Role Of Psychological Flexibility Research Articles

Increasing workforce psychological flexibility through organization-wide training: Influence on stress resilience, job burnout, and performance

There is growing interest in the role of psychological flexibility as a potential resilience factor in workplace settings for protecting employees against the risk of job burnout. This field study contributes to the literature by investigating the utility of delivering brief ACT-informed training to the entire regional workforce of an innovation and manufacturing organization. A total of 504 employees attended the training, 281 of whom completed study measures prior to the training and three months later. Across the 3-month timeframe, participants reported a statistically small and significant increase in work-related psychological flexibility. Increased psychological flexibility was associated with improved stress resilience, reduced exhaustion, and increased personal accomplishment. No change was observed on the depersonalization component of burnout or task performance. Moderation analyses revealed that residual change associations between work-related psychological flexibility and both exhaustion and resilience were stronger among participants with higher baseline exhaustion. By contrast, work-related psychological flexibility trended toward a stronger residual change relationship with personal accomplishment among participants with lower baseline exhaustion. We interpret these findings from the perspective of resource-based theories of workplace functioning, and highlight the potential of cultivating psychological flexibility as part of organization-wide personnel development initiatives.

Social network stigma of seeking help: influences on psychological distress and flourishing and the role of psychological flexibility

Social network stigma of seeking help: influences on psychological distress and flourishing and the role of psychological flexibility

Work values and job satisfaction of practitioners working with persons with disabilities: the role of psychological flexibility

Various research found that values related to work are associated with job satisfaction, while psychological flexibility was found to be significantly related to well-being and satisfaction in various aspects of life and activity. The current article summarizes the results of a research study that had as its main objective to investigate the association between psychological flexibility with work values and job satisfaction, in Romanian professionals working with persons with disabilities, a challenging activity, marked by chronic stress at work, and thus exposed to the risk of burnout. A number of 42 professionals completed measures of psychological flexibility, work values, and job satisfaction that were adapted to the Romanian language. Our results showed that those professionals who tended to value external rewards in their work with persons with disabilities, such as salary and other material benefits, status, prestige, and flexible hours tended to have lower satisfaction in their work. Psychological flexibility, especially the ability to live in the present moment, cognitive defusion, and contact with own values, was associated with higher job satisfaction, while psychological inflexibility tended to be associated with lower satisfaction in working with persons with disabilities.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Approach for Problematic Chemsex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men

Chemsex, a phenomenon involving the use of psychoactive substances in sexual contexts to facilitate or enhance sexual experiences, is substantially increasing among men who have sex with men (MSM), and has been described as a significant risk factor for mental and physical illness. However, no specialized treatment approach has yet been established. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) could potentially be an appropriate psychotherapeutic framework, especially considering the MSM and sexual minority unique challenges and the role of psychological flexibility in this context. The present paper describes the assessment and ACT interventions, reports and discusses the results, of 10 adult MSM who self-referred to an outpatient psychiatry and addiction department in France for self-reported problematic chemsex that interfered with their quality of life. They completed symptom- and process-based measures at three different timepoints. Results were quantitatively analyzed, and the clinician’s session notes and patients’ experiences/accounts, recorded verbatim, served as a support for evaluating the global effects of ACT interventions. Results on outcome measures showed clinically notable and statistically significative improvements in psychological flexibility, anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as sexual addiction intensity between pre- and posttreatment, which were all persistent at 3- to 4-month follow-up. Process measure results indicated a high and consistent therapeutic alliance throughout therapy. This exploratory study, directly derived from clinical practice, suggests promising preliminary results. It can provide clinicians with a useful resource for using ACT as a potentially effective approach for problematic chemsex and comorbidities, and may guide future investigation to inform treatment development efforts, especially for MSM and sexual minority communities.

Testing the dysregulation of goal and activity identification hypothesis on mental health outcomes: The moderating effect of psychological flexibility

The objective of this study is to test the dysregulation of goal/activity identification hypothesis and the role of psychological flexibility within it. A nonclinical sample of 247 adults completed the Personalized Psychological Flexibility Index (PPFI) and DASS-21. Participants' goal on the PPFI were categorized into abstract or concrete. The moderating effect of psychological flexibility on the relationship between goal abstraction and stress, depression and anxiety were examined. These relationships were explored using specific dimensions of psychological flexibility: harnessing, avoidance and acceptance. A significant interaction was found between psychological flexibility and goal abstraction on stress. Individuals who stipulated an abstract goal and had lower levels of psychological flexibility had significantly higher levels of stress. This relationship was not evident for concrete goals. These findings did not emerge when examining specific dimensions of psychological flexibility suggesting that multiple facets of psychological flexibility contribute to these findings. Harnessing was, however, unique. Individuals with a concrete goal and higher levels of harnessing had significantly higher stress. This study provides preliminary findings regarding the influence of psychological flexibility within the dysregulation of goal/action identification hypothesis. Future research, particularly in clinical samples is needed to confirm these associations and their combined role as a transdiagnostic process.

The role of psychological flexibility in acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy for trichotillomania: Moderation and mediation findings

Trichotillomania is characterized by recurrent pulling out of one's hair, leading to significant hair loss and accompanied by clinically significant distress and/or functional impairment. The current study used data from a randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy (AEBT) to psychoeducation plus supportive therapy (PST; active control) for trichotillomania in an adult sample. The objectives were to examine the moderating and mediating influence of trichotillomania-specific psychological flexibility in treatment for trichotillomania. Participants with lower baseline flexibility performed better in AEBT than PST in terms of greater symptom reduction and quality of life. Lower baseline flexibility also predicted higher likelihood of disorder recovery in AEBT relative to PST. In addition, relative to PST, symptom reduction in AEBT was mediated by psychological flexibility, controlling for anxiety and depression. These findings suggest that psychological flexibility is a relevant process of change in the treatment of trichotillomania. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.

The Role of Psychological Flexibility and Various Demographic Variables in Explaining the Spiritual Well-Being of University Students

Manevi iyi oluş; belirli bir dine, manevi uygulamaya veya ideolojiye değil; insanın anlam, amaç ve kendisinden daha büyük bir şeyle bağlantı kurma ihtiyacına atıfta bulunan bir kavramdır. Üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde yapılan çalışmalarda daha çok öğrencilerin psikolojik sağlamlıkları, yaşam doyumları, psikolojik esneklik ve iyi oluşları ile akademik başarıları incelenmektedir. Üniversite öğrencilerinin manevi iyi oluşları ile psikolojik esneklikleri arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çok az çalışma bulunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu araştırmanın amacı; sosyal hizmet, ilahiyat, rehberlik ve psikolojik danışmanlık programlarında öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerinin manevi iyi oluşlarının açıklanmasında psikolojik esneklik ve çeşitli demografik değişkenlerin rolünün incelenmesidir. Araştırma nicel araştırma yöntemine dayalı olarak ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini bir devlet üniversitesinin sosyal hizmet, ilahiyat, rehberlik ve psikolojik danışmanlık lisans programlarında öğrenim gören ve tesadüfi olarak belirlenen 382 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Manevi İyi Oluş Ölçeği, Psikolojik Esneklik Ölçeği ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler ANOVA testi, t-testi ve çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda; katılımcıların manevi iyi oluş düzeyleri ile psikolojik esneklik düzeyleri arasında düşük düzeyde, olumlu yönde ve anlamlı bir ilişkinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Cinsiyet, sınıf düzeyi ve ailesinin ekonomik durumu farklı olan gruplar arasında manevi iyi oluş açısından anlamlı farklılık yokken; katılımcıların yaşı, bölümü, akademik ortalaması, ailenin yerleşim yeri, dini inancı uygulama sıklığı, din ve maneviyat durumu ve yaşamda önceliği gibi değişkenlerle manevi iyi oluş düzeyi arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular, manevi iyi oluşun bazı önemli belirleyicilerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunabilir. Araştırma bulguları, üniversite öğrencilerinin sağlıklı bir yaşam tarzı ve psikososyal gelişimlerini sürdürmelerinde manevi iyi oluşun önemli bir belirleyici olduğunu doğrulamaktadır.

Temperament, Life Satisfaction, and the Role of Psychological Flexibility

Abstract: Temperament is related to well-being. Establishing mediators of this relationship, especially mediators which can be influenced through psychological interventions, may contribute to tailoring these interventions to people’s needs determined by temperament. Psychological flexibility may be considered such a mediator. This study aims to examine the relationships between temperament traits and structures, satisfaction with life, and psychological flexibility, with the latter as a possible mediator of the relationship between temperament structures and life satisfaction. 538 participants (18–93 years old) took part in the study. They filled a set of self-reported questionnaires. Psychological flexibility explained a significant part of the variance in life satisfaction above and beyond temperament traits. People with harmonized temperament structures and higher stimulation processing capabilities (sanguine) exhibited higher psychological flexibility and satisfaction with life. Three temperament structures: phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic in comparison to sanguine were found to be linked to lower satisfaction with life through lower psychological flexibility. The results suggest a meaningful role of stimulation processing capabilities in the development of both psychological flexibility and satisfaction with life.

COVID-19 and processes of adjustment in people with persistent pain: the role of psychological flexibility.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate facets of Psychological Flexibility (PF) and Psychological Inflexibility (PI) and their relations with depression, anxiety, and insomnia in people with chronic pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was predicted that the full set of facets would significantly predict all three outcomes. The relative contributions of differing facets and dimensions was explored. Participants with pain were selected from a sample of 1,657 Swedish adults responding to an online survey of health and COVID-19. Persistent pain was defined as pain on most days, present for three months or more. A total of 560, 33.8% of the total sample, were included in the analyses. Standardized and validated measures were used to measure depression, anxiety, and insomnia, and the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI) was used to measure both PF and PI. Significant rates of depression, anxiety, and insomnia, at 43.1, 26.4, and 64.2%, respectively, were found in this sample. These rates appear higher than those found in a general sample in Sweden. PF was negatively associated with these problems while PI was positively associated with them. Better prediction of outcome was obtained by PI compared to PF. PF and especially PI appear to have played a role in relation to health outcomes in people with persistent pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. This group of people appears to have been especially vulnerable to the impacts of the pandemic. This study motivates further investigation and development of treatment approaches, possibly focusing on training PF, for people with persistent pain in the current pandemic context and in the future.

The role of psychological flexibility in the meaning-reconstruction process in cancer: The intensive longitudinal study protocol.

Meaning-making is an important element of adapting to disease. However, this process is still poorly understood and the theoretical model has not been comprehensively verified yet, particularly in terms of complexity, dynamics, and intraindividual variability. The aim of this study is a deeper understanding of the meaning-reconstruction process in cancer and empirical verification of the integrative meaning-making model of coping extended by the psychological flexibility model. We postulate that psychological flexibility can foster the meaning-making in cancer by building more flexible and workable meaning-making explanations of disease. A daily-diary study conducted for 14 days in patients following the first autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Participants (at least 150) will be requested to complete the daily-diary related to daily situational meaning, meaning-related distress, meaning-making, psychological flexibility, meanings made, and wellbeing for 14 days after hospital discharge following HCT. Also, baseline and follow-up assessment of global meaning, wellbeing, and meanings made will be performed. Statistical analysis of the data will be conducted using the multilevel and dynamic structural equation modeling. The study will fill in the gaps in health psychology in the understanding of the meaning-reconstruction process in cancer by within- and between-person verification of the integrative meaning-making model and its extension by the psychological flexibility model. The data obtained will be used in further research on the development of meaning-making by means of interventions based on psychological flexibility.

Health, well-being, and persisting symptoms in the pandemic: What is the role of psychological flexibility?

Finding psychological factors that can reduce the substantial impact of COVID-19 on mental and physical health is important. Here we replicate and expand a previous study regarding the role of psychological flexibility (PF) in this context. We employed a comprehensive and well validated measure of PF and examined its role in relation to health outcomes and persistent post COVID-19 symptoms. 1174 participants completed standardized measures of depression, anxiety, insomnia and the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI), and reported the presence of persistent symptoms associated with “long COVID.” All PF and psychological inflexibility (PI) facets, except for acceptance, correlated with the three mental health outcomes and with persistent symptoms. PF and PI accounted for significant variance in depression, anxiety, and insomnia after adjusting for background and health status variables. A notable finding was the particularly stronger correlations obtained for the PI facets. Our findings emphasize the potentially mitigating effects of PF on mental ill health, as well as the particularly aggravating effects of PI, in the pandemic context. A novel finding is the significant association of PI with persisting symptoms of COVID.

The ​Role of ​Psychological ​Flexibility in ​Heart ​Failure: Structural ​Equation ​Model ​Analysis

Background: The Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Model has gained empirical support, with limited evidence on the role of psychological flexibility in persons with heart failure. Objective: To examine the role of psychological flexibility in persons with heart failure. Methods: A total of 172 persons with heart failure from three major referral hospitals participated in the study. A proposed model based on the acceptance and commitment therapy was tested. Results: The results showed that the path between psychological flexibility and emotional outcomes is statistically significant. Psychological flexibility explained 52% of the variance. On the other hand, the path between psychological flexibility and behavioral outcomes was not significant. Conclusions: This study suggests that psychological flexibility plays a significant role in determining emotional outcomes in persons with heart failure. Implications to Nursing: Nurses need to assess persons with compromised psychological flexibility as a predictor of adverse emotional outcomes. Targeting psychological flexibility may improve stress and depression in persons with heart failure. Keywords: Psychological flexibility, Heart failure, Acceptance and commitment therapy, Depression, Stress.

Psychological resources and flexibility predict resilient mental health trajectories during the French covid-19 lockdown

The implementation of lockdowns and the Covid-19 pandemic situation have negatively impacted mental health (anxiety, depression). However, little is known about individual differences in the longitudinal reactions to lockdown. We designed a longitudinal study (a) to identify the various trajectories of symptoms of depression and anxiety in the general population during and after lockdown; (b) to determine which positive psychological resources prevent individuals from falling into groups with the most severe trajectories; (c) to test the mediating role of psychological flexibility. We collected and analysed longitudinal data on a sample of French participants (N = 1399, Mage = 43.4; SDage = 12; 87.8% women) during the end of the first lockdown. Participants were asked to report their psychological resources and (in)flexibility at baseline and symptoms of anxiety and depression at each measurment occasion (five weekly observations from 17 March to 11 May 2020, including baseline). Using growth mixture modelling, seven dynamic profiles of symptoms were identified: four for depression and three for anxiety. Resilience emerged as the most frequent trajectory. Wisdom, optimism, hope, self-efficacy and peaceful disengagement significantly prevented individuals from belonging to the symptomatic groups. Moreover, psychological flexibility emerged as a significant mediator of these effects. This study highlights the importance of cultivating protective factors and psychological flexibility to prevent mental health damage during potentially traumatic events (PTE) and to favour resilience trajectories.

The role of psychological flexibility in palliative care

Elevated psychosocial distress, pain and existential dread are prevalent among those living with a palliative illness with consequential negative impacts on quality of life (QoL). Psychological flexibility (PF) is a protective factor related to better psychosocial outcomes in various adverse health contexts. This study tests the applicability of the PF framework in accounting for variability in four palliative patient outcomes (death attitudes, distress, pain and QoL) and the stability of these variables over one month. Fifty-four palliative patients and 21 of their carers completed a questionnaire at Time 1 and one month later (Time 2). Informal carers provided proxy ratings of the patient's QoL. Results indicated no change in PF or patient outcomes, and that higher Time 1 total PF significantly predicted better Time 2 outcomes across QoL, distress, and death attitudes. The acceptance PF dimension evidenced the strongest beneficial associations, whereas unexpectedly the values-based action PF dimension predicted higher death escape attitudes, and the mindfulness PF dimension failed to predict any outcome, although at the bivariate level it was related to better outcomes across QoL, death attitudes and distress. Unexpectedly, the values-based action PF dimension was correlated with worse pain outcomes. Overall, these findings support the role of PF in improving palliative patient outcomes, and prior calls for the evaluation of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which targets PF, in palliative care. The unexpected findings regarding the two PF dimensions of mindfulness and values-based action, suggest that these PF processes need further investigation and require fine tuning in ACT interventions to ensure sensitivity to the palliative care context. These findings are currently being utilised to inform the development and evaluation of a self-help ACT resource for palliative patients.

Role of Psychological Flexibility and Social Support Satisfaction on the Mental Health of Young Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant mental and psychological distress, in addition to its impacts on physical health. Though young adults are at low risk of health complications from COVID-19, they’re still prone to many psychological problems, during such times marked by uncertainty, ambiguity, and loss of control. Objectives: This study was undertaken to determine the mental health status of young adults during the pandemic. It also seeks to look at the relationship between psychological flexibility and social support and the mental health of young adults. Method: Convenience sampling procedure was used. The questionnaires were circulated through Google Forms among people of the age group 18-35 years. A total of 211 participants completed the study. Depression, anxiety, and stress were measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), psychological flexibility was measured using the Flexibility subscale of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI), and Social Support Satisfaction was analysed using the Satisfaction subscale of the Sarason Social Support Questionnaire (SSQSR). The data were analysed using the Student t-test and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Results: A significant correlation was found for social support satisfaction, but not for psychological flexibility, with the other variables.

Caring for someone with an acquired brain injury: The role of psychological flexibility

BackgroundCaring for someone with an acquired brain injury (ABI) is associated with increased psychological distress and reduced satisfaction with life. Caregiver negative appraisals predict these poor outcomes, and social support and adaptive coping buffer these effects. Psychological flexibility is beneficial in dementia caregiving but has not been studied in ABI and never in comparison to known predictors of caregiver distress. This study examined known predictors and psychological flexibility in predicting depression, anxiety and life satisfaction in ABI caregiving. MethodsA cross sectional online survey gathered responses of 145 ABI caregivers, recruited through social media, charities and National Health Services. Standardised measures of disability, appraisals, social support, coping, psychological flexibility, depression, anxiety and life satisfaction were analysed with correlation, regression and conditional process analysis. ResultsCorrelations were in theoretically specified directions, regression analysis showed that psychological flexibility was the strongest predictor of depression (β = −0.37, p < .001) and anxiety (β = −0.38, p < .001), whilst caregiver appraisals were strongest in life satisfaction (β = −0.34, p < .001). Furthermore, caregiver appraisals mediated the relation between care-recipients’ disability and caregiver outcomes. Psychological flexibility moderated this effect on depression, whilst problem-focused coping moderated this effect on life satisfaction. ConclusionThese constructs could be potential targets for interventions, such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy or traditional Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Psychological flexibility plays an important role that adds to our understanding of caregiver distress in the specific context of ABI caregiving.

Strategies of University Students to Cope with COVID-19 and the Role of Psychological Flexibility

The COVID-19 outbreak is an important stress factor that threatens the health of individuals both physically and psychologically. Within the scope of struggling the outbreak, many precautions, such as quarantine practices, social distance rules, distance education, flexible working hours have been taken and the lives of individuals have changed greatly. One of the groups that have been significantly influenced by this process is university students. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the ways in which university students cope with the outbreak and to understand the role of psychological flexibility. There were 457 university students in the study. Participants completed an online questionnaire form comprising items relevant to their coping strategies and psychological flexibility levels. Results revealed that participants used transcendental coping the most while relational coping the least. Additionally, psychological inflexibility negatively predicted transcendental, behavioral, and relational coping behaviors. These results revealed the fact that psychological flexibility is an important mechanism that channels students’ coping behaviors in such a critical process.

The role of psychological flexibility in recovery following mild traumatic brain injury.

Purpose and Objective: Psychological distress is known to contribute to recovery following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and there is a need to understand the mechanisms that contribute to this relationship. The present study examined psychological flexibility, as a hypothesized psychological mechanism, in 169 treatment-seeking adults with mTBI. Research Method/Design: Participants completed self-report measures of postconcussion symptoms, psychological distress (anxiety, stress, and depression) and functional status within four weeks of entry to an mTBI outpatient clinic. A general measure (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire), as well as a context-specific (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Acquired Brain Injury) measure of psychological flexibility were administered. Results: Simple linear regression analysis showed that psychological flexibility made a significant contribution to the prediction of postconcussion symptoms and functional status. A series of multiple mediation analyses also found that psychological flexibility had a significant indirect effect on the relationships between psychological distress and postconcussion symptoms, and functional status. The context-specific, rather than the general measure of psychological flexibility, was consistently shown to contribute to these findings. Conclusions/Implications: These results suggest that psychological flexibility is a psychological mechanism that contributes to recovery outcomes in individuals with mTBI and could therefore be an important treatment target in mTBI interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Commentary on "The role of psychological flexibility, perceived injustice, and body-image in Vulvodynia: A longitudinal study" by Chisari et al.

This journal recently published a paper by Chisari et al., entitled "The role of psychological flexibility, perceived injustice, and body-image in Vulvodynia: a longitudinal study" (Chisari, Budhraja, et al., 2021). The study found that committed action positively predicted depression at 3 months and pain acceptance positively predicted pain interference at 3 months. Neither present moment awareness, perceived injustice, nor body exposure anxiety and avoidance during sexual activities were significant predictors of any outcome measures. Research into psychological factors in vulvodynia is lacking (Chisari, Monajemi, Scott, Moss-Morris, & McCracken, 2021), and exploration of the psychological flexibility (PF) model is a novel idea. Given that the PF model is a newer concept in the wider pain field, it is important to consider the strengths and weaknesses of the model in its application to women with vulvodynia.

The role of psychological flexibility, perceived injustice and body image in Vulvodynia: A longitudinal study.

Women with Vulvodynia experience pain, related impacts on sex and daily functioning, and depression. While psychosocial factors are associated with outcomes in Vulvodynia, longitudinal data are limited, especially in mixed/spontaneous Vulvodynia. Broad psychological models such as psychological flexibility (PF) and content-specific factors, such as body-exposure anxiety (BEA) and avoidance during sexual activities and perceived injustice, have not been adequately investigated in Vulvodynia. The aim of this study was to explore whether these factors assessed at baseline predict pain severity, pain interference, sexual functioning and satisfaction and depression 3months later. A longitudinal study of 349 women with Vulvodynia was conducted. Participants completed online self-report measures of pain-related and sexual outcomes, depression, BEA, perceived injustice and facets of PF (present moment awareness, pain acceptance, committed action) at baseline and after 3months, overlapping with the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Seventy percent of women responded at both assessments (n=244). There were significant decreases in pain severity, pain interference, present moment awareness, committed action and a significant increase in depression at 3months. All the baseline psychosocial factors significantly correlated with at least one outcome at 3months. When adjusting for baseline outcome and demographics, committed action significantly positively predicted depression at 3months and pain acceptance significantly positively predicted pain interference at 3months. Among women with Vulvodynia, pain acceptance and committed action are prospectively associated with pain interference and depression. The reliability and generalizability of these results needs to be established given the overlap with the COVID-19 pandemic. Future studies should investigate whether targeting these factors enhances outcomes in Vulvodynia. This longitudinal study explored the role of PF, perceived injustice and body image during sexual activities in predicting pain severity, pain interference, sexual functioning, sexual satisfaction and depression in women with Vulvodynia. The study findings reveal that two facets of PF (committed action and pain acceptance) predicted pain interference and depression over time. It may be important to incorporate these processes in treatments developed for Vulvodynia.