Role Of Sodium Ions Research Articles

The Role of Sodium and Glucose in the Prognosis of Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Literature Review of New Evidence

AbstractThe present study aims to review the influence of glycemia and natremia on the propensity to develop complications, worse prognosis, and mortality risk in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). This is an integrative literature review guided by the guiding question: “Do changes in blood glucose levels or plasma sodium concentration influence in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage?”. The search for articles was performed on the PubMed platform, limiting the selection to works published in English in the period from 2017 to 2022. The results found demonstrate that the role of sodium ions in changes in the prognosis of patients is complex, with hypernatremia being the main factor described to worse outcomes. In contrast, the part of hyponatremia is controversial and may not have prognostic value, and serum sodium concentration is increasingly an important item to be evaluated in patients with aSAH. As for glucose, the variability of this substrate, both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, may be correlated with in-hospital and long-term mortality in patients with aSAH. Thus, the present study concludes that changes in blood glucose values and plasma sodium concentration influence the in-hospital morbidity and mortality of patients with aSAH. However, it is emphasized that the analysis of the independent influence of each of the related predictors must be done with caution due to the heterogeneity of the results found.

Unveiling the molecular interactions of surface wetting modification in porous medium: A groundbreaking insight into wettability alteration

Recently, discussions have been raised surrounding the cause of changing wettability during brine salinity engineering. The goal of this study is to decode the reason behind wettability changes by introducing a novel approach involves both monovalent (Na+) and divalent (Ca2+) ions. Through molecular dynamics simulations, the study investigates the underlying physiochemical interactions responsible for wettability modification via configuring the amorphous cells and integrated layers. Various metrics were analyzed including the radial distribution function, diffusion coefficient, adsorption energy, mixing energy, solubility parameter, and molecular configurational changes. The results demonstrate the significant influence of oil polarity and the role of sodium ions with a maximum diffusivity of 1.2 × 10−4 cm2/s. Calculations reveal that sodium chloride ions are two orders of magnitude more active than calcium chloride ions. The most notable finding of this study involves the identification of two new mechanisms termed the "brine Prong" and "oil Vortex" effects that play a crucial role in separating oil from the surface and inducing changes in the wetting state. Overall, the results offer significant insights into the fields of engineering water flooding and the interaction between brine, oil, and rock to elucidate the wettability alteration phenomenon in porous medium and secure enhancement of oil production.

What Density of Magnetosheath Sodium Ions Can Provide the Observed Decrease in the Magnetic Field of the “Double Magnetopause” during the First MESSENGER Flyby?

On 14 January 2008, the MESSENGER spacecraft, during its first flyby around Mercury, recorded the magnetic field structure, which was later called the “double magnetopause”. The role of sodium ions penetrating into the Hermean magnetosphere from the magnetosheath in generation of this structure has been discussed since then. The violation of the symmetry of the plasma parameters at the magnetopause is the cause of the magnetizing current generation. Here, we consider whether the change in the density of sodium ions on both sides of the Hermean magnetopause could be the cause of a wide diamagnetic current in the magnetosphere at its dawn-side boundary observed during the first MESSENGER flyby. In the present paper, we propose an analytical approach that made it possible to determine the magnetosheath Na+ density excess providing the best agreement between the calculation results and the observed magnetic field in the double magnetopause.

The role of sodium ions in the thermoluminescence peaks of laboratory-irradiated natural quartz

In this study, the role of sodium ions (Na+) in the generation of thermoluminescence (TL) peaks in the 77–680 K region of natural quartz are investigated by combining the TL and phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) spectrally-resolved glow curves. The TL spectrum is characterized by four emission bands at 380, 470, 590, and 620 nm, which are related to four TL peaks at 383, 513, 598, and 648 K, respectively. The dynamic parameters of the TL peaks are evaluated using the initial rise method. PTTL is also studied in the temperature range of 77–330 K. In this region, PTTL curves show four main peaks at 160, 190, 250, and 295 K, in which the intensity of the PTTL peak at 250 K is shown to be relative to the Na+ concentration and the double irradiation process. PTTL measurements were further used to estimate the relationship between the TL peak at 598 K and PTTL peak at 383 K.

Wettability alteration of oil-wet carbonate surface induced by self-dispersing silica nanoparticles: Mechanism and monovalent metal ion's effect

Various analysis methods including IR, SEM, contact angle determination and spontaneous imbibition experiments were used to investigate the mechanism of wettability alteration of oil-wet carbonate surface by silica nanoparticles (NPs) in the present study. Stable silica nanofluids were first studied through zeta potential measurement. Results show that there is an optimal sonication time interval (5 h) for the preparation of SiO2 nanofluid after the magnetic stirring treatment in this work. The addition of NaCl can decrease the dispersion stability of SiO2 nanofluids. Both IR and SEM results show that the originally water-wet silica NPs are adsorbed on the calcite surface, making the surface water-wet. The role of sodium ions is to compress the electric double layer, giving the nanoparticle (NP) an opportunity to access the palmitic acid molecules. The palmitic acid molecules are replaced by the NPs through competitive adsorption. The longer the contact time, the better the performance of wettability alteration of oil-wet carbonate rock by the nanofluid. The contact angle decreases as the NPs concentration increases. Among the metal ions in the formation water, Na+ ion is closest to the solid surface, making Na+ ion have a great influence on wettability change of oil-wet carbonate surface by silica NP. Na+ ions in the solution can neutralize some negatively charged portion of the carbonate surface, making the adsorption amount of silica NPs on the solid surface increase. Thus, wettability alteration of oil-wet carbonate surface by SiO2 NPs is improved in the presence of Na+ ions. During the spontaneous imbibition experiments, silica NPs are adsorbed on rock surface and gradually form a wedge film in the contact area of the three-phase (oil-water-solid). In this case, structural disjoining pressure is generated due to the presence of electrostatic repulsion and Brownian motion of silica NPs. When the structural disjoining pressure is stronger than the oil droplet adhesion, the contact area of oil droplet on the solid surface gradually decreases, making the oil droplet eventually peel off from the rock surface.

Effect of composition and pressure on the shear strength of sodium silicate glasses: An atomic scale simulation study.

The elastoplastic behavior of sodium silicate glasses is studied at different scales as a function of composition and pressure, with the help of quasistatic atomistic simulations. The samples are first compressed and then sheared at constant pressure to calculate yield strength and permanent plastic deformations. Changes occurring in the global response are then compared to the analysis of local plastic rearrangements and strain heterogeneities. It is shown that the plastic response results from the succession of well-identified localized irreversible deformations occurring in a nanometer-size area. The size and the number of these local rearrangements, as well as the amount of internal deviatoric and volumetric plastic deformation, are sensitive to the composition and to the pressure. In the early stages of the deformation, plastic rearrangements are driven by sodium mobility. Consequently, the elastic yield strength decreases when the sodium content increases, and the same when pressure increases. Finally, good correlation was found between global and local stress-strain relationships, reinforcing again the role of sodium ions as local initiators of the plastic behavior observed at larger scales.

Characteristic NH3 and CO losses from sodiated peptides C-terminated by glutamine residues.

Under certain conditions some amino acid (AA) residues undergo special reactions in the gas phase, generating characteristic neutral losses and product ions. Taking these special fragments into account and understanding the effect of AA residues on peptide cleavages will consummate database search algorithms and manual data interpretation in peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry (MS). In this study, the details of the characteristic NH3 and CO losses of glutamine (Gln) residues located at the C-terminus of peptides are presented. A number of selected peptides were fragmented under collision-induced dissociation (CID) in electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF-MS). Density functional theory (DFT) quantum mechanical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level were carried out to optimize the geometry of peptide ions and provide energy barriers of ions in each step during fragmentations. Two characteristic peaks appear near the precursor ions of sodiated Gln C-terminated peptides, suggesting the loss of neutral NH3 and CO via a two-step process. The proposed mechanism of their formation is as follows: after losing NH3 , a non-classical bn * ion is formed with a glutaric anhydride structure that further dissociates to lose CO. The sodiated peptides show more intensive peaks corresponding to the loss of neutral molecules than the protonated ones. This type of neutral loss can also occur at the Gln residue that is rearranged to the C-terminus of sodiated peptides. The experiments and calculations suggest that the two-step characteristic NH3 and CO loss of sodiated peptides is energetically favored, and can be applied to identify C-terminated Gln residues. This study provides a mechanistic insight into the role of sodium ion during peptide fragmentation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The role of sodium ions in the solubility of peptides

The importance of water quality is often stressed for various reasons: health concerns, environmental conservation, and ecological preservation, but the needs of the research chemist often go missing from this list. With the plight of the research chemist in mind, this particular study focuses on the ionic content of water and its effects on peptide structure. WKWK, a well-studied peptide that is typically highly structured and soluble in aqueous solution, was found not to be soluble in filtered water available from a local source. Because this observation differs from all previous studies with this peptide, the water content was studied via ICP-MS. The results conclude that a high sodium cation concentration causes the peptide’s insolubility. Subsequent quantum chemical computations on smaller model systems have determined that sodium ions bind to the tryptophan residues in the peptide and cause the requisite stabilizing interaction between the tryptophan and lysine residues in WKWK to be lost. The sodium cation competes with the lysine in the peptide, resulting in the dissociation of the lysine and the unfolding of the peptide. The high sodium ion concentration effectively unfolds a typically structured peptide. While this result highlights the significance of water quality as well as ionic content and their effects on peptide structure and function, it also indicates that atomic cations may be useful for controlling similar peptides in future binding studies.

Role of Sodium Ion on TiO2 Photocatalyst: Influencing Crystallographic Properties or Serving as the Recombination Center of Charge Carriers?

There have been continuing debates about the role of Na+ on TiO2 photocatalyst in the past decades. Most researchers accepted that Na+ served as the recombination center of photogenerated electrons and holes. Nevertheless, other opinions also existed, such as Na+ increased the crystallite size of TiO2, Na+ hampered the crystallization of anatase TiO2, and Na+ promoted the formation of brookite TiO2 or titanate sodium. In this research, we have systematically investigated the role of Na+ during the fabrication of TiO2 film and powder through the sol–gel method and studied the influences of crystallinity and the content of Na+ on the photocatalytic activities of TiO2 film and powder. It has been found that the existence of Na+ in TiO2 film and powder should influence their crystallographic properties, in detail, inhibiting the crystallization and growth of anatase phase in TiO2 film and powder, promoting the formation of brookite phase in TiO2 film, and increasing the transformation temperature of anatase t...

The role of sodium ions on the development of micro-sized pores in a high alpha-cellulose content woody biomass under ambient temperature

Abstract Woody biomass can be used as excellent raw materials for producing porous carbon materials such as active carbon or carbon molecular sieve, due to their excellent absorption ability. However, the formation mechanism and relations between graphite spherical grains and the development of micro-sized pores in the woody biomass during carbonization treatment are still unknown. In this study, a stepwise heat-treatment process was used to treat high alpha-cellulose biomass raw materials; several metal oxides were used as catalysts. From our study results, only the Na2O catalyst can cause the swelling of graphite spherical grains at 1500 °C, and leave holes sized 0.5–1 um on the cytoskeleton surface of carbon materials. Therefore, we can produce carbon materials with precision-controlled pore sizes by adding sodium oxide as the catalyst. We expected that this pretreatment of biomass could reduce the water vapor use amount by about 40%–60% in the production of activated carbon.

Role of sodium ions in the vitrification process: Glass matrix modification, slag structure depolymerization, and influence of metal immobilization

This study investigates the role of Na ions, a common flux, in the vitrification process. Artificial glass systems composed of Al2O3, CaO, and SiO2 with various Na concentrations were melted at 1450 °C. The specimens were cooled by air cooling and water quenching and the metal mobility was evaluated using a sequential extraction procedure. The X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy observations showed that Na ions governed the air-cooled slag’s structure. Na ions initially depolymerized CaSiO3-linked chains into CaSiO3 chains, and further cut them into shorter and nonuniform ones, making the slag structure amorphous. With even more Na ions, CaSiO3 chains were divided into single SiO4 tetrahedrons and formed Na-related crystals (Na2Ca3Si2O8 and NaAlSiO4). The phase distributions of Al, Cr, Cu Mn, and Ni showed that Na has a positive effect on the immobilization of heavy metals at suitable concentrations, but a negative effect when in excess amounts.Implications:Vitrification has been widely used to treat hazardous materials. The Na-bearing additives were often used as a flux to improve the melting process. This study described the role of Na played in the vitrification process. The Na ions acted as glass modifier and depolymerize the chain structure of slag. With adequate addition amount of Na ions, the immobilization of heavy metals was improved. The results provided much information about the crystalline phase variation, metal mobility, and surface characteristics while Na serves as a flux.

交尾後に摂取したナトリウム塩がナミアゲハPapilio xuthus Linnaeus（チョウ目：アゲハチョウ科）の雄の再交尾時における注入物質量と精子数に与える効果

Although sodium ions induce puddling behavior in males of some butterfly species, the role of sodium ions in the male life history is unclear. Effects of saline intake until the second mating on the mass of spermatophore and accessory substances, as well as the number of eupyrene sperm bundles and apyrene spermatozoa, were examined in the male swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus Linnaeus. The virgin male transferred 6 mg spermatophore and 8 mg accessory substances with 38 eupyrene sperm bundles and 350,000 apyrene spermatozoa to a virgin female during copulation. A small spermatophore, a little accessory substance, and a low number of eupyrene sperm bundles and apyrene spermatozoa in the second mating of mated males the day after the first copulation were found. Mated males fed on both 20% sucrose solution and 0.01 M saline solution for two days after the first copulation transferred similar ejaculates at the first copulation. Saline intake recovered the ejaculate mass. Because a large spermatophore and a large number of sperm must be advantageous to the male under sperm competition in female polyandry, puddling behavior might be important to increase reproductive success in males.

Role of Sodium Ions and Their Uptake by Cells of Cultured Blue-Green Algae, Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima

The growth of the blue-green algae Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima, cultured in complete mineral Zarouk medium containing Na+ or Na+-deficient medium, was studied over a period of 24 h. The optical densities of S. platensis and S. maxima cells, determined during the last hour of exposure to sodium deficiency, amounted to 55.6 and 32.6%, respectively, of the optical densities of the same cells grown in complete Zarouk medium. Moreover, the cultures grown in Na+-deficient medium exhibited increased ability to take up sodium (which was low in S. platensis and S. maxima cells cultured in complete mineral medium). It is concluded that the two species studied are characterized by periodic, on the order of minutes, changes in the cellular uptake and release of sodium.

Effects of saline intake on spermatophore and sperm ejaculation in the male swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

AbstractAlthough sodium ions induce puddling behavior in males of some butterfly species, the role of sodium ions in male life history is unclear. Newly emerged laboratory‐reared males of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus were allocated to five adult diets: water (as a control) and 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 1 mol/L saline solution. Males preferred to take 0.1 mol/L saline solution. We attempted to hand‐pair males after two days of intake. Males on all diets, except those taking 1 mol/L saline solution, were likely to couple. Males taking 0.01 mol/L saline solution produced the largest spermatophore, although there were no significant differences in the number of eupyrene sperm bundles and apyrene spermatozoa between saline‐taking males and control males. Salt accumulation in the male body also had little effect on the number of both types of spermatozoon in the spermatophore.

Na+-translocating NADH: Quinone oxidoreductase: Progress achieved and prospects of investigations

Structural and catalytic properties of bacterial Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductases are briefly described. Special attention is given to studies on kinetics of the enzyme interaction with NADH and the role of sodium ions in this process. Based on the existing data, possible model mechanisms of sodium transfer by Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase are proposed.

The role of sodium ions in the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle damage in broiler chickens

The effect of sodium ions (Na+) on calcium (Ca2+)-mediated muscle damage in broiler chickens was investigated using an in vitro muscle preparation. Muscle Ca2+ accumulation was determined by 45Ca2+ uptake. Muscle damage was assessed by measurement of the efflux of the intracellular enzyme creatine kinase (CK) into the incubation medium. Loading muscle cells with Na+ by means of the sodium ionophore monensin led to concentration-dependent (25 to 200 µM) increases in 45Ca2+ uptakes and corresponding and proportional CK losses. The greatest responses occurred at 100 µM ionophore or greater, reflected in a 49% increase (P < 0.05) in 45Ca2+ uptake and an associated 140%-fold increase (P < 0.001) in CK efflux. Inhibition of muscle Na+/K+-ATPase activity with ouabain (2 mM) induced a 56% increase in 45Ca2+ uptake and a 60%-fold increase (P < 0.001) in total CK loss. The combined use of ionophore and ouabain resulted in 90 and 130%-fold elevations in 45Ca2+ uptake and CK loss, respectively. In monensin-treated muscles, inhibition of external Ca2+ influx from the incubation medium by chelation with 1,2 bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N, N, N′, N′ tetracetic acid (5 mM) markedly reduced 45Ca2+ uptake (38%: P < 0.05) but increased CK release by 85% (P < 0.001). The results demonstrate that initial elevations in muscle Na+ can facilitate increases in muscle Ca2+ and lead to alterations in muscle cell membrane integrity and CK loss. The Na+-induced increases in myocellular Ca2+ may be mediated via direct extracellular Ca2+ entry or redistribution from internal Ca2+ stores. It is proposed that in order to reduce or prevent myopathies in poultry, exposure to conditions that may lead to elevations in muscle Na+ (e.g., increased muscle activity and stress or accidental ionophore toxicosis) should be avoided. The findings of this study have implications for management strategies of bird welfare, muscle pathology, and product quality.

Permeation behavior of rare earth metals with a calix[4]arene carboxyl derivative in a hollow-fiber membrane

Extraction of three rare earth metals (Er, Ho and Y) was performed by a microporous hydrophobic hollow-fiber membrane extractor using a novel calix[4]arene carboxyl derivative in toluene. It was found that the permeation rate through the membrane of metal ions with calix[4]arene carboxyl derivative was relatively slow, while the addition of a small amount of sodium ion into the aqueous solution drastically accelerated the permeation rate and also enhanced the selectivity between heavy rare earth metals (Er and Ho) and Y. The experimental results obtained under a variety of conditions were analyzed by a diffusion model which combined with the complexation reaction at the aqueous-organic interface, taking account of the velocity distribution of the aqueous and organic solutions through the inner and outer sides, respectively, of the hollow-fiber membrane extractor. The model well explained the permeation behavior of the rare earth metals through the membrane and the role of sodium ion on the acceleration effect of the permeation rate.

Experimental analysis on the anodic bonding with an evaporated glass layer

We performed a silicon-to-silicon anodic bonding process using a glass layer deposited by electron beam evaporation. Corning No 7740 Pyrex glass was used as the source material of electron evaporation. The effects on the bonding process were investigated as a function of the thickness of the glass layer and the concentration of sodium ions in the glass layer. The surface roughness of the glass layer decreased with increasing thickness of the glass layer. It was observed that the deposited glass layers of more than thickness had very small surface roughness. The depth profile of sodium ions showed that the glass layer deposited by electron beam evaporation contained many more sodium ions than the glass layer deposited by sputtering. The silicon-to-silicon bonding process was performed at temperatures in the range of 135 - C with an electrostatic voltage in the range of 35 - . A pull test revealed that the tensile strength of bonded specimens was in the region of 1 - 8 MPa. The role of sodium ions in anodic bonding was studied by investigating the theoretical bonding mechanism and examining the results of secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis on the glass layer before and after the bonding process.

Anodic bonding technique under low temperature and low voltage using evaporated glass

A silicon-to-silicon anodic bonding process using a glass layer deposited by electron beam evaporation will be described. Wafers are bonded at a temperature as low as 135 °C with an applied voltage as small as 35 Vdc, enabling this technique to be applied to vacuum packaging of microelectronic devices. Experimental results reveal that an evaporated glass layer of more than 1 μm thick is suitable for anodic bonding. Finally, the role of sodium ions in anodic bonding was also studied by investigating the theoretical bonding mechanism and examining the results of secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis.

Experimental Analysis of the Process of Anodic Bonding using an Evaporated Glass Layer

AbstractA silicon-to-silicon anodic bonding process using a glass layer deposited by electron beam evaporation will be described. Corning #7740 Pyrex glass was used the source material of electron evaporation. From Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), the composition of the deposited glass layer is nearly same as that of the bulk Pyrex glass plate. Wafers are bonded at a temperature as low as 135 °C with an applied voltage as small as 35Vdc, enabling of this technique to be applied to vacuum packaging of microelectronic devices. Experimental results reveal that an evaporated glass layer of more than 1 μ m thick is suitable for anodic bonding. Finally, The role of sodium ions in anodic bonding was also studied by investigating the theoretical bonding mechanism and examining the results of secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis.