Role In Acquisition Of Skills Research Articles

Fostering Pre-Professionals and Learning Experiences in End-of-Life Care Contexts: Music Therapy Internship Supervision.

Certified music therapists use music within therapeutic relationships to address human needs, health, and well-being with a variety of populations. Palliative care and music therapy are holistic and diverse fields, adapting to unique issues within end-of-life contexts. Palliative care music therapy has been formally practiced since the late 1970s and affords a variety of benefits, including pain and anxiety reduction, enhancement of quality of life, emotional expression, and relationship completion. The training of music therapists varies around the globe, but clinical supervisors play a key role in skill acquisition. Clinical supervisors support pre-professionals as they realize the application of their training, foundational competencies, and authentic therapeutic approaches in end-of-life care, while navigating the challenges and rewards of this work. This article is a narrative review which offers background information on palliative care music therapy, and reports the authors' viewpoints and reflections on supervision strategies and models employed with music therapy interns in palliative care settings based on their experiences. Approaches are shared on supporting pre-professionals as they begin working in palliative care contexts, as well as implications for supervision practices.

An Examination of the Psychological Processes Behind Effective Piano Practice

This study explores interplay between psychological processes and piano practice, unveiling how cognitive theories, mindfulness, flow state, emotional engagement, and performance psychology collectively shape the pianist's journey. By examining the foundation of deliberate practice driven by focused attention, this study uncovers its role in skill acquisition. Introducing mindfulness practices enriches piano practice through heightened present-moment awareness, fostering focused engagement and emotional regulation. The pursuit of flow state, characterized by the alignment of challenge and skill, leads to immersive and productive practice sessions. Moving to interpretation, the study explores how psychological factors infuse emotion and authenticity into performances. Mindset, emotional intelligence, and personal narratives emerge as pivotal in conveying a piece's intended narrative. Performance psychology then comes into play, influencing psychological states during performances and strategies for managing anxiety. Overall, the implications for piano pedagogy emphasize nurturing mindful learning environments, fostering flow experiences, and guiding emotional expression, thus embracing a holistic approach. This study underscores the transformative impact of psychology in shaping the trajectory from novice pianist to expressive artist, unraveling the profound interrelation between the mind and the art of piano playing.

Offshoring, Globalization, Skill: Impacts of International Offshoring on Employment and Wages

The phenomenon of offshoring has become a prominent topic in contemporary economic discussions, closely tied to globalization and communication. Offshoring involves importing input items from foreign countries at a lower cost, enabling cost-effective production. However, it raises concerns among workers regarding job loss and wage reduction. The aspect of collective bargaining, crucial in understanding the dynamics of offshoring, has often been overlooked in previous research. This journal paper aims to address this research gap by examining the impact of collective bargaining on determining equilibrium wages in the context of offshoring. Through a comprehensive analysis of three cases—Autarky, Small Country, and a two-country scenario—we explore how fluctuations in offshoring costs influence employment levels and wage rates. Additionally, we investigate the policy implications of offshoring decisions in one country and their effects on its partner country. The study also considers the role of skill acquisition in the offshoring process and its multifaceted impact on the labor market. By shedding light on the influence of collective bargaining in determining equilibrium wages within the offshoring framework, this research provides valuable insights for policymakers, academics, and industry practitioners. The findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding offshoring and its implications for the labor market.

The role of skill acquisition and entrepreneurship development in improving economic independence among serving corp members in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State

The role of skill acquisition and entrepreneurship development in improving economic independence among serving corp members in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State

The role of skill acquisition and entrepreneurship development in improving economic independence among serving corp members in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State

The role of skill acquisition and entrepreneurship development in improving economic independence among serving corp members in Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State

Quantity and Quality of Homework Compliance: A Meta-Analysis of Relations With Outcome in Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Homework assignments have been shown to produce both causal and correlational effects in prior meta-analytic reviews of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), but this research area has been characterized by a focus on the amount of compliance (i.e., quantity), and little is known about the role of skill acquisition (i.e., quality). A landmark study by Neimeyer and Feixas (1990) showed stronger homework-outcome relations when quality was assessed, but previous reviews have not considered whether the same pattern is evident across studies. Seventeen studies of CBT (N = 2,312 clients) published following calls for research on homework quality were included in the current meta-analysis. In the present review, homework compliance relations were demonstrated when outcome was assessed at posttreatment (quality Hedges’ g = 0.78, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.03 to 1.53, k = 3, n = 417; quantity g = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.57 to 1.02, k = 15, n = 1537) and at follow-up (quality g = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.06 to 2.08, k = 3, n = 417; quantity g = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.28 to 0.74, k = 7, n = 1291). All effect sizes were different from 0, ps < .05. Differences that were obtained in homework-outcome relations among sources of compliance data (client, therapist, objective) were tentative due to overlapping CIs, but suggest a potential moderating effect. If confirmed by further research, the present findings would suggest that trial methods capable of assessing both quantity and quality have been an important omission in research on homework-outcome relations in CBT.

The microstructure of practice activities engaged in by elite and recreational youth cricket players

Practice plays an important role in skill acquisition, although not all practice is of equal quality. We examined the types of team practice activities in four groups of youth cricket players. The groups were recreational- and elite-children (9 to 12 years of age) and recreational- and elite-adolescent players (13 to 17 years of age). Time motion analysis recorded the duration in two types of practice activities, namely, Training Form and Playing Form. Training Form is mainly drill-type activities, whereas Playing Form is mainly games-based activities. Training Form activity is thought to contain fewer opportunities to develop the perceptual, cognitive and motor skills required for successful performance in competition when compared to Playing Form. Session duration was a mean value of 95, s = 29 min. All players combined spent 69% of session time in Training Form activity and 19% in Playing Form, with the remaining percentage of time spent in transition between activities. Recreational-children spent around half of their time in Playing Form activity, whereas both elite and adolescent groups spent little or no time in this activity. Findings from this research highlight a gap between research and practice that may not be optimal for skill acquisition.

Short-interval intracortical inhibition is not affected by varying visual feedback in an isometric task in biceps brachii muscle

Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) of the primary motor cortex (M1) appears to play a significant role in skill acquisition. Consequently, it is of interest to find out which factors cause modulation of SICI.Purpose: To establish if visual feedback and force requirements influence SICI.Methods: SICI was assessed from 10 healthy adults (5 males and 5 females aged between 21 and 35 years) in three submaximal isometric elbow flexion torque levels [5, 20, and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)] and with two tasks differing in terms of visual feedback. Single-pulse and paired-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), supramaximal M-wave, and background surface electromyogram (sEMG) were recorded from the biceps brachii muscle.Results: Repeated measures MANOVA was used for statistical analyses. Background sEMG did not differ between tasks (F = 0.4, P = 0.68) nor was task × torque level interaction observed (F = 1.2, P = 0.32), whereas background sEMG increased with increasing torque levels (P = 0.001). SICI did not differ between tasks (F = 0.9, P = 0.43) and no task × torque level interaction was observed (F = 2.3, P = 0.08). However, less SICI was observed at 40% MVC compared to the 5 and 20% MVC torque levels (P = 0.01–0.001).Conclusion: SICI was not altered by performing the same task with differing visual feedback. However, SICI decreased with increasing submaximal torque providing further evidence that SICI is one mechanism of modulating cortical excitability and plays a role in force gradation.

Mechanisms Underlying ACL Injury-Prevention Training: The Brain-Behavior Relationship

In an attempt to elucidate the biomechanical and neuromuscular risk factors associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes, numerous authors have examined sex differences in the performance of athletic tasks. Such investigators have consistently reported that lower extremity mechanics differ between males and females. For example, females exhibit decreased knee and hip flexion and increased quadriceps muscle activation, knee valgus angles, and valgus moments when compared with males.1–8 Taken together, this biomechanical and neuromuscular profile is thought to place greater loads on the ACL. Although the reasons underlying the sex differences in the performance of athletic maneuvers are not fully understood, evidence suggests that differences in proximal control may play a contributory role. Our group9 has reported that females favor use of the knee extensors over the hip extensors to attenuate impact forces during a droplanding task (ie, higher knee-extensor moments relative to hip-extensor moments and greater energy absorbed at the knee in relation to the hip). In comparison, male athletes were shown to attenuate impact forces through more equal use of the knee and hip extensors.9 Theoretically, if the hip extensors do not contribute to control of the body’s center of mass during landing, females may compensate through an overreliance on their quadriceps (ie, knee stiffening), by absorbing impact in the frontal plane (ie, greater knee

The olympic brain. Does corticospinal plasticity play a role in acquisition of skills required for high‐performance sports?

Non-invasive electrophysiological and imaging techniques have recently made investigation of the intact behaving human brain possible. One of the most intriguing new research areas that have developed through these new technical advances is an improved understanding of the plastic adaptive changes in neuronal circuitries underlying improved performance in relation to skill training. Expansion of the cortical representation or modulation of corticomotor excitability of specific muscles engaged in task performance is required for the acquisition of the skill. These changes at cortical level appear to be paralleled by changes in transmission in spinal neuronal circuitries, which regulate the contribution of sensory feedback mechanisms to the execution of the task. Such adaptive changes also appear to be essential for the consolidation of a memory of performance of motor tasks and thus for the lasting ability of performing highly skilled movements such as those required for Olympic sports.

Skill Acquisition and Interface Loyalty: A Human Capital Perspective

In this paper we examine the role of skill acquisition in the development of interface loyalty from a human capital perspective. It has long been recognized that humans are able to improve task performance as a result of repeated experience with a particular task, and that this type of learning consistently adheres to the Power Law of Practice. However, less attention has been given to the impact that practice, and the acquisition of skill, have on a users' loyalty to a particular software interface. We review the notion of human capital, and discuss specific examples from research into online shopping, in an effort to better understand the role of learning in the development of interface loyalty.