Role Of Parental Smoking Research Articles

Role of parental smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in childhood cancer: A study using hair cotinine analysis and questionnaires.

In the etiology of childhood cancers, many genetic and environmental factors play a role. One of these factors could be cigarette smoking, and the main source of tobacco smoke exposure of children is parental smoking. However, establishing a causal relationship between parental smoking and childhood cancers has proven challenging due to difficulties in accurately detecting tobacco smoke exposure METHODS: To address this issue, we used hair cotinine analysis and a questionnaire to get information about tobacco smoke exposures of pediatric cancer patients and healthy children. A total of 104 pediatric cancer patients and 99 healthy children participated in our study. Parental smoking behaviors (pre-conceptional, during pregnancy, and current smoking) and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposures of children are compared. We have found no differences between two groups by means of maternal smoking behaviors. However, the rates of paternal pre-conceptional smoking and smoking during pregnancy were significantly low in cancer patients (p<.05). These data suggest that social desirability bias among fathers of cancer patients may have contributed to this discrepancy. According to questionnaire, cancer patients had significantly lower ETS exposures than healthy children (p<.05). However, ETS exposure assessment through cotinine analysis demonstrated that cancer patients had higher exposure to ETS compared to healthy children (p<.001). Our findings provide evidence supporting the potential role of smoking as a risk factor for childhood cancers. This study also revealed that questionnaires could cause biases. We suggest that cotinine analysis along with validated questionnaires can be used to prevent biases in studies of tobacco smoke in the etiology of childhood cancers.

Comorbidity of ADHD and allergic diseases in early adolescence: The role of parental smoking at home.

A growing body of research suggests an association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and allergic disorders, but little work has been done to explore the role of external factors such as parental smoking at home in the development of comorbid ADHD and allergic disorders. This study aimed to examine the association between allergic diseases and ADHD adjusted for exposure to parental smoking at home in early adolescents. We recruited 250 male (41.7%) and 350 female (58.3%) adolescents (mean [SD] age, 13.29 [0.52] years) via chain-referral sampling. Their ADHD symptoms were assessed by the parent proxy-report version of the Chinese Strengths and Weaknesses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity-symptoms and Normal-behaviours (SWAN) rating scale. Data on the participants’ history of clinician-diagnosed allergic diseases, family socio-demographics, and parental smoking habit were collected using a parent-completed questionnaire. Regression analyses were performed to examine the associations of interest. The levels of ADHD symptoms were comparable between allergic and non-allergic participants after controlling for child and family demographics and parental smoking at home. Notably, the risk of probable ADHD was particularly high in participants with food allergies (odd ratio = 4.51, p = 0.011) but not in those with allergic rhinitis after adjusting for parental smoking at home. Our findings suggest that second-hand smoke exposure at home is a potential risk factor underlying the link between ADHD and allergic diseases. Current management guidelines should emphasize the importance of early identification and cessation of tobacco smoke exposure for prevention of comorbidity of ADHD and allergic disorders.Clinical Trial Registration (if any): NA.

Role of parental smoking in severe bronchiolitis: a hospital based case-control study

Background: Bronchiolitis is one of the commonest causes of hospitalization of infants and young children in India. Parental smoking is an important risk factor for both susceptibility and severity of bronchiolitis. Paternal smoking alone causes a 1.3-fold (95% CI = 1.2-1.4) increase in risk. The aim of this study was to find out the role of parental smoking in severe bronchiolitis.Methods: This is a case control study conducted in the Department of Pediatrics from July 2013 to December 2015. Sixty-four patients admitted into the ward with severe bronchiolitis were enrolled as cases and sixty-four suitably matched apparently healthy children attending EPI centre and outpatient department presenting with non-respiratory illness were enrolled as controls. Every second case satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria was enrolled in the study.Results: The mean age of the patients was 8.53 (SD±4.75) months. Forty-two (65%) patients were male and twenty-two (34.3%) patients were female. Male-to-female ratio was 1.9:1. Most of the cases (62.5%) came from low socioeconomic background. More than half of the cases (53.13%) were not exclusively breastfed babies. Mean length of hospital stay was SD (5.41±2.82) days. Thirty-nine (60%) cases and twenty-three (35%) controls were exposed to parental smoking. Result was highly significant (p = 0.005). Odds ratio was 2.8 (95% CI from 1.36 to 5.68).Conclusion: Exposure to parental smoking causes a statistically significant (p = 0.005, odds ratio = 2.8) increase in the risk of developing severe bronchiolitis in the first year of life

Role of Parental Smoking in Severe Bronchiolitis: A Hospital Based Case-Control Study.

Objective. Bronchiolitis is one of the commonest causes of hospitalization of infants and young children in Bangladesh. About 21% of under 5 children attending different hospitals of Bangladesh have bronchiolitis. Fifty percent (50%) men and three percent (3%) women of Bangladesh are smokers. Parental smoking is an important risk factor for both susceptibility and severity of bronchiolitis. The aim of this study was to find out the role of parental smoking in severe bronchiolitis. Design. Case-control study. Place and Duration of Study. The study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh, from July 2013 to December 2015. Patients and Methods. Sixty-four patients admitted into the ward with severe bronchiolitis were enrolled as cases and sixty-four suitably matched apparently healthy children attending EPI centre and outpatient department presenting with nonrespiratory illness were enrolled as controls. Sample size was calculated using Guilford and Frucher formula. The technique was systematic random sampling. Every second case satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria was enrolled in the study. Results. The mean age of the patients was 7.53 (SD ± 4.75) months. Forty (62.5%) patients were male and twenty four (37.5%) patients were female. Male-to-female ratio was 1.7 : 1. Most of the cases (60.95%) came from low socioeconomic background. More than half of the cases (53.13%) were not exclusively breastfed babies. Mean length of hospital stay was 6.41 (SD ± 2.82) days. Thirty eight (59%) cases and twenty six (34%) controls were exposed to parental smoking. Result was highly significant (p = 0.005). Odds ratio was 2.8 (95% CI from 1.36 to 5.72). Conclusion. Exposure to parental smoking causes a statistically significant (p = 0.005, odds ratio = 2.8) increase in the risk of developing severe bronchiolitis in the first year of life.

The role of parental smoking on adolescent smoking and its social patterning: a cross-sectional survey in six European cities.

Several studies have observed socio-economic (SE) inequalities in smoking among adolescents, but its causes are not fully understood. This study investigates the association between parental and adolescent smoking, and whether this association is socially patterned. We used data from a survey administered in 2013 to students aged 14-17 years old of six European cities (n = 10 526). Using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression, we modelled the probability of being a daily smoker as a function of parental smoking and SE status. We tested whether the smoking association differed across social strata. The prevalence of parental smoking was higher in low SE status adolescents. Boys and girls were more likely to smoke if they have a father [boys: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.47-2.46; girls: AOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.09-1.86] and mother (boys: AOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.35-2.31; girls: AOR = 3.36, 95% CI = 2.56-4.40) who smoked. Among boys, the odds of smoking when having a smoking parent were higher in lower SE classes. However, this was not statistically significant, nor was it observed among girls. Adolescents are more likely to smoke when their father and mother smoke. Although the susceptibility to parental smoking was similar across social classes, SE differences in parental smoking contribute to the transmission of SE inequalities in smoking.

The role of parental smoking in adolescent impulsivity

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e86–e168 e87 experienceswithMA addiction, relapse, and abstinence can inform strategies for engaging and sustaining MA users in treatment and recovery. Financial support: NIDA DA025113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.252 Sexual discounting among opioid-maintained women Evan Herrmann, Sarah H. Heil, Dennis Hand University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States Aims: Opioid-maintained (OM) women are at elevated risk for acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs) because they engage in risky sexual behaviors (e.g.multiple partners, trading sex for drugs/money, inconsistent condom use); little has been done to examine the decision-making processes underlying these risks. Ourprimary aim is to examine the influenceof delaydiscountingon hypothetical condom use among OM women using a novel Sexual Discounting Task (SDT; Johnson & Bruner, 2012). Methods: OM women (N=24) chose hypothetical sexual partners from a series of photographs and identified which of these partners they thought were: (1) most likely to have a STI, (2) least likely to have an STI, (3) most sexually desirable, and (4) least sexuallydesirable.Next, participants indicated their perceived likelihood of engaging in unprotected sex immediately vs. sex with a condom available either immediately or after various delays for each of the four hypothetical partners. Results: When condoms were available immediately, participants reported that they would be more likely to use a condom with the “most likely to have an STI” partner vs. the “least likely to have an STI” partner (95% vs. 67%, p< .005). Analyses of indifference points indicated a strong effect of delay in decreasing condom use within all four conditions. Area under the curve (AUC) values normalized relative to likelihood of choosing condom use on the 0-delay trial indicated greater delay discounting in the “most sexually desirable” condition vs. “least sexually desirable” condition (median of .27 vs. .93, p< .05). Differences in normalized AUC values between “most likely to have an STI” and “least likely to have an STI” conditions trended toward significance (median of .98 vs. .33, p= .056). Conclusions: Consistent with results observed among cocainedependent individuals, these preliminary results indicate the SDT is sensitive to factors that likely influence sexual behavior and condom use (i.e. desirability of a partner & perceived risk of STI) and suggests that delay discounting may contribute to risky sexual behavior among OM women. Financial support: Supported by R34DA030534 and T32DA07242 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.253 The role of parental smoking in adolescent impulsivity Ashley Herrick, Sneha Thamotharan, Michale S. Sferra, Krista Lange, S. Fields Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station,

Parental Smoking and Adolescent Smoking Stages: The Role of Parents’ Current and Former Smoking, and Family Structure

This study examined the role of parents' current and former smoking in predicting adolescent smoking acquisition stages. Participants were 7,426 students from 33 schools in the Netherlands. Participants' survey data were gathered at baseline and at two-year follow-up. Logistic regression models showed that parental smoking status was not only predictive of transitions from never smoking to trying smoking, monthly smoking, or daily smoking, but also of the progression from trying smoking to daily smoking. Further, although parental former smoking was weaker associated with progressive adolescent smoking transitions than current parental smoking, however absence of parental smoking history was most preventive. Compared to the situation in which both parents had never smoked, cessation of parental smoking after the child was born was associated with an increased risk for children to smoke. Adolescents living in a single-parent family were at greater risk of smoking than adolescents living in an intact family with both mother and father. In sum, the role of parental smoking is not restricted to smoking onset and is present throughout different phases of the acquisition process. Results support the delayed modeling hypothesis that parental smoking affects the likelihood for children to smoke even when parents quit many years before. Children living in single-parent families are only exposed to the behaviour of one parent; in two-parent families the behaviour from one parent may magnify or buffer the behaviour of the other parent.

Cigarette Smoking and Panic Attacks Among Young Adults in the Community: The Role of Parental Smoking and Anxiety Disorders

The goal of the current study is to examine the association between cigarette smoking and panic attacks and panic disorder among youth and to investigate parental anxiety disorders and parental cigarette smoking in these links. Data were drawn from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project (OADP) (n = 1709). Cigarette smoking and panic attacks and panic disorder were assessed at three time points from adolescence to young adulthood. Daily cigarette smoking at Time 1 was associated with a significantly increased risk of panic attacks (odds ratio [OR] = 2.6 [1.3, 5.3]) and panic disorder (OR = 4.2 [2.0, 8.9]) at Time 3. After adjusting for parental anxiety disorder and parental smoking, the association between cigarette smoking and panic attack was no longer statistically significant (OR = 2.0 [.9, 4.5]), though the association between cigarette smoking and panic disorder remained (OR = 3.7 [1.6, 8.9]). The association between smoking and panic was not evident between smoking and other anxiety disorders. These findings replicate previous results showing cigarette smoking in adolescence is associated with an increased risk of panic attacks and panic disorder in early adulthood and provide initial evidence that parental anxiety and parental smoking may play a role.

Influence and selection processes in friendships and adolescent smoking behaviour: the role of parental smoking

Concerning the role of parental smoking on development of adolescent smoking, most studies have exclusively focused on the direct effects of parents’ smoking on youths’ smoking. However, parental smoking may also play an indirect role by affecting youths’ susceptibility to peer influences and by affecting friendship selection. Data were from a three-wave short-term longitudinal study of 1595 adolescents. Findings showed high similarities in smoking between reciprocal friends. Additionally, friend's smoking and parents’ smoking were moderately related to adolescent smoking onset, but parents’ smoking did not moderate the prospective association between best friend's smoking and adolescent smoking. Finally, parental smoking seemed to affect the selection of new friends: In particular, adolescents with smoking parents were most likely to become affiliated with smoking friends. There was no evidence that parental smoking affected termination of friendships.