Role Of Information Technology Research Articles

Fostering Resilience Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for Workforce Contentment and Organizational Performance

The focus of this article is on: ‘Fostering Resilience Information Technology (IT) for Workforce Contentment and Organizational Performance’. Information technology comprises all aspect of processing, storage as well as diffusion of information that are used in an electronic format. Regardless of the affirmative role of IT to economic efficiency as well as growth, an emergent country like ours is still lacking behind in using IT in manufacturing activities. Nigeria as a country is confronted with massive challenges in IT which has continuously nose dive Nigeria financial system as a result of challenges in terms of building IT connected to manufacturing functions. As a result, the objectives of this article was to find out the extent to which fostering resilience IT impact positively on employees contentment and to examine the perceived effect of resilience of information technology on organizational performance in the selected service firms in FCT-Abuja Nigeria. Data in term of secondary method as well as primary method of data collection were used to source for relevant information. A statistical technique such as regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Outcome from the analysis showed that fostering resilience IT has an affirmative impact on employees’ contentment as well as organizational performance in the selected service firms in FCT-Abuja Nigeria. The paper suggests that, organizational leaders must utilize human resource management theories and best information technology practices, acquire and train employees in this novel idea, appraise, reward and compensate employees to get the best from them. These will allow organization to engage the right skilled employee, placed them on the right job thereby leading to low turnover as well as enhanced good organization in their innovation process.

IT Managers’ Framing of IT Governance Roles and Responsibilities in Ibero-American Higher Education Institutions

Present standards guiding the corporate governance of information technology (IT) provide useful frameworks for organizations’ governing bodies to direct the effective use of information technology (IT) within their organizations. However, existing standards still fail to resolve the dilemma regarding the actual allocation of IT roles and responsibilities between governing bodies and IT management, while such an allocation represents a major challenge in many contemporary organizations. To advance on this issue, we explore IT managers’ interpretation of the allocation of IT roles and responsibilities to either the governing body or managerial levels in nine Ibero-American Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). We used the ISO/IEC 38500 and COBIT standards to define a unique set of 212 management and governance activities and responsibilities. We surveyed 30 IT managers in Higher Education Institutions from nine Ibero-American countries and identified the divergence in the allocation of IT Governance and Management tasks between respondents and expert judgments. Using regression analysis, we show that the degree of such divergence depends on organizational contingency factors such as the formalization of IT procedures, centralization, the complexity of the organization, and the size of IT departments. This is the first study in the literature conducting a thorough analysis of IT task allocation between the governing level and the management level. This study is also the first to identify four organizational factors influencing the divergence between respondents and expert opinion regarding this allocation. The findings and propositions presented in this paper have the potential to extend our understanding of the IT governance dilemma in other professional organizations similar to HEIs.

Health Information Technology During the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Review via Text Mining.

Due to the prevalence of the COVID-19 epidemic in all countries of the world, the need to apply health information technology is of great importance. hence, the study has identified the role of health information technology during the period of the COVID-19 epidemic. The present research is a review study by employing text mining techniques. Therefore, 941 published documents related to health information technology's role during the COVID-19 epidemic were extracted by keyword searching in the Web of Science database. In order to analyze the data and implement the text mining and topic modeling algorithms, Python programming language was applied. The results indicated that the highest number of publications related to the role of health information technology in the period of the COVID-19 epidemic was respectively on the following topics: "Models and smart systems," "Telemedicine," "Health care," "Health information technology," "Evidence-based medicine," "Big data and Statistic analysis." Health information technology has been extensively used during the COVID-19 epidemic. Therefore, different communities can apply these technologies, considering the conditions and facilities to manage the COVID-19 epidemic better.

Barriers and facilitators to adoption of e-learning in higher education institutions of Pakistan during COVID-19: perspectives from an emerging economy

PurposeIntegrating e-learning into higher education institutions (HEIs) is a complex process. Several universities had tried to impart learning online, especially amid the spread of COVID-19. However, they failed miserably due to the many barriers to online learning platforms’ delivery and acceptance. This study aims to explore the barriers and facilitators in adopting e-learning in HEIs of Pakistan by taking the perspective of key stakeholders involved in the management and administration of HEIs.Design/methodology/approachThe authors recruited participants using purposive and snowball sampling. Interviews were conducted from a variety of participants, including academicians, administrators and information technology (IT) personnel. Data recorded was transcribed into verbatim and then analyzed using thematic analysis.FindingsThe analysis identified barriers and facilitators to the e-learning implementation. Barriers included lack of resources and training, lack of infrastructure, inadequate e-learning policies, absence of positive mindset among teachers and students and reservations and concerns about e-learning of parents and teachers. By contrast, facilitators included prior training and awareness (provided by HEIs regarding e-learning), the assistance of government and regulatory bodies (in terms of policy and training on e-learning), the role of IT (in development and implementation of online learning system) and good computer knowledge and skills of students and faculty. Moreover, respondents believed that teaching subjects online requires the availability of proper and complete gadgets, but these were hardly available due to high demand. Finally, the academicians and administrators believed that e-learning is indispensable in health emergencies such as COVID-19 and similar events ahead.Originality/valueFor the HEIs to sustain and grow, the adoption of e-learning is fundamental. Therefore, the government should provide the essential infrastructure for the HEIs to deploy e-learning modules, train faculty and ensure the availability of necessary equipment (e.g. network) and gadgets to faculty and students. From a theoretical perspective, the study provides a framework for similar future studies in other emerging markets, whereas practical implications of the study can assist the governments and HEIs of emerging markets in implementing the e-learning modes of education in times of health emergencies, such as COVID-19.

Influence of Information Technology (IT) on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Good Corporate Governance (GCG) on Financial Performance

With all its conveniences and benefits, the use of information technology is expected to help companies carry out their duties and improve their performance; the use of information technology to communicate has a positive influence on coordination. In this study, a re-examination of several companies in Bandung was carried out to correct the weaknesses of previous studies. This research uses quantitative research by using statistical or computational mathematics. The sample in this study is a manufacturing company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the 2016– 2020 period. The researcher determines the model in this study using the purposive sampling technique, selecting the specific criteria. Where the manufacturing population is 178 companies. The analytical tool used in this research is Path Analysis. The results of the descriptive study show that in general information technology, the role of IT in CSR and GCG on the company’s financial performance is considered good. Furthermore, based on the results of hypothesis testing, it is known that information technology has a significant effect on the company’s financial performance and simultaneously has a substantial impact on its economic performance.

Modeling Data Journeys to Inform the Digital Transformation of Kidney Transplant Services: Observational Study.

BackgroundData journey modeling is a methodology used to establish a high-level overview of information technology (IT) infrastructure in health care systems. It allows a better understanding of sociotechnical barriers and thus informs meaningful digital transformation. Kidney transplantation is a complex clinical service involving multiple specialists and providers. The referral pathway for a transplant requires the centralization of patient data across multiple IT solutions and health care organizations. At present, there is a poor understanding of the role of IT in this process, specifically regarding the management of patient data, clinical communication, and workflow support.ObjectiveTo apply data journey modeling to better understand interoperability, data access, and workflow requirements of a regional multicenter kidney transplant service.MethodsAn incremental methodology was used to develop the data journey model. This included review of service documents, domain expert interviews, and iterative modeling sessions. Results were analyzed based on the LOAD (landscape, organizations, actors, and data) framework to provide a meaningful assessment of current data management challenges and inform ways for IT to overcome these challenges.ResultsResults were presented as a diagram of the organizations (n=4), IT systems (n>9), actors (n>4), and data journeys (n=0) involved in the transplant referral pathway. The diagram revealed that all movement of data was dependent on actor interaction with IT systems and manual transcription of data into Microsoft Word (Microsoft, Inc) documents. Each actor had between 2 and 5 interactions with IT systems to capture all relevant data, a process that was reported to be time consuming and error prone. There was no interoperability within or across organizations, which led to delays as clinical teams manually transferred data, such as medical history and test results, via post or email.ConclusionsOverall, data journey modeling demonstrated that human actors, rather than IT systems, formed the central focus of data movement. The IT landscape did not complement this workflow and exerted a significant administrative burden on clinical teams. Based on this study, future solutions must consider regional interoperability and specialty-specific views of data to support multi-organizational clinical services such as transplantation.

Strategic Direction of Information Technology on Sustainable Supply Chain Practices: Exploratory Case Study on Fashion Industry in Malaysia

A growing body of research emphasises sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) in contrary with limited studies exploring role of information technology (IT) in sustainable supply chain activities. Moreover, little is known on SSCM implementation in niche industries like fashion/textile-apparel industry. As most studies concentrated on investigating IT impact on business performance and profitability in supply chain, integrating sustainable practice with IT is still scarce. The aim of this study is to identify current SSCM practices with the focus on IT role in supporting SSCM in fashion industry. For that purpose, this study applies the sustainable key practices framework discussed in the literature of SSCM and adopted previous study framework that differentiates four IT roles for sustainability. Using the proposed frameworks, interviews were conducted with five fashion practitioners that are currently engaged with SSCM practices. The findings from this study highlight the existence of SSCM practices in fashion industry. Finally, this finding enhances the current understanding of how IT can support SSCM practices and helps future research in exploring the IT implementation, challenges and benefit towards SSCM.

Exploring the value of IoT data as an enabler of the transformation towards servitization: an action design research approach

ABSTRACT Servitization is a well-recognised phenomenon in the manufacturing industry. Business potentials are demonstrated mainly from the marketing perspective on servitization. However, increased digitalisation makes servitization interesting to other research areas. This paper applies the resource-based view (RBV) to argue how to value the data and explore its potential and impact on servitization. We examine the evolving role of information technology (IT), particularly of the Internet of Things (IoT), and the role of data in the servitization journey. This research is based on a longitudinal study of a product-oriented manufacturing company’s transformation towards servitization. The engagement with the company also includes the development of an IT platform that consolidates IoT and enterprise data, which enables managers to explore new data-based insights. Our goal is to investigate the organisation and in particular cross-functional effects of data-based insights and their impact on supporting strategic decision-making. The action design research (ADR) approach is applied to unfold the servitizing activities inside the organisation and extract the lesson learned into the joint domains of servitization and information systems research. First, we argued that exploring the value of data is becoming a more complex process. Rather than having one design perspective, technical concerns, business considerations, and operational purpose must be aligned to frame the value of data to support decision-making. Second, we discuss the emerging managerial implications, especially the role of IT in the transformation. A cross-functional team is a prerequisite to exploring complex transformation projects. Thus, managers must recognise the problematic situation and bootstrap the available organisational resources. Finally, we provide empirical evidence on how scholars and practitioners can address mutual interests by applying the ADR approach to a transformation project. In summary, servitizing a product-centric manufacturing firm to have a digital services business model is a transformation involving complex social and organisational relations. This study advocates resource-based analysis as a lens and demonstrates how IT and data as heterogeneous and imperfectly mobile resources create value for a product-oriented manufacturing company. However, a critical question remains on how to manage the expanding operational condition of a servitizing organisation and its business system to sustain its competitive advantage and win the digital market.

How do IT investments interact with other resources to improve innovation?

Skilled labor, R&D, and knowledge-based inter-organizational networks are important resources for innovation. The relationship between information technology (IT) investments and innovation outcomes is less well understood. It is unclear whether IT investments act as substitutes for or complements of these other resources to create innovation capabilities, and how such relationships play out over time. Based on panel data from 393 Colombian manufacturing firms between 2009 and 2017, we found that while IT investments alone do not improve innovation performance over time, they do when they are combined with the presence of an R&D unit. Furthermore, we found that IT investments substitute for (rather than complement) skilled labor to improve innovation performance over time and that their interaction with networks does not significantly affect innovation performance. Our findings contribute to the innovation literature on dynamic capabilities in understanding the role of IT in the combination of resources from a longitudinal perspective.

Designing Information Technology Architecture Based on TOGAF Methodology At Padang Karunia Group

Padang Karunia Group (PKG) is engaged in four main business areas coal mining, coal trading, mining contractor and infrastructure and has consistently delivered coal product to domestic and overseas market. There are problems in the business processes of PKG’s everyday operations, such as: the waiting time for reports is over one day when it should be a few hours, data has more than one version and is not accurate, and demurrage (a charge payable to the owner of a chartered ship in respect of failure to load or discharge the ship within the time agreed). Issues occur because the role of IT is not optimal. The purpose of this study was to design an information technology (IT) architecture suitable for supporting the operation of the PKG. The correct IT architecture design can help companies to achieve their vision and mission. The right IT architecture for PKG will support all of its operations. The design of the IT architecture could be done with the existing framework using: EAP, TOGAF, FEA, DODAF, and Gartner Methodology. For this work the TOGAF was selected because it is open source, systematic, and thorough. Analysis was done using a business processes approach to obtain the IT needs mapped to the principles of business, information systems, applications, and information technology. The results from this study are a business architecture design, an information systems architecture, and a technology architecture appropriate to support the business of PKG.

Cloud Disruption Impacts Business IT Role Requirements

ABSTRACT Cloud computing (Cloud) introduces new information technology (IT) optimization challenges for business management. The traditional supply of IT services is disrupted by more diverse and cost-efficient options where all IT services can be rented or leased on-demand to suit a business requirement. The implication is for a forecasted discontinuation of many IT workplace roles and the formulation of others to fit the new requirements. This exploratory research shows that the IT service supply chain has been disrupted and that Cloud is a driver for business structural change. We asked: What are the impacts of cloud computing on business information system (BIS) IT services roles? A targeted sample of industry Cloud professionals were consulted, and the data thematically analyzed. The data analysis showed seven general business impact categories and six classes for BIS IT role impacts. These findings contribute understanding of uncertainty around the new business IT role requirements.

READINESS TO CHANGE OF HOME TAILORED ENTREPRENEURS IN TECHNOLOGY-BASED PERSPECTIVE

Flexibility to face changes in line with digital development and business challenges in market turbulence, exchange rates, and pandemic must be held by an entrepreneur to survive today. Entrepreneurs should manage tangible assets such as information technology (IT) and intangible assets such as knowledge inherent in human capital. Both processes will build resilience and foundation toovercome changes as complex as any future business challenges. IT as a knowledge infrastructureneedsactivities support in processing, protecting, and distributing within organizational entities such as knowledge-sharing (KS). The existence of robustKS in the organization atmosphere encourages entities to be more cohesive in organizational learning, builds individual capability and creativity, and solves many work-life problems, which is related to the readiness of entrepreneurs to face change. The purpose of this research is to bridge inconclusive problem gaps between the effect of ITon readiness to change (RTC) by offering KS mediation. It is confirmatory research with a quantitative Structural Equation Modeling approach by taking 151 samples. The respondent ishome tailor entrepreneurs in the SMEs area. This study empirically proves that KS can be a partial mediator to leverage the role of IT on RTC.Flexibility to face changes in line with digital development and business challenges in market turbulence, exchange rates, and pandemic must be held by an entrepreneur to survive today. Entrepreneurs should manage tangible assets such as information technology (IT) and intangible assets such as knowledge inherent in human capital. Both processes will build resilience and foundation toovercome changes as complex as any future business challenges. IT as a knowledge infrastructureneedsactivities support in processing, protecting, and distributing within organizational entities such as knowledge-sharing (KS). The existence of robustKS in the organization atmosphere encourages entities to be more cohesive in organizational learning, builds individual capability and creativity, and solves many work-life problems, which is related to the readiness of entrepreneurs to face change. The purpose of this research is to bridge inconclusive problem gaps between the effect of ITon readiness to change (RTC) by offering KS mediation. It is confirmatory research with a quantitative Structural Equation Modeling approach by taking 151 samples. The respondent ishome tailor entrepreneurs in the SMEs area. This study empirically proves that KS can be a partial mediator to leverage the role of IT on RTC.

Characteristics and Evolution of China’s Industry–University–Research Collaboration to Promote the Sustainable Development: Based on Policy Text Analysis

Collaborative innovation is an effective way to realize national innovation and sustainable development. The Chinese government has issued a series of Industry–University–Research (IUR) policies and regulations in recent decades to effectively promote the development of national scientific and technological innovation. Exploring the characteristics and evolution of IUR collaborative policy is critical for the healthy development of IUR and subsequent policy formulation. In this study, we collected IUR policy texts at the national level of China from 1992 to 2020 as the research object. On the basis of policy tool theory, a three-dimensional analysis framework of “Policy tool–Policy theme–Evolution stage” was constructed and studied using content analysis and social network analysis methods. Through the quantitative statistical analysis, we find that China’s IUR policies have experienced four development stages. Among all policy tools, the supply-side IUR ones are sufficient, whereas demand-side policy tools are insufficient. The service system policy theme is lacking relative to other themes. In addition, the application of information technology (IT) policies is prominent. Therefore, we suggest optimizing the policy structure in combination with social characteristics and strengthening the establishment of service system innovation. Enhancing the role of IT to promote innovation policies is also recommended.

A discriminant analysis of high and low-innovative firms: the role of IT, human resources, innovation strategy, intellectual capital and environmental dynamism

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the effect of technological, organizational and environmental factors on the level of innovation outcomes in manufacturing small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approachDrawing on the technology-organization-environment theory this paper conducts a discriminant analysis of firms’ innovation level based on a data set of manufacturing SMEs.FindingsThe results show that low- and high-innovative firms can be distinguished in terms of information technology (IT) knowledge and infrastructure, commitment-based human resources (HR) selection practices, exploitative innovation and organizational capital.Practical implicationsThe study findings support the idea that innovation is a complex phenomenon explained by multiple factors. As a consequence, firms need to devote extra efforts to develop IT knowledge and infrastructure, commitment-based HR selection practices and organizational capital because these are crucial for obtaining greater innovation outcomes. In addition, the identification of exploitative innovation as a strong discriminant variable highlights that the most effective way to be a highly innovative SME is through incremental innovation, which permits the firm to capitalize as much as possible on previous exploratory efforts.Originality/valueAlthough many studies have highlighted that innovation is more challenging for SMEs than for their larger counterparts, the vast majority of studies has been conducted in large companies. This paper extends prior literature by analyzing the discriminant variables that may distinguish between low- and high-innovative manufacturing SMEs.

IT-Architecture Study Literature Research Collaboration: Malay Architecture Context

Talking about architecture culture means talking about buildings and architecture. Architecture is a field of research that is always related to space and form. One of the exciting research topics on architecture is research on Malay architecture. Preserving Malay architecture is an important thing that must be done physically and meaningfully, positively impacting the community's development. The rapid development of information technology (IT) should be part of conservation efforts. IT supports various activities that significantly help conservation efforts. The role of IT in architecture is a significant research opportunity because of still little research on this topic. Thus, we conduct a study and analysis using a systematic literature review methodology to review IT-Architecture research, especially Malay architecture. The systematic literature review methodology consists of six stages, namely: (1) research question definition; (2) literature searching by keywords on literature sources; (3) literature assessment; (4) literature quality measurement; (5) data extraction and synthesis; and (6) research recommendation and suggestion. After going through the quality assessment process, only 37 papers were obtained that were relevant to the topic of IT-Architecture. The most discussed research themes in this literature review search were: (1) building information modeling (BIM) and augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR); (2) BIM and geographic information system (GIS); and (3) BIM application and technology. However, based on literature searches, IT, and Malay architecture are still insufficient. Therefore, the topic of IT and Malay architecture still needs to be studied further in the future.

Evaluasi Kematangan Sistem Informasi Untuk Keselarasan Bisnis pada Perusahaan Manufaktur

This study aims to evaluate the alignment of the application of information technology (IT) with the company's business practices. This study uses COBIT 4.1. to assess the maturity of technology adoption and to explore factors that hinder the alignment of IT implementation with the business. The maturity level of technology application describes IT management in the company's overall business activities. The higher the maturity level, the clearer and more structured the role of IT and business will be. This research uses a case study method at PT. SAE (in Central Java Province). The result of this research is that PT. SAE has reached the defined process level. At this stage, the company already has standard IT management procedures, but not all business activities and not yet detailed. This problem is due to lack of strategic support from top management to achieve business goals with the help of IT. Therefore, the company needs to improve the function and role of the head of the IT department at PT. SAE.

E-health roadmap for COVID-19 vaccine coverage in Iran

BackgroundVaccination is the effective and long-term pharmacological solution to deal with COVID-19. Information technology (IT) and electronic immunization can be effective in accelerating and improving vaccine coverage. The aim of this paper is to develop multi-dimensional framework of e-health roadmap to response Covod-19 pandemic and examine the role of IT for improving vaccine distribution in Iran.MethodsThe study methodology was based on a two-stage Delphi method which included literature studies at the beginning. Key steps in creating a roadmap in this study include definition, development and evaluation. The initial conceptual model was developed after literature review. Proposed roadmap was reviewed and evaluated in two stages based on the Delphi method by experts in the fields of E-health.ResultsIn the e-health roadmap model, 14 stages of vaccine distribution were presented in three phases of vaccination and then were determined the type of technology in each phase. The 4 conceptual models were approved based on the two stages Delphi approach in a survey of 14 e-health experts. In the second phase of the Delphi process, the selected items were sent back to the specialists to verification. Then e-health roadmap was confirmed by experts and was finalized the approved model.ConclusionsThe technology-based roadmap is one plan in the form of a transfer strategy that aligns goals with specific technical solutions and helps to meet them. This roadmap empowers decision makers to decide on alternative paths and achieve goals.

Security of the digital transformation

In the early days of computation the focus was mainly on designing, developing, maintaining, and administering infrastructures and information systems housed in data centers. To this extend, security was traditionally organized around the basic technical components (e.g. data center facilities). The point was that an associated security activity was mostly separated from a business context and in general executed by the technical staff. Security was not fully understood by other audiences because the computer terminologies were frequently used.When security elements (e.g. logical access protocols used for identification, authentication, authorization) became part of the financial statement audit, its context became clearer, and it was conducted for external auditors. However, the presented outcome of the work was not completely interpretable for these practitioners as again, it was mainly reported in Information Technology (IT) jargon, and was not linked with the financial statement either. With the emergence the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) and the fundamental role of IT in relation hereto, the context of security suddenly changed to a great extent. The audience extended as compliance, including security, became the dominating item on the agenda of many C-levels (e.g. CFOs).

CancelRx: a health IT tool to reduce medication discrepancies in the outpatient setting.

Medication list discrepancies between outpatient clinics and pharmacies can lead to medication errors. Within the last decade, a new health information technology (IT), CancelRx, emerged to send a medication cancellation message from the clinic's electronic health record (EHR) to the outpatient pharmacy's software. The objective of this study was to measure the impact of CancelRx on reducing medication discrepancies between the EHR and pharmacy dispensing software. CancelRx was implemented in October 2017 at an academic health system. For 12 months prior, and 12 months after CancelRx implementation, data were collected on discontinued medications in the health system's EHR and whether those prescriptions were successfully discontinued in the pharmacy's dispensing software. An interrupted time series analysis was conducted to model the occurrence of prescriptions successfully discontinued over time. There was an immediate (lag = 0), significant (P < 0.001), and sustained (post-implementation slope 0.02) increase in the proportion of successful medication discontinuations after CancelRx implementation (from 34% to 93%). CancelRx had variable impact based on whether the clinic was primary care (71.4% change prepost) or specialty care (53.9% change prepost). CancelRx reduced the time between when a medication was discontinued in the clinic EHR and pharmacy dispensing software. CancelRx automated a manual process and illustrated the role for health IT in communicating medication discontinuations between clinics and pharmacies. Overall, CancelRx had a marked benefit on medication list discrepancies and illustrated how health IT can be used across different settings to improve patient care.

Regulation of Data-driven Market Power in the Digital Economy: Business Value Creation and Competitive Advantages from Big Data

Recent high-profile antitrust cases and policy proposals have put a spotlight on the relationship between firms’ access to big data and sustained competitive advantages in digital markets. In Europe, concerns about data-driven market power have led policy makers to propose far-reaching regulations of information technology (IT) in these markets. Despite the global policy relevance, the regulation of big data and its competitive effects has so far received little attention in information systems (IS) research. This article addresses this research gap by developing an overarching framework for future IS research on the role of IT for the regulation of data-driven market power. The proposed research framework builds upon a three-part analysis: First, we review the academic literature and show that there is extensive, although nuanced, empirical evidence for business value creation from big (user) data. Second, we draw on the resource-based view of the firm and recent policy reports to derive six facilitating factors that enable firms to establish market power based on sustained data-driven competitive advantages. Third, we characterize three regulatory approaches to govern market power and competition in data-driven digital markets: (i) empowering consumers, (ii) data openness and (iii) limiting data scale. For each of these approaches, we highlight the key role of IT artifacts in mediating the effect of regulatory rules on actual practice.