Role Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

Extraction and Structural Characterization of Four Grape Polysaccharides and Their Protective Effects in Alcohol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury.

Grapes, recognized as a nutritionally rich fruit, have been found through extensive research to contain various bioactive components. However, the roles of polysaccharides and their bioactive properties remain unclear. Based on this, in our research, four different grape polysaccharides were obtained using an enzymatic-assisted extraction method. We investigated and compared their physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and protective effects on gastric mucosa in mice. The results indicated that the monosaccharide compositions of these specific grape polysaccharides were similar; however, their molar ratios, molecular weights, and morphological characteristics varied. The results of radical scavenging tests revealed that red-fleshed grape polysaccharide (RFP) exhibited superior antioxidant properties. In vivo assessments demonstrated that RFP protects against gastric mucosal injury in mice by inhibiting inflammation and radical generation. Therefore, the polysaccharide from red-fleshed grape holds potential application value in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

From structure to function: A comprehensive overview of polysaccharide roles and applications

AbstractPolysaccharides, also known as glycans, are biological macromolecules consisting of many monosaccharide units. Alongside proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, they constitute the four fundamental substances crucial for life activities and essential for the growth and development of living organisms. As natural products with inherent biological activity, polysaccharides are widely available, nontoxic, and possess numerous functional properties, holding immense potential for advancement in food, medicine, and cosmetics. Furthermore, the exploration of polysaccharide‐based drugs, as an alternative to conventional therapies, emerges as a promising avenue for addressing future disease challenges. This article comprehensively reviews the sources, structural characteristics, synthesis, degradation, functions, and applications of polysaccharides. The potential of polysaccharides for pharmacological applications, in antitumor, antiaging, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti‐inflammatory, antiviral, and anticoagulant properties, is summarized. Additionally, the role of polysaccharides in environmental protection is discussed. It is anticipated that this review will offer innovative strategic insights, serving as a theoretical foundation and inspiration for the subsequent research on polysaccharides in healthcare.

Phosphoryl oligosaccharide alleviates food allergy by suppressing IgE class switch recombination through LCN2 pathway

Specific algal polysaccharides exhibit significant anti-allergic activity. B cell class switch recombination (CSR) is a crucial step in food allergies, however, the role of polysaccharides in regulating CSR remains unclear. To investigate the regulation of B cell CSR by algal polysaccharides, an in vitro IgE-type CSR cell model was used to screen for active algal polysaccharides, and four active polysaccharides were identified. In a food allergy mouse model, Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharides (UPP) and phosphoryl oligosaccharides (POS) suppressed allergic responses and reduced the proliferation of IgE+ B cells. Transcriptome sequencing of B cells identified LCN2 as a potential target of POS, and inhibition of LCN2 blocked the activity of POS on CSR. These findings demonstrated the efficacy of POS in regulating B cell CSR and alleviating allergic responses and revealed the underlying mechanisms. This work provided data and theoretical support for the development of polysaccharide-based functional foods for individuals with allergies.

Astringency perception in a red wine context – a review

Astringency is not considered one of the modern gustatory tastes. The understanding of astringency perception has evolved considerably over the past eighty years, but the exact mechanism is still undefined. This review aims to identify the current theory of astringency perception in the context of red wine. While astringency perception is a complicated mechanism that is not yet well understood, much research has focused on it. The studies discussed up to now have been done using red wine or wine-derived polyphenols. In a red wine context, astringency is driven by polyphenol concentration, galloylation and degree of polymerisation. Compounds that do not bind protein but are still strong astringent agonists are present in red wine. Among them, the role of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides is not clear, as these compounds are difficult to purify in quantities large enough for use in sensory studies. The literature strongly points to astringency being a compound perception. There is a stage of early protein binding, possibly as a “neutralising” effect for small amounts of dietary tannins with little actual perception, building into a more pronounced effect as tannin concentrations increase. A loss of lubrication in the oral cavity might announce the overpowering salivary protein capacity resulting from tannin concentrations, with direct detection of some astringent compounds once protein in the salivary fluid and the salivary pellicle are depleted.

Dioscoreae persimilis polysaccharide ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice through modulation of microbiota composition

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a non-specific inflammatory bowel disease that has a high rate of recurrence, development of novel therapeutic approaches with high efficacy and few adverse effects are still needed. Dioscoreae persimilis is an edible plant that has been widely consumed as a remedy for gastrointestinal diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Polysaccharides have been proven to have protective effects on UC. However, the role of polysaccharides from D. persimilis in UC has not been studied yet. The refined D. persimilis Polysaccharide (DP), which consists of glucose and galactose, was extracted and purified using three-phase partitioning (TPP) method. The primary chemical and structural characteristics of DP were investigated by UV, FT-IR, molecular weight, and monosaccharide composition. Based on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced UC in mice, the alleviatory effect of DP on UC was explored. DP was found to alleviate histopathological changes of colon, improve colonic antioxidant capacity and ameliorate inflammation response in colitis mice. Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing of fecal revealed that DP could restore the diversity and composition of gut microbiota, especially up-regulates the abundance of Acetatifactor, Lachnospiraceae, and Lactobacillus, and increase the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes. According to this study, DP has the potential to serve as an effective nutritional supplement for improving colitis.

The role of polysaccharides in improving the functionality of zein coated nanocarriers: Implications for colloidal stability under environmental stresses

Zein has gained popularity over the past few years as an incredible food and bio-based materials. The potential functions and health benefits of zein microcapsules or micro-/nanoparticles in bioactive components delivery, structured emulsion, etc., have received great attention. However, the development has been limited by colloidal destabilization, especially when thermal processing is involved. There is a recent trend in developing zein-polysaccharide complexes (ZPCs), which has tremendously improved the performance of zein-based colloidal carrier systems or emulsions. Increasing our understanding of zein interactions and their contribution to the structure of various macromolecules can help us to develop novel biomaterials that can be used in food, agriculture, biomedicine, and cosmetics. In addition, these nanocarriers are suitable for the encapsulation and delivery of bioactive compounds which have positive perspective in food industry. Therefore, this article aimed to review recent advances in the ZPCs that can be applied to functional or health-promoting foods, with a focus on the characteristics of different ZPCs, factors and mechanisms affecting the stability (especially thermal stability) of these complexes, and their application in food industry as a carrier for BCs. Further, the stability of ZPCs based emulsions under processing and physiological environments, as well some typical effective methods are introduced. Also, the principal challenges and prospects were enumerated and discussed.

Role of Polysaccharides from Marine Seaweed as Feed Additives for Methane Mitigation in Ruminants: A Critical Review.

Given the increasing concerns regarding greenhouse gas emissions associated with livestock production, the need to discover effective strategies to mitigate methane production in ruminants is clear. Marine algal polysaccharides have emerged as a promising research avenue because of their abundance and sustainability. Polysaccharides, such as alginate, laminaran, and fucoidan, which are extracted from marine seaweeds, have demonstrated the potential to reduce methane emissions by influencing the microbial populations in the rumen. This comprehensive review extensively examines the available literature and considers the effectiveness, challenges, and prospects of using marine seaweed polysaccharides as feed additives. The findings emphasise that marine algal polysaccharides can modulate rumen fermentation, promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms, and inhibit methanogenic archaea, ultimately leading to decreases in methane emissions. However, we must understand the long-term effects and address the obstacles to practical implementation. Further research is warranted to optimise dosage levels, evaluate potential effects on animal health, and assess economic feasibility. This critical review provides insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders dedicated to advancing sustainable livestock production and methane mitigation.

Controlled Drug Release from Nanoengineered Polysaccharides.

Polysaccharides are naturally occurring complex molecules with exceptional physicochemical properties and bioactivities. They originate from plant, animal, and microbial-based resources and processes and can be chemically modified. The biocompatibility and biodegradability of polysaccharides enable their increased use in nanoscale synthesis and engineering for drug encapsulation and release. This review focuses on sustained drug release studies from nanoscale polysaccharides in the fields of nanotechnology and biomedical sciences. Particular emphasis is placed on drug release kinetics and relevant mathematical models. An effective release model can be used to envision the behavior of specific nanoscale polysaccharide matrices and reduce impending experimental trial and error, saving time and resources. A robust model can also assist in translating from in vitro to in vivo experiments. The main aim of this review is to demonstrate that any study that establishes sustained release from nanoscale polysaccharide matrices should be accompanied by a detailed analysis of drug release kinetics by modeling since sustained release from polysaccharides not only involves diffusion and degradation but also surface erosion, complicated swelling dynamics, crosslinking, and drug-polymer interactions. As such, in the first part, we discuss the classification and role of polysaccharides in various applications and later elaborate on the specific pharmaceutical processes of polysaccharides in ionic gelling, stabilization, cross-linking, grafting, and encapsulation of drugs. We also document several drug release models applied to nanoscale hydrogels, nanofibers, and nanoparticles of polysaccharides and conclude that, at times, more than one model can accurately describe the sustained release profiles, indicating the existence of release mechanisms running in parallel. Finally, we conclude with the future opportunities and advanced applications of nanoengineered polysaccharides and their theranostic aptitudes for future clinical applications.

Polysaccharide-based biomaterials in a journey from 3D to 4D printing.

3D printing is a state-of-the-art technology for the fabrication of biomaterials with myriad applications in translational medicine. After stimuli-responsive properties were introduced to 3D printing (known as 4D printing), intelligent biomaterials with shape configuration time-dependent character have been developed. Polysaccharides are biodegradable polymers sensitive to several physical, chemical, and biological stimuli, suited for 3D and 4D printing. On the other hand, engineering of mechanical strength and printability of polysaccharide-based scaffolds along with their aneural, avascular, and poor metabolic characteristics need to be optimized varying printing parameters. Multiple disciplines such as biomedicine, chemistry, materials, and computer sciences should be integrated to achieve multipurpose printable biomaterials. In this work, 3D and 4D printing technologies are briefly compared, summarizing the literature on biomaterials engineering though printing techniques, and highlighting different challenges associated with 3D/4D printing, as well as the role of polysaccharides in the technological shift from 3D to 4D printing for translational medicine.

The role of polysaccharides in sugar beet processing

The processing of sugar beet, in particularly the purification of the extracted raw juice, can be significantly hindered by the presence of polysaccharides like pectin and dextran in the extracted juice. The origin of these polysaccharides in beet processing, as well as how their presence in the raw juice affects processing will be explained. Preventive and process control measures can be applied in order to largely limit the risk that the content of these polysaccharides gets at a level where they adversely affect beet processing.

Role of polysaccharides in tribological and sensory properties of model dairy beverages

In this study, we investigated the contribution of different polysaccharides that varied in conformation and molecular weight, i.e. maltodextrin, xanthan gum, guar gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, and maize starch, to the frictional and sensorial properties of model dairy-based beverage systems, containing 5% emulsion droplets (stabilized either by 0.3% soy lecithin (SL) or 0.1% whey protein isolate (WPI), and 4.5% protein (either WPI or whey protein aggregates (WPA). In the presence of polysaccharide, systems containing SL-stabilized emulsion droplets (SE) and WPI showed a high degree of aggregation and coalescence, whereas systems containing WPI-stabilized emulsion droplets (WE) and WPA were less sensitive to such phenomena. Aggregation or micro-phase separation was especially observed for mixtures containing xanthan, which led to a heterogenous structure, and thus higher friction coefficients. A more homogeneous structure without aggregation was mostly observed for mixtures with guar gum, and provided lower friction coefficients, i.e. better lubrication. The rheological and tribological properties in different sliding regimes were correlated with sensory perception. Systems with a relatively low degree of shear-thinning (i.e. viscosity showed low dependency of shear rate) and low friction coefficients (0.1–0.25, at 10–100 mm/s) gave higher values for the attributes creamy, thick, and fatty. This was mostly observed for homogeneous structures. The attributes slippery, dry and mouthcoating showed strong correlations with friction coefficients (at 10–50 mm/s) and the slope of frictional curves (at 0.1–10 and 30–470 mm/s). These results can be used to optimize the physical and sensory properties of such mixed systems. • Adding polysaccharides in dairy beverages affected microstructure of the mixture. • Aggregation and micro-phase separation increase friction coefficients. • Among the used polysaccharides guar gum promoted lubrication most efficiently. • Sensory perception could be linked to frictional behavior at various sliding speeds. • Changes in friction coefficients with speed were linked to perception.

POLLUTION & SKIN: ROLE OF POLYSACCHARIDES From Waste Material to Innovative Cosmeceuticals

Skin as principal barrier protects our body from the inside and outside environmental aggressions represented principally from air pollution and the pathogenic microorganisms.The fundamental protective parts of the skin are the Stratum Corneum and the dermal compartment largely composed of dense collagen-rich fibrils which, embedded into the Extracellular matrix, provide structural and mechanical support.This complex structure degrades during the aging processes due to genetic factors and the environmental polluted environment .To protect and try to rejuvenate the skin both women and men are looking for cosmetic products made by natural ingredients,produced by sustainable technologies and packed by containers able to safeguard human health and the environment. Polysaccharides seem to be the best ingredients to make natural-based active ingredients and carriers for Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic use, being skin- and environmentally-friendly,and obtainable at low cost from the food waste. At this purpose, a new category of biocosmetic products has been proposed, which are made by smart non-woven tissue-carriers, embedded by micro-nanoparticles of nanochitin-nanolignin, encapsulating different active ingredients. Natural polysaccharides used as carriers and active ingredients characterize the different activities of these innovative cosmeceutical-tissues. So doing it could be possible to reduce part of the food waste, safeguarding natural raw materials and biodiversity of our planet for the future generations.

Mannoproteins, arabinogalactan protein, rhamnogalacturonan II and their pairwise combinations regulating wine astringency induced by the interaction of proanthocyanidins and proteins

Roles of polysaccharides on modulating wine astringency from the perspective of polyphenol-proteins interaction has received increasing attention in last decade. In this work, proanthocyanidins extracts from three wines with different polyphenolic profiles and organoleptic properties were prepared to establish polyphenol-proteins interaction model wines. The effect of three wine polysaccharides including mannoproteins (MP), arabinogalactan protein (AGP) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) as well as their pairwise combinations on the interaction model wines were evaluated. Results showed that the structure and concentration of proanthocyanidins and polysaccharides had great influence on astringency. Proanthocyanidins with high mean degree of polymerization generated stronger astringency than others. Combining the results of fluorescence quenching and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, RG-II and other two polysaccharides (MP and AGP) modulated astringency through forming a ternary complex and competing reaction, respectively. Owing to synergetic effects, pairwise combinations of three polysaccharides (especially AGP + RG-II) reduced astringency more significantly than individual polysaccharides. Lower concentration (0.2 g/L–0.6 g/L) polysaccharides showed great contribution in modulating astringency. Sensory evaluation also verified the above-mentioned results. These findings were supposed to help better understand changes of astringency perception owing to the interaction of macromolecular substances in wine.

The roles of polysaccharides in tilapia farming: A review

Impairment of fish growth and immune system due to stress and disease are major constraints in aquaculture industry. Traditionally, antibiotic was used as prophylactic agent in the health management of aquaculture species. However, antibiotic only provide a temporary solution to the problem of disease outbreak. Over-reliance on antibiotic also has led to the increasing cases of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria from aquaculture sites and contamination of antibiotic residues into human food chain. Probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic are therefore suggested as alternatives to prophylactic antibiotic to be used in the aquaculture industry. A potential prophylactic agent is polysaccharide that could be developed into an alternative antibiotic for aquatic animals. In this review paper, definition, sources, and mode of action of polysaccharide are presented. The roles of polysaccharides in fish farming with emphasis on growth improvement, immune system enhancement, disease resistance stimulation in tilapia farming, and the effects of polysaccharides on abiotic stressors are summarized and discussed.

Elicitation of Roots and AC-DC with PEP-13 Peptide Shows Differential Defense Responses in Multi-Omics.

The root extracellular trap (RET) has emerged as a specialized compartment consisting of root AC-DC and mucilage. However, the RET’s contribution to plant defense is still poorly understood. While the roles of polysaccharides and glycoproteins secreted by root AC-DC have started to be elucidated, how the low-molecular-weight exudates of the RET contribute to root defense is poorly known. In order to better understand the RET and its defense response, the transcriptomes, proteomes and metabolomes of roots, root AC-DC and mucilage of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr, var. Castetis) upon elicitation with the peptide PEP-13 were investigated. This peptide is derived from the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora sojae. In this study, the root and the RET responses to elicitation were dissected and sequenced using transcriptional, proteomic and metabolomic approaches. The major finding is increased synthesis and secretion of specialized metabolites upon induced defense activation following PEP-13 peptide elicitation. This study provides novel findings related to the pivotal role of the root extracellular trap in root defense.

STUDY OF EFFECT OF COMPOSITION OF WALL MATERIAL OF INCAPSULATED WALNUT OIL ON STRUCTURE AND QUALITY OF MILK FONDANT

Milk fondant has a great potential to be used as a universal semi-finished product in production of candy bodies, filling for caramel and icing for cakes and pastries. Milk fondant mass is made of sugar, molasses, condensed milk and butter. The aim of this research was to improve the formulation and technology of milk fondant by enriching it with liquid vegetable oil in casings made of protein-polysaccharide mixtures (PPS) and to assess the effect of composition of the wall material of encapsulated walnut oil on the quality and structure of milk fondant. Research and analysis of candy mass recipes have been carried out and linear relationships have been revealed between sugary and protein-fat components, which make it possible to create new recipes with the replacement of ineffective ones with functional components, to control the quality, structure and cost of the product. Effect of the nature of protein base of the emulsion gel on the quality of the candy fondant mass has been studied. It has been determined that the emulsifying and foaming ability of PPS affects the density of the candy mass and creates an emulsion-foam structure in the liquid phase of the fondant, which, in turn, affects the particle size distribution of the solid phase of the fondant. The role of polysaccharides in the wall material of the emulsion gel has been established, which is associated with increased water absorption capacity (gum arabic, carboxymethyl cellulose), and, as a consequence, increased moisture content of the fondant mass. It was revealed that РPS form a gel structure in a continuous medium, which also affects the nucleation and growth of sucrose crystals. In addition, polysaccharides such as carboxymethyl cellulose lose water during storage and can be the nucleus for the crystallization of sucrose. Conducted tomographic studies of the experimental fondant masses structure confirm that they have small crystals and inclusions of air. So, in the control sample, the volume fraction of air was 6 %, and in the experimental fondant masses based on soy protein isolate (SPI) and dry milk whey (DMW) – 9 % and 5 %, respectively. It can be concluded that improvement of the recipe composition and technology of milk fondant leads not only to an improvement in the nutritional value, structure, shelf life and expansion of the functionality of the candy masses, but also to its cost and production time reduction.

Glucomannan from Aloe vera Gel Promotes Intestinal Stem Cell-Mediated Epithelial Regeneration via the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway.

Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are essential to maintain intestinal epithelial regeneration and barrier function. Our previous work showed that glucomannan from Aloe vera gel (AGP) alleviated epithelial damage, but the mechanism was still elusive. Herein, RNA-sequencing analysis showed that proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells as well as the canonical Wnt pathway were involved in this process. Further experiments exhibited that AGP promoted nuclear translocation of β-catenin and expression of transcription factor 7, increased the number of Lgr5+ ISCs, and differentiated epithelial cells in mice colon. Intriguingly, AGP reversed the inhibition of IEC-6 cells proliferation induced by an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt pathway. Hence, this study implied that AGP promoted proliferation and differentiation of colon stem cells via Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which subsequently facilitated the regeneration of epithelial cells and alleviated colitis in mice. It may provide new insights into the role of polysaccharides in regulating intestinal homeostasis and relieving intestinal injury.

Research of the rheological properties of water variances of polysaccharides

The object of research is aqueous dispersions of polysaccharides. One of the most problematic factors is the insufficient study and study of the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides, in particular starch. Among natural polysaccharides, starch occupies a unique position. It has a wide range of applications across many industries and technologies. This is what determines a large number of studies of the state of starch of various botanical origin under the action of various factors that have appeared in the literature recently. Natural polysaccharides, in contrast to synthetic ones, are characterized by a partial ordered structure, formed in the process of synthesis and growth. In the course of the study, a new method of relaxation in starch mixtures was proposed. It was found that structural relaxation in time is slow and long. It was also found that the physicochemical characteristic of polysaccharides, relaxation, is explained by a partially ordered structure with the mutual arrangement of individual chains in a spatial network. It was shown that, under the action of shear stresses, the retest destroys the pseudoplastic liquid structures of aqueous dispersions of starch, followed by restoration to an equilibrium state within 17 hours. The process of recovery or structural relaxation of the spatial structures of aqueous dispersions of polysaccharides occurs due to the rearrangement of the spatial network of the polymer and is formed due to the existence of cross-linked chemical bonds. Thanks to this method of using polysaccharides, it is possible to obtain improved organoleptic, structural, mechanical and physicochemical characteristics of food products. Compared to similar thickeners (pectin, flour), native potato and corn starches provide and provide structural form to products such as sauces, puddings, pastries, minced meat, fish products, and low fat dairy products. In the food system, the role of polysaccharides is to stabilize structure and interact with other components to deliver or maintain nutrients and taste.

Utilization of Polysaccharides and their Derivatives in the Removal of Metal Ions: Role and Recent Advancement

The manuscript discusses the role of polysaccharides and their derivatives in the removal of metal ions from industrial wastewater. Quick modernization and industrialization increase the amount of various heavy metal ions in the environment. Heavy metals can cause various diseases in humans and also drastic environmental hazards. In this review, the recent advancement for the adsorption of heavy metal ions from wastewater by using different methods has been studied. Various natural polymers and their derivatives act as effective adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from the wastewater released from the industries and the treated water released into the environment can decrease the probability of diseases in humans and environmental hazards. From the literature surveys, it was concluded that the removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater is beneficial for humans as well as for environment. Graft copolymers act as the most efficient adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions and most of these follow the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order model of kinetics.

Interactions between Cellulose and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and Arabinoxylans in the Regenerating Wall of Suspension Culture Cells of the Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum.

Plant cell walls (PCWs) form the outer barrier of cells that give the plant strength and directly interact with the environment and other cells in the plant. PCWs are composed of several polysaccharides, of which cellulose forms the main fibrillar network. Enmeshed between these fibrils of cellulose are non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCPs), pectins, and proteins. This study investigates the sequence, timing, patterning, and architecture of cell wall polysaccharide regeneration in suspension culture cells (SCC) of the grass species Lolium multiflorum (Lolium). Confocal, superresolution, and electron microscopies were used in combination with cytochemical labeling to investigate polysaccharide deposition in SCC after protoplasting. Cellulose was the first polysaccharide observed, followed shortly thereafter by (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, which is also known as mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), arabinoxylan (AX), and callose. Cellulose formed fibrils with AX and produced a filamentous-like network, whereas MLG formed punctate patches. Using colocalization analysis, cellulose and AX were shown to interact during early stages of wall generation, but this interaction reduced over time as the wall matured. AX and MLG interactions increased slightly over time, but cellulose and MLG were not seen to interact. Callose initially formed patches that were randomly positioned on the protoplast surface. There was no consistency in size or location over time. The architecture observed via superresolution microscopy showed similarities to the biophysical maps produced using atomic force microscopy and can give insight into the role of polysaccharides in PCWs.