Role Of State Governments Research Articles

The Role Of State Governments In Fiscal Deficit Management In India: Challenges And Opportunities

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Planos de contingência e coordenação estadual do SUS na pandemia de covid-19

ABSTRACT The article analyzes the role of the states in coordinating the response of the Unified Health System (SUS) to the COVID-19 pandemic. This documentary research was based on the 26 state contingency plans published between February 2020 and October 2021. The state governments acted in most dimensions analyzed: health emergency coordination, federative articulation, regulation, technical support, communication, integrated planning, service provision, financing, and cooperation. The results suggest the leading role of state governments in SUS management, emphasizing the search for integration, alignment, and cooperation between the sectors involved, besides decision-making based on scientific guidance and evidence. In a context of polarization and federative dispute, the state experience valued federative autonomy, a cooperative stance, and the institutional capacities in the SUS.

The Financial and Legal Nature of Quasi-Grants Transferred to Polish Local Government Units From State Government Earmarked Funds

In the field of public finance, earmarked funds are regarded as a versatile instrument for funding public tasks, and an important complement to the traditional budgetary system. They were deliberately and extensively implemented in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis in 2020, as well as the refugee crisis in 2022. The funds earmarked by the state government, which were created at Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego at that time, proved to be an efficient and prompt approach in tackling the crisis and promoting local development. These funds were directed towards local investments by local governments, who were amongst their beneficiaries. This development was aided by allocating part of the COVID-19 Response Fund to investment expenses as freely designated by local authorities. Given their prior experience with using European Union funds, Polish local governments efficiently and promptly adjusted their financial management from the budget economy to the fund economy. Local governments have obtained earmarked funds which have become a significant source for funding local investments. However, these funds lack unambiguous regulation in Polish public finance law. This paper aims to illustrate the role of state government earmarked funds, which are established outside the public finance sector in Poland, in creating the budget economy for local governments. An additional aim is to determine the legal and financial characteristics of the resources within these funds in the light of the regulations outlined in the Polish public finance law.

Come Together, But How? Zooming Into Economic Development Collaboration Between State and Local Governments, and Nongovernmental Organizations

Economic development at the local level presents an intrinsic tension produced by competitive and cooperative dynamics. While empirical studies have identified drivers for collaboration at the local level, less is known about the scope of activities promoted by state-level agencies and the institutional mechanisms that state and local actors create to cooperate. This study exploits a unique data set created by the State of Iowa reporting the economic development agreements from 2007 to 2018. The findings illustrate how workforce development activities are the most prevalent activity while fiscal incentives are the least recurrent practice. In terms of institutional mechanisms, service contracts are used most frequently. Additionally, a state agency and nonprofit organization dyad is the most common collaboration, which highlights the role of state governments in shaping local economic development strategies. This exploration of mechanisms, activities, motivations, and duration contributes by improving theories of formal collaboration and intersectoral governance.

A panel data analysis of the effect of state governance on the global competitiveness of BRICS nations

This research investigates the effect of state governance of BRICS nations on their global competitiveness and specific aspects of competitiveness factors, i.e., Knowledge, Technology, and Future Readiness, for the period of 2017-2021 using World Bank’s World Governance Indicators (WGI) as the independent variable and IMD’s World Competitiveness Ranking (WCR) as the dependent variable. The role of state governance emerged as an important source of global competitiveness and its factors for BRICS nations in the results which revealed certain specific crucial relationships. Overall, 37.68% variation in the WCR rankings of BRICS nations is determined by four key dimensions of WGI namely Government Effectiveness, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, Regulatory Quality, and Control of Corruption with the Control of Corruption being the most significant variable in the model. For the hypotheses relating the State Governance and specific factors of Knowledge, Technology, and Future Readiness, the highest contribution of 40.19% is revealed to be contributed by these four governance variables in Technology rankings, followed by 32.93% variation in Future Readiness and 27.03% in Knowledge. The results provide evidence for the role of the quality of governments and governance in securing global competitiveness by nations. The results are particularly useful for strategic state governance planning and implementations for BRICS nations to improve their competitive global rankings individually and collectively, particularly in the dimensions of control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability, and absence of violence.

States of Immigration: Making Immigration Policy from Above and Below, 1875–1924

AbstractFor nearly 150 years, the Supreme Court has denounced jurisdictional ambiguities in immigration policy, regularly striking down state laws as unconstitutional intrusions on the federal government’s “broad, undoubted power.” Most scholarship on the historical evolution of US immigration policy has followed suit, rendering invisible the role of state governments and federalism in immigration policy during the crucial, transformative decades of the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era. This article redresses these silences by spotlighting the aggressive state policy activism and critical intergovernmental negotiations over how to control immigration and noncitizens from the 1870s to the 1920s. Focusing on two older, eastern seaboard states—Maryland and Virginia—and two newer, southwestern states—Arizona and New Mexico—these historical case studies show how subnational immigration initiatives were fueled by distinctive local and regional labor need and racial landscapes. This article also identifies and illuminates distinct forms of autonomous, interdependent, insistent, and validated activism by states in immigration federalism.

State Government Roles in Water Governance: Time for an Upgrade

State governments play important parts in water governance, including risk reduction from floods and droughts. A framework for programs should include planning and policy, regulation, and support for local government and basin stakeholders. Analysis of activities in 10 states showed that programs evolved along different trajectories, but federal law and grant funding were determining factors in all. Core regulatory programs for water safety and pollution control are unlikely to change much, but regulation of water allocation will shift in some states. States also play essential roles in financial assistance, although other capacity building programs are unlikely to increase. Planning and policy development are the major areas of needed state activity to help forge holistic solutions to regional water problems. States may find their emerging roles to be unfamiliar territory, and they must study needed institutional change through water framework studies and active dialogues about problems and required responses.

Os fatores que influenciam a implementação de políticas nacionais pelos governos estaduais na área de educação: uma revisão

Introduction: Education is one of the cornerstones for the development of countries. Its effectiveness depends on better public policy systems and, therefore, on greater discoveries about the role of federal states in the policy process. Objective: To carry out an integrative review of the literature to cover the factors that influence the implementation of national policies by state governments in the education area. Materials and Methods: A literature survey was carried out in July 2022, in the following databases: SciELO, Lilacs, Scopus, CAPES Periodicals and Google Scholar. The descriptors used were: “Implementação de políticasnacionais” AND “Governos Estaduais” AND “Educação” AND “Federalismo” AND “Relações Intergovernamentais” AND “National Policies Implementation” AND “State Government” AND “Education” AND “Federalism” AND “Intergovernmental Relations”. Results: 90% of the analyzed works approached federalism as having a great influence on the rules of policy implementation and a third of them focused on the role of state governments. Conclusion: The main factors that influence the implementation of national policies by federal states are: federalism, national regulations, existing asymmetries between subnational entities, lack of federative forums, administrative, technical and financial capacities, poor definition of the roles of each entity, political and economic contexts, and induction mechanisms of the federal government.

Disparities in food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic: A two-year analysis

While the overall level of food insecurity in the United States has remained stable during the COVID-19 pandemic, certain individuals and regions have fared worse than others. This study examines state-level variables affecting individual- and household-level food insecurity during the recent two years of the pandemic beginning in 2020 by utilizing the Household Pulse Survey, a new nationally representative dataset developed by the United States Census Bureau. The results of this study suggest a set of statewide factors, such as pandemic-driven market conditions, COVID-19 prevalence, and the implementation of federal programs, are associated with the level of food insecurity that individuals have experienced during the pandemic over the past two years. The associations varied by household income levels, indicating a strong relationship between higher-income households and market conditions, as well as the importance of federal programs and state policies in alleviating food insecurity among lower-income households. The food insecurity indices also overlapped with different socioeconomic and health hardships caused by the pandemic, such as employment income loss, housing instability, and mental health problems. The findings of this study highlight state-level contexts, particularly the role of state governments, in responding to pandemic-related food insecurity.

How to Reform Without Reforming: School District Racial Composition and Pennsylvania’s “Fair” Funding Formula

In the United States, researchers have documented persistent racial disparities in school funding for decades. Drawing on evidence from a recent policy change in Pennsylvania, this article contributes to research on the role of state governments in limiting or expanding racial disparities in K-12 education funding by examining differences in the racial composition of school districts positively and negatively impacted by a technical provision lawmakers inserted into a newly created formula for distributing state equalization aid. We find that negatively-impacted districts enroll a substantially higher number of Black and Latinx students, receive less state aid, have lower levels of state and local funding, and have lower spending levels than positively-impacted districts with otherwise similar financial needs. These findings suggest how state lawmakers can exacerbate racial inequities when pursuing reforms ostensibly focused on equity, and these results have implications for both policymakers and educational leaders focused on racial justice.

Does India have subnational welfare regimes? The role of state governments in shaping social policy

ABSTRACT This article asks whether state governments in India had developed sufficient autonomy during the era of multi-party fragmentation (1989–2014) to determine and implement their own distinctive policy agendas in the field of social policy. It uses cluster analysis to look for variation in the welfare regimes of state governments within India’s federal system. Employing the metrics of (de)commodification and defamilialization commonly used in the comparative cross-national literature on welfare regimes to assess the extent to which public welfare provision reduces dependence on market forces and family structures, the paper finds that India’s states cluster in ways that suggest the existence of distinctive subnational welfare regimes rather than straightforward variation within a national welfare regime. The analysis challenges the national-level bias inherent in previous studies of comparative welfare regimes and offers insights into the operation of regional autonomy within the domain of social policy in India’s federal system.

Attorney will evaluate Mississippi mental health services

A special assistant attorney general in Mississippi has been appointed to a new role in state government as the coordinator of mental health accessibility, Tri‐City Herald reported Oct. 25. William Rosamond will evaluate the quality of mental health care to possibly change services offered in some counties. Mississippi Department of Finance and Administration executive director Liz Welch recently appointed him to the role, the Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal reported. Rosamond has previously provided legal counsel for the Mississippi Department of Mental Health. In the new role, he will have authority to evaluate what mental health services counties offer, review financial statements and move counties to a different community mental health region if a certain region's services are inadequate. Senate Public Health Committee Chairman Hob Bryan, a Democrat from Amory, wrote the legislation that created the coordinator position and said he believes Rosamond is qualified. “He essentially has the authority to close a community mental health system,” Bryan said. “I don't think that's going to occur, but having that authority gives him the gravitas to find out what's needed.”

Path Dependence, Evolution of a Mandate and the Road to Statewide Sustainable Groundwater Management

SGMA is a landmark transition in California water policy. For local governments engaged in managing at-risk groundwater basins, SGMA brought a transformation of responsibility and authority. These changes reflect a continuation of California water policy, rather than a disjuncture. This policy analysis describes the changing role of state government in groundwater management in California, explaining that role, including the passage of SGMA, through the lens of path-dependent policy evolution. We identify three phases in state groundwater policy: initially the State enabled, subsequently the State incentivized, and with SGMA the State mandated local action. Later phases built upon previous ones and added to existing state policies rather than replacing them, resembling an evolution within the constraints established by earlier decisions. The changing role of the State in California groundwater management demonstrates how initial decisions can push policy along a trajectory, within which there remain opportunities for adjustment and change.

Transgender Policymaking: The View from the States

Abstract The executive branch and federal courts and, occasionally Congress, have played key roles in transgender policymaking, but state governments have been particularly important actors in recent years. This article examines the prominent role of state governments in defining the scope of equal rights protections for the nation’s transgender community. Some states have expanded transgender rights, whereas others have limited them, with a number of states also preempting local governments’ ability to enact protective measures. State attorneys general have also filed suit challenging the federal government’s efforts to guarantee transgender rights. In general, transgender policymaking demonstrates continuity with patterns highlighted in recent federalism scholarship. Consistent with policymaking in other areas in a polarized era, state transgender policymaking is characterized by “variable speed federalism,” whereby certain states move more quickly than others in advancing transgender rights. Additionally, in a development particularly applicable to morality policy, advances in transgender rights in certain states and jurisdictions have sparked backlash in other states and produced emotionally charged interactions leaving little room for bargaining and compromise.

“Theoretically all Children are Equal. Practically this can Never be So”: The History of the District Property Tax in California and the Choice of Inequality

Background/Context Dealing mostly in aggregate statistics that mask important regional variations, scholars often assume that district property taxation and the resource disparities this approach to school funding creates are deeply rooted in the history of American education. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This article explores the history of district property taxation and school funding disparities in California during the 19th and 20th centuries. First, the article documents the limited use of district property taxation for school funding in California and several other Western states during the 19th century, showing that the development of school finance was more complicated than standard accounts suggest. Then, the article examines how a coalition of experts, activists, and politicians worked together during the early 20th century to promote district property taxation and institutionalize the idea that the wealth of local communities, rather than the wealth of the entire state, should determine the resources available for public schooling. Research Design This article draws on primary source documents from state and regional archives, including district-level funding data from nine Northern California counties, to complete a historical analysis. Conclusions/Recommendations The history of California's district property tax suggests the need for continued research on long-term trends in school finance and educational inequality. Popular accounts minimizing the historical role of state governments in school funding obscure how public policies, not just market forces shaping property values, create funding inequalities. In turn, these accounts communicate powerful messages about the supposed inevitability of funding disparities and the responsibility of state governments to correct them. Through increased attention to long-term trends in school funding, scholars can help popular commentators and policymakers avoid assumptions that naturalize inequality and narrow the possibilities for future funding reforms.

The formation of state offices of outdoor recreation and an analysis of their ability to partner with federal land management agencies

Over the past five years, political leaders and representatives from the outdoor recreation industry in the United States have actively advocated for an increased recognition of the economic importance of outdoor recreation to local and state economies. These efforts have resulted in several offices being created within state government to advocate for the outdoor recreation industry; acknowledging the industry is just as important to states’ economies as more traditional sectors like agriculture or health care. By early 2018, 11 states had established state offices of outdoor recreation. These offices, though embedded within various sectors of state government, often coordinate across or blend the functions of economic development, tourism, and land management, ultimately providing innovative opportunities for collaboration. While the state offices universally seek to develop the outdoor recreation economy, that economy fundamentally relies on access to natural landscapes, the majority of which are managed by federal land management agencies in the Department of Interior and the Department of Agriculture. Through a mixed-methods investigation, we describe the formation of state offices of outdoor recreation and analyze their ability to partner with federal land management agencies. Through the collection of secondary data, we provide a systematic description of the characteristics that define these newly formed offices. Additionally, by conducting and analyzing 22 interviews with individuals in leadership positions within state offices of outdoor recreation, we are able to provide a framework that describes how these offices conceptualize their role in state government. Our discussion focuses on the possibility of future collaborations between state offices of outdoor recreation and federal land management agencies to promote and enhance the economic, social, and environmental benefits of outdoor recreation. Management implicationsState offices of outdoor recreation are uniquely positioned to influence how outdoor recreation is managed across the US. They can blend the functions of economic development, tourism, and land management, ultimately providing innovative opportunities for collaborative management. These state offices should advocate for and collaborate with, federal land management agencies to improve the ability of outdoor recreation to contribute significantly to public life.

Discussing the curriculum-Didaktik dichotomy and comparative conceptualisations of the teaching profession

ABSTRACTNational and regional variations in school systems, have often been explained in comparative school governance research in the Nordic countries with variations in long-standing traditions in curriculum development, characterised by a dichotomy between an Anglo-American curriculum tradition and a German/European continental tradition of Didaktik. These categories have been employed to explain the characteristics of nation-specific teaching professions, such as the Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian, or German, US and English. This article suggests that the dichotomies in question complicate understandings of teachers and how they are governed in different national contexts. We investigate these relations by an analysis of quantitative data from the OECD TALIS study on how teachers receive formal feedback and appraisal in six countries, and an analysis of qualitative data in feedback technologies in Germany and Norway. Drawing on the empirical material, we suggest that the Didaktik-curriculum dichotomy might overemphasise the role of state governance in relations between different actors in school systems. Instead, the article imply that we need to discuss the role of parents and peers in educational governance more thoroughly. To further theory, it is suggested investigating teachers in the field of tension between state and civil society, and the role of teachers as civil servants and/or administrators.

The failure to learn from others: Vertical fiscal imbalance, centralisation, and Australia's metropolitan knowledge deficit

AbstractThis paper questions the routes to knowledge of metropolitan governance elsewhere in the world and then explains how and why these are rendered more difficult in Australia. The paper begins with the policy literature on the exchange of knowledge relevant to metropolitan governance. The paper next explains the constitutional and fiscal backdrop to metropolitan governance in Australia; the ‘unique’ role of state governments in the funding, planning, and management of cities, and the powers adopted by the federal government that are made possible by vertical fiscal imbalance and funding conditionality. The paper then explores horizontal knowledge exchange of metropolitan governance in the form of transnational municipal networks, corporations, international organisations, and consultants. The final section of the paper considers the thesis that were Australia's cities to function independently, as metropolitan governments, the potential for knowledge exchange would be optimised. Knowledge of smart city technologies is used for case study purposes.

Industry 4.0 in Supply Chain: Identifying & Overcoming the Challenges of Industry 4.0 in Supply Chain Management – An Empirical Research Study

This Research paper focuses on identifying & countering the Challenges of Industry 4.0. Although Industry 4.0 has been a boom of the century, the underlying challenges still need to evaluated and counter measure must be taken in order to have long-term goals satisfied. Therefore, first part of the research focuses on identifying the key challenges and then second part of the research has been dedicated to counter measure. The research contains serious of interview ranging from Industry 4.0 experts to end user of these technologies to validate the identified challenges and counter measure. Thus, the research has a practically backed evidence and real time problem scenarios have been well documented through the course of research. Therefore, this research points out six quantified and qualified Industry 4.0 challenge cluster. They are 1. Economic Challenges, 2. Technical Challenges, 3. Competency Challenges, 4. Cultural Challenges, 5. Managerial Challenges 6. Collaborative challenges. Thus, the identified counter measure falls into four areas of system of Innovation. They are 1. Role of Central Government 2. Co-operation of State Universities and Industries 3. Role of State Government in Promoting Technology Fairs 4. Role of Company Management and Unions. This research also a Supply Chain Limitation which must be considered. Therefore, the research serves as a base guideline for companies in knowing the challenges and provides a direction for the mitigating these challenges through System of Innovation.

Income inequality and the growth of redistributive spending in the United States (US) states: is there a link?

AbstractProminent public policy models have hypothesised that rising income inequality will lead to more redistributive spending. Subsequent theoretical advancements and empirical research often failed to find a positive relationship between inequality and redistributive spending, however. Over the last few decades both income inequality and redistributive spending have been growing in the United States states. In this work, we consider whether temporal variation in inequality can explain variation in redistributive spending, while controlling for a number of factors that covary with redistributive spending in the states. In an analysis of data for 1976–2008, we find that higher levels of inequality are associated with greater redistributive spending, offering empirical evidence that fiscal policy at the state level responds to growing levels of income inequality. Considering the growing role of state governments in welfare provision during the past several decades, this finding is relevant for policy researchers and practitioners at all levels of government.