes, role of subjective factors, and the effect of activity patterns and accessibility. Factors influencing the decision-segment membership propensity are also identified. These findings have important behavioral and practical implications for analysis and evaluation of travel demand management measures aimed at sustainable urban transportation systems, congestion mitigation, and transit improvement.

Bank lending ?manias? in theory and history

A popular view of banking crises sees them as consequences of prior bank lending “manias.” Such manias are supposed to be especially likely in legally unrestricted banking systems, where banks can issue notes and are not subject to statutory reserve requirements. Here it is argued that the bank lending mania hypothesis (1) exaggerates the role of subjective factors, including bankers' “confidence” or “optimism,” as a stimulus to bank lending, and (2) is not supported by evidence from past, legally unrestricted banking systems.