Role Of Psychological Risk Factors Research Articles

Evidence of a Causal Link Between the Well-Being Spectrum and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Epidemiological studies have provided extensive evidence regarding the role of psychological risk factors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but whether these associations are causal in nature is still unknown. We aimed to investigate whether the association between the wellbeing spectrum (WBS; derived from four psychological traits including life satisfaction, positive affect, neuroticism, and depressive symptoms) and CVD risk is causal. By employing a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, the effect of the WBS on four CVD outcomes, including atrial fibrillation, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke, was investigated. The genetically predicted WBS was associated with 38% lower risk for heart failure (odds ratio (OR): 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50–0.78; P: 2.2 × 10−5) and 40% reduced risk of myocardial infarction (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.47–0.78; P: 1.1 × 10−4). Of the WBS constituent traits, only depressive symptoms showed a positive causal association with heart failure and myocardial infarction. Neither WBS nor WBS constituent traits were associated with atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke. In multivariable MR analyses, when genetic instruments for traditional CVD risk factors were also taken into consideration, the WBS was causally associated with a reduced risk for heart failure (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.58–0.88; P: 0.001) and myocardial infarction (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.52–0.86; P: 0.002). This study provides evidence that a higher WBS is causally associated with a decreased risk of developing CVD and, more specifically, myocardial infarction; moreover, the association is mainly driven by depressive symptoms. These results support current guidelines that suggest improving psychological wellbeing may help in reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease.

Psychological Predictors of Unhealthy Eating Attitudes in Young Adults.

The objective of this study was to determine the predictive role of psychological risk factors for restrained and compulsive eating in young women and men. We examined the relationship between resilience, impulsivity, emotional intelligence and self-esteem, and restrained and compulsive eating. It was assumed that resilience and impulsivity can directly explain unhealthy eating attitudes (restrained and compulsive: both emotional eating and external eating). The study group comprised 211 individuals (105 men and 106 women) aged 20–29, all of whom were living in southern Poland. Measures included the Resilience Measurement Scale (SPP-25), the Eysenck’s Impulsivity Inventory (IVE), the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory (MSEI), the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (INTE), and the Polish adaptation of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). The statistical analysis showed significant and positive correlations between emotional eating and general self-esteem, impulsivity, and weaker (but still significant) correlations with physical attractiveness. External eating was positively and significantly correlated with impulsivity and self-esteem (including physical attractiveness). Restrained eating was also positively and significantly correlated with general self-esteem. Both types of compulsive eating attitudes (emotional and external eating) were significantly and negatively correlated with resilience. Women showed a significantly higher positive correlation between impulsivity and external eating compared to men. The level of intensity of other measures proved similar across the entire study group regardless of sex. Impulsivity had the strongest and most direct significant influence on both emotional eating and external eating, and a negative effect on emotional intelligence. Resilience proved to have a significant impact on all three examined types of eating attitude (a direct negative effect on emotional eating and external eating, and positive direct effect on restrained eating), self-esteem, and emotional intelligence. An important psychological intervening variable in generating unhealthy eating attitudes proved to be self-esteem among both men and women. Emotional intelligence, which remains correlated with resilience, proved independent, with no effect on unhealthy eating attitudes. These results suggest that preventive treatment and educational programs implemented particularly among adolescents and young adults may support development of their psychological resources.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Integrated Intervention Program in Improving on Quality of Life and Personality Type in Heart Disease Patients

Background: Non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death worldwide. Besides, major risk factors such as age, gender, race, and modifiable or psychological risk factors have a significant role in the incidence of CVDs. This study established an integrated intervention program based on psychological risk factors for Iranian cardiovascular patients, and tried to validate its effectiveness in improving quality of life and personality type. Objectives: Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of integrated intervention program in type D personality and quality of life among the cardiovascular patients. Methods: In an experimental randomized controlled trial, a total of 60 patients (29 - 42 years old, 67% males and 33% females, and all married) were assigned randomly either to the experimental (30 patients) or the control group (30 patients). The patients in the experimental group participated in the intervention program for one month. The content of the integrated intervention program included understanding the role of psychological factors on cardiovascular diseases, understanding personality types, understanding hardiness and resiliency, healthy heart lifestyle, thoughts and behavior, understanding coping styles and emotion regulation, understanding spirituality and personal growth, understanding social support, and learning relaxation techniques. Quality of life and personality type in two groups were measured through WHOQOL and type D personality questionnaire before and after the intervention. All analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20. Results: The patients in the experimental group had significantly more quality of life (P < 0.001) and less type D personality traits (P < 0.001), which support the effectiveness of the cardiac integrated intervention program. Conclusions: The results from meta-analyses indicated the role of psychological risk factors in the development of CVDs. The findings of the current study suggested that cardiac integrated intervention program increases the quality of life and reduces the type D personality traits in cardiovascular patients. Furthermore, it is recommended that cardiac care professionals use this effective treatment to improve the recovery of cardiac patients.

Perception of injury risk among amateur Muay Thai fighters

BackgroundMuay Thai is a style of kickboxing that allows full-contact blows to an unprotected head, torso and legs, and, as in any combat sport, there is an inherent risk of injury. Previous observational studies have shown there is a substantial risk of injury in competitive kickboxing. None of these studies, however, have investigated the potential role of psychological risk factors and, consequently, little is known about the perception of injury risk among these athletes. Notwithstanding the important role risk perception may play in the occurrence and prevention of sports injuries, there is very limited empirical data pertaining to athletes in full-contact combat sports such as Muay Thai.Because the development and successful implementation of effective injury prevention policies for combat sports are likely to benefit from an increased understanding of the perception of injury risk and sport safety attitudes and behavior of its participants, further study is warranted.MethodsMuay Thai fighters were invited to complete an online survey in which they rated the perceived risk of injury in a range of different sports, including Muay Thai kickboxing. Perceived comparative risk was obtained indirectly by subtracting perceived risk of injury to oneself from perceived risk of injury to a peer. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, comparison of means, and ordinal logistic regression.ResultsContrary to the best available epidemiological evidence, Muay Thai fighters perceived the risk of injury in their own sport to be average and significantly lower than that in other collision and contact sports, including popular combat sports such as boxing and mixed martial arts. On average, Muay Thai fighters perceived their own risk injury to be significantly lower compared to their peers (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThere appears to be a mismatch between injury risk perception and actual risk among Muay Thai fighters. Moreover, these athletes also exhibit a slight degree comparative optimism or unrealistic optimism. Because behavior is determined by perceived rather than actual risk, underestimation of injury risk and concomitant overestimation of ability to negotiate risk may lead to an increased frequency of injury. Future injury prevention strategies in combat sports such as Muay Thai kickboxing should consider educational- and psychosocial-based interventions that include efforts to correct erroneous beliefs and attitudes about actual risk of injury in the sport.

254 Psychological and culturally influenced risk factors for the incidence and persistence of non-disabling and disabling musculoskeletal pain. Spanish CUPID study

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of psychological risk factors for the development and persistence of non-disabling (NDMSP) and disabling (DMSP) musculoskeletal pain (MSP).MethodsAs part of the CUPID study, 1105 nurses and...

Impact of Exercise Training on Psychological Risk Factors

Although the role of psychological risk factors has been underemphasized, considerable evidence indicates the adverse effects of various psychosocial stressors in the pathogenesis and recovery from cardiovascular diseases. Substantial data, especially from cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs, have demonstrated the role of physical activity, exercise training, and cardiorespiratory fitness, to improve psychological risk factors, including depression, anxiety, hostility, and total psychological stress, as well as stress-related mortality.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychosocial factors in low back pain: directions for the future.

An amalgamated review of the current state of knowledge about psychosocial factors in low back pain (LBP), as presented at the plenary session at the Fourth International Forum on LBP Research in Primary Care (March 16-18, 2000, Israel). To outline evidence-based theories that have lead to the identification of yellow flags (psychosocial risk factors for developing long-term disability) for nonspecific LBP. To discuss the role of clinicians in primary care in detecting and addressing these psychosocial factors and to outline future directions for research to clarify this role. It is widely accepted that psychological and social factors play an important role in LBP; however, it is currently unclear which specific factors merit intervention to reduce the burden of disease. The review is an integration based on the plenary session presented at the Fourth International Forum on LBP Research in Primary Care. The presentations included original research studies, a systematic review, and theoretical descriptions of models of risk and treatment. There is good evidence to support the role of psychological risk factors at early stages of LBP in the development of long-term disability. There are evidence-based theories and models that provide directions for future interventions. In the treatment of psychological factors, the role of clinicians in primary care remains unclear. Further evidence is needed to identify specific psychological risk factors, primary care tools for their identification need developing, and interventions at different stages of LBP by different professionals need to be tested.

Psychological mechanisms in the transition from acute to chronic pain: over- or underrated?

During the last 20 years a great number of studies have emphasized the potential role of psychological factors as relevant predictors for the first onset of back pain as well as for the development of chronic pain. The formulation of a biopsychosocial perspective of the etiology and chronicity of back pain was a natural consequence. Actual questions concern the relative impact of psychological risk factors in the process of chronicity of back pain compared to biomedical, social and occupational factors. Whereas several review articles regarding the role of psychological risk factors are available up to now, a recently published review conducted by Steven Linton was the first systematic analysis of well controlled prospective studies published since 1967. Using a grading system similar to that recommended for guidelines the author defined a level A evidence when at least two good-quality prospective studies supported the prospective power of a variable. Level B evidence had support from one prospective study. Level C represented inconclusive data and level D indicated that no studies met the criteria. Based on a literature search of more than 900 studies, 37 good-quality prospective studies were analysed in detail. The results indicated level A evidence for the following interrelations: (1) Psychosocial variables, especially chronic distress in daily life, depression and work dissatisfaction were clearly associated with the onset of back and neck pain (2). Psychological variables, especially chronic stress in daily life, work dissatisfaction, depression and pain-related cognitions and coping behaviour were clearly linked to the transition from acute to chronic pain and disability (3). Psychological variables generally had more prospective power than biomedical, social or objective occupational variables. Among the pain-related cognitions, catastrophizing and fear-avoidance-beliefs yielded the most empirical support. Among coping behaviour passive coping stretegies such as avoiding behaviour was most important. At least level B evidence has been shown for the counterpart of an extreme suppressive coping behaviour. Patients who tended to suppress or ignore pain in order to finish all activities they started, who were unable to integrate phases of passive relaxation into the daily routine displayed a high risk of chronicity of pain 6 months after an acute phase of pain. One international and two German good-quality prospective studies have shown the predictive power of a maladaptive suppressive behaviour pattern. Based on the avoidance-endurance-model of pain chronification, both extreme and one-sided passive pain coping as well as one-sided suppressive coping modes were conceptualized as maladaptive due to the process of chronicity. We assume that extreme passive behaviour will lead to immobility and muscular atrophy. Neurophysiological processes of sensitization will further lead to the development of chronic pain. On the other hand, extreme suppressive behaviour will lead to an overuse of muscles and joints with a repetitive combination of muscular hyperactivity and pain. These repetitive pain experiences will also elicit neurophysiological processes of sensitization. (4) Psychosocial variables displayed more predictive power than biomedical or biomechanical factors. (5) Psychosocial factors may be used as predictors of the risk for developing long-term pain and disability. Mixed empirical evidence has been shown for the role of personality factors (level C evidence) and no support has been found for the idea of a "pain prone" personality disorder or for the role of sexual and physical abuse. 20 years of research, several qualitative reviews and a recently published systematic review of 37 good-quality prospective studies regarding the role of psychological, biomedical, social and objective occupational factors in the process of chronicity of back pain revealed that psychological factors are significantly related to the onset of back pain as well as to the development of chronic pain. Furthermore, the psychological factors displayed more predictive power than biomedical or biomechanical variables. As a consequence for clinical practice, these psychological risk factors have to be considered as "yellow flags" if a back pain problem won't respond to medical treatment for more than four weeks. As a further consequence, special risk factor - based psychosocial interventions should be offered in addition to the medical treatment to patients with high psychological risk factors for the development of chronic pain. The efficacy of such an interdisciplinary care in the very early phases of back pain in order to prevent chronicity of pain and disability has been published recently by our group.

The role of psychological risk factors in recovery from borderline personality disorder

This study examined the role of psychological risk factors in recovery from borderline personality disorder (BPD). A lifetime BPD group (n = 13) was composed of female subjects who had met the criteria for BPD in the past but no longer did so in the present. The comparison group was a sample with active BPD (n = 26). Psychological risk factors were measured by a developmental interview, which scored childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and its parameters, childhood physical abuse (PA), and separation or loss, as well as by the Parental Bonding Index (PBI). Subjects from the active BPD group showed a trend toward higher rates of CSA, and had a significantly higher CSA severity score. The results suggest that a history of severe CSA may adversely influence recovery from BPD.

Follow-Up Studies of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Critical Review

Follow-Up Studies of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Critical ReviewJoel ParisJoel ParisThe Sir Mortimer B. Davis–Jewish General Hospital, Institute of Community and Family Psychiatry, 4333 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1E4 Canada.Address reprint requests to the author.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:February 2011https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1988.2.3.189PDFPDF PLUS ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations About Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Cited byCited by1. Borderline personality disorder: A review and reformulation from evolutionary theoryOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarJean Gagnon, Marc–André Bouchard and Constant Rainville2. Differential diagnosis between borderline personality disorder and organic personality disorder following traumatic brain injuryOnline publication date: 17 March 2006. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar3. Epidemiology, public health and the problem of personality disorderOnline publication date: 2 January 2018. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar4. The borderline diagnosis II: biology, genetics, and clinical courseOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar5. PROSPECTIVE STUDIES OF OUTCOMEOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPaul S. Links, Ronald Heslegrave and Robert van Reekum6. Impulsivity: Core Aspect of Borderline Personality DisorderOnline publication date: 10 February 2011. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar7. Transition from the Early 40s to the Early 50s in Sell-Directed WomenOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar8. Better than expected: Improvements in borderline personality disorder in a 3-year prospective outcome studyOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar9. The Etiology of Borderline Personality DisorderOnline publication date: 3 October 2016. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar10. Rites of Passage and the Borderline Syndrome: Perspectives in Transpersonal AnthropologyOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPer Vaglum, Svein Friis, Sigmund Karterud, Lars Mehlum and Sonja Vaglum11. Stability of the Severe Personality Disorder Diagnosis: A 2- to 5-year Prospective StudyOnline publication date: 8 February 2011. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar12. The role of psychological risk factors in recovery from borderline personality disorderOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar13. Borderline and Narcissistic Personality DisordersOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar14. Social Risk Factors for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review and Hypothesis *Online publication date: 26 April 2017. Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar15. Online publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar16. Heterogeneity of clinical presentation among obese individuals seeking treatmentOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar17. Borderline Personality Disorder: An OverviewOnline publication date: Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar Volume 2Issue 3Sep 1988 Information© 1988 The Guilford PressPDF download