Role Of Shocks Research Articles

Macro, meso, and micro decomposition of energy consumption in Ghana: Role of shocks (local and global) and energy policy interventions

This study conducted a macro, meso, and micro index decomposition analysis of energy consumption in Ghana from 2013 to 2020, highlighting the roles of local (e.g., power crisis) and global (e.g., COVID-19) shocks, as well as energy policy initiatives on technical efficiency improvement. We found that technical efficiency improvements varied at different times of the implementation period of energy policy initiatives and across various macro, meso, and micro-sectors of the economy. Technical efficiency improvement varied significantly across these sectors but worsened much more in service sector during periods of local and global shocks. Additionally, the importance of activity, structural, and intensity effects differed over time and across the macro, meso, and micro-sectors of the economy. We discuss the policy implications of these findings.

Multidetector CT Imaging Biomarkers as Predictors of Prognosis in Shock: Updates and Future Directions.

A severe mismatch between the supply and demand of oxygen is the common sequela of all types of shock, which present a mortality of up to 80%. Various organs play a protective role in shock and contribute to whole-body homeostasis. The ever-increasing number of multidetector CT examinations in severely ill and sometimes unstable patients leads to more frequently encountered findings leading to imminent death, together called "hypovolemic shock complex". Features on CT include dense opacification of the right heart and major systemic veins, venous layering of contrast material and blood, densely opacified parenchyma in the right hepatic lobe, decreased enhancement of the abdominal organ, a dense pulmonary artery, contrast pooling in dependent lungs, and contrast stasis in pulmonary veins. These findings are biomarkers and prognostic indicators of paramount importance which stratify risk and improve patient outcomes. In this review, we illustrate the various CT patterns in shock and review the spectrum and prognostic significance of thoraco-abdominal vascular and visceral alarming signs of impending death with the intention of increasing awareness among radiologists and radiographers to prepare for immediate resuscitation when required.

Climate Change and Commercial Property Markets: The Role of Shocks, Retail Investors, and Media Attention

Climate Change and Commercial Property Markets: The Role of Shocks, Retail Investors, and Media Attention

The changing landscape of deep transitions: Sociotechnical imprinting and chemical warfare

This paper addresses a major gap in sustainability transitions research: the role of shocks in shaping transition dynamics. The papers focuses on shocks with traumatic consequences, in particular World War I and II. The paper revisits discussions on the sociotechnical landscape in the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) and Deep Transition framework, offering refined versions of the concepts of systemic and landscape imprinting. It proceeds with a case-study analysis focusing on niche developments during WWI in relation to chemicals and the emergence of chemical warfare, and the lasting impact this shock had on interwar developments, WWII and the post-WWII context. The collective memories of the use of chemical weapons during war and expectations around future use of chemical weapons formed a new backdrop that influenced developments in the food system. Here, food became more tightly intertwined with military imperatives related to preparations regarding the use of chemical and biological weapons. This paper contributes to emerging understandings of how landscape shocks influence sociotechnical change, in particular how these shocks can lead to long lasting tight couplings between socio-technical systems. Two broader research recommendations follow from it. First, more work is needed on the neglected role of war and the military in sociotechnical transitions. Second, in terms of contemporary sustainability challenges, research could consider how landscape events - including the coronavirus pandemic, events related to dramatic biodiversity losses and the climate crisis as well as the traumatic experience of poverty traps and steep rising inequality - may produce trauma and new forms of shared meaning and expectations that impinge on sociotechnical change.

Target Detection Alarm System Based on Video Surveillance System

Aiming at the problems of heavy video workload and low efficiency of staff in the video monitoring system, a target detection system model combining camera and virtual electronic fence is established, and a virtual electronic fence alarm system with low equipment cost and higher safety factor is developed. The system can set any geometric area independently, recognize the human posture of pedestrians entering the area through the video information collected by the monitoring lens, detect pedestrian intrusion and give an alarm, which plays the role of shock and warning. On this basis, Open Pose algorithm is proposed to further improve the accuracy and rapidity of the system. Experimental results show that this method is feasible and effective.

Investigation on shear layer instabilities and generation of vortices during shock wave and boundary layer interaction

The interaction of a reflected shock with the boundary layer inside the shock tubes is an important engineering problem. Studies related to shock wave mitigation and attenuation are performed inside the shock tubes. A proper understanding of the flow behind the reflected shock and the separated zone involving multiple vortical structures is highly essential for estimating the effectiveness of the shock wave mitigation/ attenuation. Such complex flows consist of Lambda shock, shear layer originating from the triple point, multiple shocklets, Mach stems, and vortices. Experimentally the shock structures are obtained through optical techniques. The vortices present in the compressible flow can be obtained through numerical simulations. The complex flows consisting of the above- mentioned features have been simulated numerically so far for the Reynolds numbers up to 1000 [ Zhou G, Xu K, Liu F. Grid-converged solution and analysis of the unsteady viscous flow in a two-dimensional shock tube. Phys Fluids 2018;30(016102):1-21.]. In the present investigation, the shock-wave boundary-layer interaction is simulated for the Reynolds numbers of 1000 and 2500 using a 13th order hybrid scheme to discern the distinct flow features. First, the solver [Kundu A, De S. Navier-Stokes simulation of shock-heavy bubble interaction: Comparison of upwind and WENO schemes. Comput Fluids 2017;157:131-145.] was validated with the benchmark wall density data for a Reynolds number of 1000. Next, the simulations were performed using 50 and 109.5 million cells for the Reynolds number of 2500. The density gradients, vorticity, wall density, and Fourier spectra were used for comparing the flow field for the Reynolds numbers of interest. The Lambda shock, Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) vortices in the shear layer, shocklets, the height of lambda shock, and Mach stems were obtained using a grid-mesh of 109.5 million cells. It is observed that the number of vortices generated inside the separated flow region increased with the increase in Reynolds number from 1000 to 2500. Furthermore, the triple point height and the number of K-H vortices generated at the shear layer also increase with an increase in Reynolds number. The present simulations revealed the formation of vortices close to the wall at a Reynolds number of 2500. Such flow structures have an important role in shock / blast wave mitigation and the associated aeroacoustics.

Serial Sovereign Default: The Role of Shocks and Fiscal Habits

Serial Sovereign Default: The Role of Shocks and Fiscal Habits

Impact of Short-Term Exogenous Shocks on Taxpayer Behavior and Tax Evasion

The evolution of views on tax evasion following the introduction of limited rationality and social and psychological factors into the models of taxpayer behavior has increased the plausibility of the initial assumptions of the models, but it has made it difficult to use classical approaches based on the search for equilibrium states. The variety of behavioral responses of taxpayers due to the many factors that influence their choice has led to the fact that tax evasion has come to be considered as the result of nonlinear and dynamic interactions between the state and taxpayers. In such models, small short-term external influences can act as shocks, which leads to the emergence of a wide range of different long-term trends, the analysis of which within the framework of traditional approaches is difficult. In this regard, the purpose of this review study is to study the evolution of views on the behavior of taxpayers that has led to the emergence of new approaches to modeling tax evasion where the key role is assigned to the analysis of the impact of external shocks of various scales and nature. The research hypothesis is that modern approaches to the study of tax evasion problems make it necessary to consider the interaction of the state and taxpayers within the framework of the theory of non-equilibrium and nonlinear systems in which minor external influences can play the role of shocks, and the most promising direction of their study is the use of agent-based modeling tools. The results of the study confirm that the use of agent-based models is a promising approach for integrating existing approaches in the study of tax evasion processes. The proposed concept of building an agent-based model for analyzing the processes of tax evasion allows us to answer the question of how short-term exogenous shocks will affect the preferences of taxpayers, taking into account their individual characteristics and accepted behavioral patterns in society.

Temporality and the role of shocks in explaining changes in socioemotional wealth and entrepreneurial orientation of small and medium family enterprises

This paper explores the relationship between the nature of shocks (family vs. business related), the relative importance of socioemotional wealth importance (SEWi) dimensions (family prominence, enrichment and continuity), and the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of family firms over time. An exploratory multiple case research based on critical realism was conducted to theorize on how shocks define socially constructed time, which in turn explains the social dynamic behind family firms’ priorities and routines exposing EO. By integrating socioemotional wealth (SEW) framework to time and routine framework from organizations studies, it is proposed that shocks determine the formation and speed of evolution of estuaries of time in family firms. This also explains which are the priorities driving decisions of change or stability within these firms as well as the social and emotional dynamic between the family and the businesses explaining changes in EO.

The role of shocks in the determination of empirical abundances for type-I PNe

AbstractWe investigate, in the light of new diagnostic diagrams, the role of shocks in the ionization profile of type-I planetary nebulae, and their relation to the empirical derivation of chemical abundances. We apply our technique to two well-known type-I objects: NGC 2440 and NGC 6302. Our results indicate that shocks play a very important role in the spectra of both nebulae and, since the presence of shocks reinforces the flux of low ionization lines, this artificial reinforcement can lead to incorrect chemical abundances, when they are derived through Ionization Correction Factors, at least for type-I PNe.

Shock Troupers: Browning, Bidart, and the Drama of Prosody

This paper on the role of shock in poetic innovation should acknowledge at the outset one conspicuous kind of shock that will be of only incidental concern. Ladies and gentlemen, your attention, please, to the following two exhibits. Prepare to avert your imagination as needed. That moment she was mine, mine, fair, Perfectly pure and good: I found A thing to do, and all her hair In one long yellow string I wound Three times her little throat around strangled her. (1) Bad enough already, but now hear this: When I hit her on the head, was good, and then I did to her couple of times,-- but was funny,--afterwards, was as if somebody else did ... Everything flat, without sharpness, richness, or line. Still, I liked to drive past the woods where she lay, tell the old lady and the kids I had to take piss, hop out and do to her ... The whole buggy of them waiting for me made me feel good; but still, just like I knew all along, she didn't move. When the body got too discomposed, I'd just jack off, letting fall on her ... --It sounds crazy, but I tell you sometimes was beautiful--; I don't know how to say it, but for minute, was possible--; and then, then,-- well, like I said, she didn't move: and I saw, under me, little girl was just lying there in the mud. (2) The first passage, familiar Victorian anthology piece, the reader-scandalizing flashpoint from Robert Browning's 1836 Lover. The second passage has had narrower circulation and for obvious reasons will not make it, I confidently predict, into standard teaching anthologies. But those who know the poetry of Frank Bidart will hail as the opening of White, which the leadoff poem from the collection Golden State (1973) and the first in sequence of dramatic monologues as impressive as any living poet can boast, including rivals on the order of Richard Howard, Carol Ann Duffy, and that fearless songwriter Randy Newman. Each poem its author's, so to speak, maiden monologue; and the slight offense given by my speaking so of will, I hope, underscore the strong double shock--physical in the first instance, ethical not long afterwards--that each poem retains the power of imparting. Each repulsively violent in its narrative subject each at the same time weaves into the pathology of murderous perversion gilt filament of innocent, morally rapt wonder at existence's immense permissiveness, the unbearable lightness of being: And yet God has not said word! (60), marvels Porphyria's lover at the end of his monologue. By that point the affronted reader, his or her moral compass duly recalibrated, can afford to wonder whether the expectant suspense that concludes the poem in anticipation of God's approval or condemnation. Maybe both, if Herbert White's whiplash anything to go by: it was beautiful, everything was possible, and yet a little girl was just lying there in the mud.? Forging the genre to white heat at extreme of that eccentric perspectivism which Robert Langbaum showed sixty years ago was essential to the modern dramatic monologue, both Browning and Bidart make their mark under cover of deviancy carried away into horrid excess. (3) One shocked by this stuff, shocked. Still, as I forewarned, the species of shock that these imaginative commitments convey will not be my theme. I am more interested in the conveyance itself, because I maintain the poets are too. They are, and always have been, most interested in the formal vehiculation by which poetic effect not only seizes readers at first blush, or ambush, but then comes home to them for keeps. Form, Langbaum has observed, is better index of tradition than subject matter; the latter an index of what people think they believe, whereas form index of what believed too implicitly to be discussed--and what for that very reason, moreover, retains stubbornly insinuated power to shock (Poetry of Expedience 36). …

Cardiovascular change in children with dengue shock syndrome.

To determine the cardiovascular changes in children with dengue shock syndrome. Echocardiography was performed in 8 children (5 females) with dengue shock syndrome, median age 6.5, 4.2-13.7 yr and weight 34, 12-66 kg. All had massive bleeding with low initial hematocrit in most cases (median 31%), thrombocytopenia (median platelet 37,000/μL), and coagulopathy with massive pleural effusion. Seven (87.5%) developed acute renal failure and hepatic failure. All patients were in either compensate or decompensate shock with alteration of consciousness, tachycardia, poor tissue perfusion, and prolonged capillary refill (>4 s) with mean arterial pressure 65, 39-94 mm Hg. The cardiac dimension was normal to low normal except one had dilated left ventricle. Seven patients had normal left ventricular systolic function (5 with inotrope infusion). One patient had impaired systolic function even with inotrope. All had normal cardiac index (4.14, 3.51-6.37 L/min/m2) with increased heart rate (141.5, 110-160/min) but low stroke volume index (30.72, 25.37-42.49 mL/m2) and low systemic vascular resistance index (1,072, 223-2,880 dyne/sec/cm-5/m2). Decreased preload from bleeding and vascular leakage into the third space play an important role in shock in Dengue. However, decreased stroke volume and low systemic vascular resistance may be additional causes of shock.

The role of shocks and social pressures in the development of citizenship rights: Great britain and Mexico’s divergent paths

Drawing on T.H. Marshall’s classic analysis of how civil, political and social rights evolved in Great Britain, this article follows authors, like Rose and Shin, who used a “social pyramid” to illustrate how the inverted development of such citizenship rights in other nations may weaken liberal democracy. In contrast, I argue that this sequence varies depending on a society’s own unique history, and that no one single path can define the development of liberal democracy. In Mexico, the development of citizenship rights (mainly social, political and civil, following T.H. Marshall’s categorization) was catalyzed by a series of economic and security-related crises that impacted a broad cross-section of Mexican society. The result of these pressures —both from above (organized elites) and below (organized popular groups)— has been greater enforcement of already existing political rights. This major change eventually led to competitive ballot elections (since the late 1990s) which in turn has forced politicians to focus on reshaping social rights (e.g., making their application universal rather than selective). Since President Felipe Calderon’s (2006-2012) “war on drugs,” there has also been notable legislation —backed by widespread public support— to strengthen civil rights (e.g., 2008 criminal justice reform; 2011 reforms to the amparo and human rights).

Frontiers in Bioengineering Research

Over the last 25 years, the field of bioengineering has been revolutionized in both research and education. This has been “fueled” largely by the great advances in biology and medicine over the last few decades, and the significant investments made by the Whitaker Foundation. A new engineering discipline, “rooted” in biology, has emerged which represents a transformation from a discipline based on the traditional engineering sciences to one that integrates engineering with biology and medicine, an engineering discipline based on biology. Bioengineering has become a truly interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary field with much of the research efforts hypothesis driven and/or application driven, achieving a quantitative, systems-level understanding of the fundamental biological behavior of living cells and animals, and the translation of advanced biotechnologies to medicine.

Employee Turnover in Unique Contexts: How to Retain an Organization's Best Employees

Despite the well-known costs of employee turnover, both management scholars and practitioners require better understandings of the causes, consequences, and mitigating factors of turnover. Debate exists within the turnover literature about who will voluntarily turnover, what causes that turnover, when that turnover will occur, and how organizations can mitigate the outflow of its best employees. In this presenter symposium, we seek to address these questions. The first two papers seek to understand the causes and timing of voluntary turnover among high performing or high skilled employees. The final two papers address how organizations can retain employees, even amid high turnover, developing work environments, through organizational or managerial interventions. Taken together, these four papers highlight the role that managers play in fostering environments that can decrease the turnover of an organization’s best employees even when experiencing uncertain economic conditions. From Care to Control: Managerial Tactics for Retaining Focal Employees Presenter: Timothy Gardner; Utah State U. Presenter: Peter Hom; Arizona State U. Presenter: Rodger Griffeth; Ohio U. Can We Get You to Stay? Organization Identification Contagion and Employee Turnover Presenter: Sumita Raghuram; Pennsylvania State U. Presenter: Xiangmin Liu; Pennsylvania State U. It's not Who Leaves but How Quickly: The Role of Shocks in Turnover of High Performing Employees Presenter: Anthony R. Wheeler; U. of Rhode Island Presenter: Jonathon R. B. Halbesleben; U. of Alabama Presenter: Samantha C. Paustian-Underdahl; Kennesaw State U. A Contextualized Model of Embedding or Leaving Forces for America's Offshore Manufacturing Workforce Presenter: Peter Hom; Arizona State U. Presenter: Mian Zhang; Tsinghua U. Presenter: Blanca Rosa Garcia Rivera; U. Autonoma de Baja California

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Case Report: A 52 year-old female was transferred to our institution for advanced therapies after failed percutaneous interventions for an acute myocardial infarction. Unknown myocardial viability and social support precluded her from high-risk revascularization and/or ventricular assist device placement. On hospital day 6, she decompensated and required epinephrine, milrinone, and vasopressin. The decision was made to provide comfort measures only. While waiting for family, she developed multi-system organ failure (MSOF). Her fingers were cyanotic. Mottling extended from her hands to her shoulders, and her skin was cold. This distressed her family. Nitroglycerin (NTG), a venodilator, was started at 5mcg/min to decrease peripheral vasoconstriction. Over 2 hours, mottling decreased and hemodynamics were unchanged. NTG was increased to 10mcg/min; mottling and cyanosis resolved and her skin returned to a normal temperature. The remaining family arrived to a patient with a warm, pink appearance; she died without signs of distress hours later. Discussion: Vasopressors are standard therapy of shock but are associated with skin and digital ischemia. While counterintuitive, peripheral venodilators may also have a role in shock. As an adjunct to decrease organ failure, NTG has increased microcirculatory flow in septic shock and been used for dopamine-induced peripheral ischemia. We used this principle of increasing modulating microcirculatory flow with a venodilator in this patient with MSOF and successfully allowed visible increases in skin perfusion. Additionally, mitigating family distress at end-of-life (EOL) reduces the likelihood of affective disorders after patient death in the ICU with a key factor being symptom management. An indicator for quality EOL care includes the family’s comfort that the patient is physically touched by loved ones at EOL. Abating the distorted body image of mottling and alleviating the feeling of cold extremities by restoring microcirculation improved the interaction of this family with the patient at the time of her death. This intervention may provide improved outcomes for her family’s coping in subsequent weeks to months.

Abstract 520: Thromboxane Receptors in Smooth Muscle Promote Hypertension, Vascular Remodeling and Sudden Death

The prostanoid thromboxane (TxA2) is a potent vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregant that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. Actions of thromboxane (TP) receptors in platelets and the vasculature have both been implicated in cardiovascular pathogenesis. To distinguish the contributions of vascular TP receptors in isolation, we generated mice with cell-specific deletion of TP receptors in smooth muscle cells (TP-SMKOs) using Cre/Loxp technology. We used the KISM22α-Cre transgenic mouse line, with Cre recombinase “knocked-in” to the Sm22α gene locus, to excise the conditional Tp receptor allele specifically in smooth muscle. mRNA for the TP-receptor was easily detected in aortae from control mice, but not from TP-SMKOs (P<0.005). Similarly, TP receptor mRNA expression in mesenteric arteries, with intact endothelium and adventitia, was decreased by ≈80% in TP-SMKOs (P=0.05). In TP-SMKOs, acute vasoconstrictor responses to the TP agonist U46619 were dramatically attenuated by ≈60% in both the peripheral and renal circulations (P<0.05), whereas acute vascular responses to angiotensin II were unaffected. Infusion of high-dose U46619 caused circulatory collapse and death in a majority of control mice, but TP-SMKOs were completely protected from U46619 -induced sudden death (P<0.05). Baseline blood pressures measured by radiotelemetry were similar in TP-SMKOs (111±1 mmHg) and Controls (114±1 mmHg; P=NS). However, the absence of TP receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells caused significant attenuation of angiotensin II-induced hypertension (controls: 159±2 mm Hg; TP-SMKO: 145±8 mm Hg, P<0.05) and diminished aortic medial hypertrophy in TP-SMKOs (59±4 μm) vs. Controls (79±7 μm; P<0.05). Thus, vascular TP receptors play a major role in shock, angiotensin II-induced hypertension, and vascular remodeling.

External Balance in Low‐Income Countries

This paper offers a coherent empirical analysis of the determinants of the real exchange rate, the current account, and the net foreign assets position in low income countries. The paper focuses on indicators specific to low income countries, such as the quality of policies and institutions, the special access to official external financing, and the role of shocks. In addition to more standard factors, we find that domestic financial liberalization is associated with higher current account balances and net foreign asset positions, while capital account liberalization is associated with lower current account balances and net foreign asset positions and with more appreciated real exchange rates. Negative exogenous shocks tend to raise (reduce) the current account in countries with closed (opened) capital accounts. Finally, foreign aid is progressively absorbed over time through net imports, and is associated with a more depreciated real exchange rate in the long-run. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

The turbulent destruction of clouds - I. Ak-ε treatment of turbulence in 2D models of adiabatic shock-cloud interactions

The interaction of a shock with a cloud has been extensively studied in the literature, where the effects of magnetic fields, radiative cooling and thermal conduction have been considered. In many cases, the formation of fully developed turbulence has been prevented by the artificial viscosity inherent in hydrodynamical simulations. This problem is particularly severe in some recent simulations designed to investigate the interaction of a flow with multiple clouds, where the resolution of individual clouds is necessarily poor. Furthermore, the shocked flow interacting with the cloud has been assumed to be completely uniform in all previous single-cloud studies. In reality, the flow behind the shock is also likely to be turbulent, with non-uniform density, pressure and velocity structure created as the shock sweeps over inhomogeneities upstream of the cloud (as seen in recent multiple cloud simulations). To address these twin issues we use a subgrid compressible k–� turbulence model to estimate the properties of the turbulence generated in shock–cloud interactions and the resulting increase in the transport coefficients that the turbulence brings. A detailed comparison with the output from an inviscid hydrodynamical code puts these new results into context. Despite the above concerns, we find that cloud destruction in inviscid and k–� models occurs at roughly the same speed when the post-shock flow is smooth and when the density contrast between the cloud and intercloud medium, χ 100. However, there are increasing and significant differences as χ increases. The k–� models also demonstrate better convergence in resolution tests than inviscid models, a feature which is particularly useful for multiple-cloud simulations. Clouds which are over-run by a highly turbulent post-shock environment are destroyed significantly quicker as they are subject to strong ‘buffeting’ by the flow. The decreased lifetime and faster acceleration of the cloud material to the speed of the ambient flow leads to a reduction in the total amount of circulation (vorticity) generated in the interaction, so that the amount of vorticity may be self-limiting. Additional calculations with an inviscid code where the post-shock flow is given random, grid-scale, motions confirm the more rapid destruction of the cloud. Our results clearly show that turbulence plays an important role in shock–cloud interactions, and that environmental turbulence adds a new dimension to the parameter space which has hitherto been studied.

External Balance in Low Income Countries

This paper offers a coherent empirical analysis of the determinants of the real exchange rate, the current account, and the net foreign assets position in low income countries. The paper focuses on indicators specific to low income countries, such as the quality of policies and institutions, the special access to official external financing, and the role of shocks. In addition to more standard factors, we find that domestic financial liberalization is associated with higher current account balances and net foreign asset positions, while capital account liberalization is associated with lower current account balances and net foreign asset positions and with more appreciated real exchange rates. Negative exogenous shocks tend to raise (reduce) the current account in countries with closed (opened) capital accounts. Finally, foreign aid is progressively absorbed over time through net imports, and is associated with a more depreciated real exchange rate in the long-run.