Individual Roles Research Articles

Learning to ‘sit in the fire’: Staying with the discomfort of transformative learning

In view of the deep social and ecological crises of our time, many scholars are calling for forms of learning and change that are predicated on establishing qualitatively different relationships between human beings, and between humans and the rest of the living world, as well as on a deeper awareness of systemic social justice issues. This is notably advocated within the field of Transformative Learning. This article investigates how such forms of transformation may happen, and what factors may enable them, in the under-researched context of small and self-directed adult inquiry groups. Through the case study of a social learning evaluation conducted within one such group, enabling factors for transformative learning and the fostering of critical social consciousness are examined. The role of particular individuals within the group – ‘key enablers’ of transformative learning – is highlighted as an important social learning element in this regard, which may be particularly helpful in situations of discomfort within self-directed groups.

'Incense is the one that keeps the air fresh': indoor air quality perceptions and attitudes towards health risk.

Air pollution is of significant environmental and public health concern globally. While much research has historically focused on outdoor air pollution, indoor air pollution has been relatively under-explored despite its strong connection with health outcomes, particularly respiratory health. Studies on air pollution exposure mitigation consistently reveal a significant knowledge gap between the understanding of air pollution as a health risk among lay individuals and expert scientists. This study aimed to assess how people define and understand the concept of 'clean air' within their home setting. We adopted a mixed-methods approach which used a guided questionnaire designed to elicit both quantitative and qualitative data, collected as digital voice notes. The total sample (n = 40) comprised data from two socially different sites of science and non-science events. We compared whether the notion of clean air inside homes differs between these two different social contexts and how views and 'sense' of indoor air pollution are formed. The concept of 'place' facilitated fluidity in our explorative analysis. Insights allowed us to assess the extent to which context mediates individuals' perceptions of indoor air pollution and attitudes towards health risk. We found that individuals' insights were embodied in repetitive day-to-day activities (e.g. cleaning and cooking). Three key themes emerged (1) Stimulative Effects, (2) Contextual Conditions, and (3) Risk Attitudes. Sensory perceptions such as sight, smell and temperature primarily motivated participants to assess air quality inside their homes. These perceptions were shaped by contextual conditions, influencing how individuals perceived their health risk and were subsequently motivated to spend personal time considering or seeking information about household air pollution, or improving their home air quality. Our insights revealed that social, geographical, and contextual factors play a crucial role in individuals' understandings of indoor air pollution. These dimensions should be integrated into designs of effective public health risk communication strategies. Our findings highlight that common lay perceptions and practices intended to improve air quality may pose health risks. Therefore, risk communication about household air pollution must extend beyond objective information by considering contextual factors that shape how people interpret and respond to air quality issues. Not applicable.

Work-family interference and life satisfaction: the role of life goals

ABSTRACT The interface between work and family domains has received considerable scholarly attention in recent decades due to its substantial impact on outcomes related to work, family, health, and well-being. However, individuals experience this impact differently, with some demonstrating resilience while others are more vulnerable to negative effects. In this study, we investigate the role of individuals’ life goals and gender in the work-family interface, using the framework of the work-home resources model and selfregulation theory. Using Structural Equation Modeling with data from Waves 8 and 10 of the German Family Panel (pairfam), we found that life goals significantly moderate these effects: individuals prioritizing agentic goals feel the detrimental impact of work-to-family interference (WtFI) on life satisfaction more intensely than those who prioritize communal goals and those whose goals are balanced. In contrast, the effect of family-to-work interference (FtWI) on life satisfaction was significant only for individuals prioritizing communal goals, with no significant moderation effect observed across the other life goal groups. We observed no significant gender difference in the impact of either WtFI or FtWI on life satisfaction. We also discuss potential theoretical and practical implications in light of our findings.

The Barbara Procession Among Burgenland Croats in Horvátkimle in the 20th and 21st Centuries

AbstractThe term “Burgenland Croats (Gradišćanskih Hrvati)” was coined by vicar, poet and scholar Mate Mersich Miloradić in 1921, after the majority of Western Hungary's Croatian population became annexed to Austria. By the interwar period an extended use of the term became the norm – it had come to refer to all Croatians living in the remaining areas of the Croatian diaspora, such as Western Hungary, Western Slovakia and Moravia, who had settled in these parts after fleeing the ravages of the anti-Ottoman wars of the 16th century. Worries about the mere existence and survival of the identity of the Burgenland Croat population has been a concern for well over two hundred years. It is fair to ask the question what kind of traditions the collector can expect to find and whether traditions are still in a collectable state in the 21st century, as we approach the 500th anniversary of the re-settlement of this population in Western Hungary. In the present paper I take the example of a specific custom, the Barbara procession of Horvátkimle, to show what it means for a community if one of their practices comes to be included on the ethnographic map of the country. We explore what sort of chances a community has to revive traditions that it had believed to be lost time and time again, and how it affects the life of the community if it succeeds in breathing new life into old traditions by accepting and adapting to the spirit of the times. The paper focuses not on the vanishing traditions, but on resilient tradition constructs that have proved flexible enough to survive. It concentrates not on the signs of the disappearance and assimilation of an ethnic community, but on the scenes and means of preserving such identity. I shed light on the role of individuals and of ethnographic scholarship in the process of preserving traditions.

Aversion to Human Intervention: Why Food in Complex Packaging Design Is Perceived as Less Healthy

ABSTRACTPackaging plays a crucial role in shaping individuals’ food choices. This research introduces the “visual complexity‐intervention inference effect” through five primary studies and two supplemental studies spanning diverse food categories. We demonstrate that complex packaging designs, characterized by more decorative elements, signal increased human intervention, which diminishes the perceived healthiness of the packaged food. This perception subsequently leads to decreased consumption, particularly among consumers with heightened health consciousness. The study advances the research on food packaging and design aesthetics, offering insights and recommendations for leveraging packaging design complexity to promote healthier food choices.

Financial Challenges Faced by IELTS Test-Takers in Sylhet, Bangladesh: An Exploration of Family Support and Assistance

This study explores the sources of financial assistance available to IELTS test-takers, the motivating factors for taking the test, and the influence of family background on these decisions. The research has adopted a tabular analysis study design to collect the required data and information about IELTS test-takers. Quantitative techniques were applied to gather the necessary primary data and information. This study also adopted In-depth Interview (IDI), Case Studies, and Document Review techniques. Data were collected in Sylhet through coaching centers and an online Google form between June and October 2024, specifically from six centers in Modina Market, Amborkhana, Zindabazar, and Uposhohor. The questionnaire was distributed to 190 individuals, comprising 132 participants currently preparing for a retake. After excluding data of 14 participants due to missing information, 176 responses were analyzed. MS Excel and STATA were employed for data classification and interpretation. Authors used MS Excel for data entry, data cleaning, and tabular analysis and STATA-16 for summary statistics. Female participation in IELTS test preparation is impressive and closely comparable to that of male participants. Additionally, a higher number of students take the IELTS exam in Sylhet district compared to the other three districts. Most of the time, 76.70% of the participants’ family (Parents/Brother/Sister) covered their whole cost of IELTS test and Family members often play a key role in encouraging individuals to pursue the test. IELTS test-takers from low-income families face significant difficulties in covering tuition fees and other expenses related to their preparation, coaching such as the cost of academic materials and center fees. The findings reveal that many test-takers struggle to afford the costs of preparing for the exam. As a student in a low-income country, Bangladesh, many individuals face challenges in covering expenses beyond necessities like food and shelter. Therefore, the study recommends scholarship opportunities and special consideration for participants who are facing financial challenges. The researchers and policy makers of IELTS test, should give a focus to their test fee which will be helpful for students of a developing country.

Participation in eHealth Communication Interventions Among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: Scoping Review.

eHealth communication interventions have been shown to offer individuals with chronic kidney disease the opportunity to embrace dialysis therapies with greater confidence, the potential to obtain better clinical outcomes, and an increased quality of life. eHealth is an emerging field that offers diverse, flexible designs and delivery options. However, existing evidence on eHealth communication among patients undergoing hemodialysis is sparse and scattered and lacks systematization. This scoping review aims to identify and map the current evidence on patient participation in eHealth communication interventions. We aimed to map the associations between interventions and electronic health records, the participative role of individuals living with chronic kidney disease and undergoing hemodialysis, and the barriers to and facilitators of patient involvement in eHealth communication with health care professionals. This study used the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for conducting a scoping review. Studies eligible for inclusion were those that included adult patients (aged >18 y) undergoing all types of hemodialysis, including prescheduled in-center hemodialysis and conventional home-based hemodialysis. Systematic searches were completed in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, EBSCOhost CINAHL with Full Text, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Extracted data from the included studies were presented in figures and tables along with descriptions that responded to the research questions. This review was reported according to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. In total, 9 peer-reviewed studies were included. The main result was a low participative patient role and a vaguely described link to electronic health records. The key participative facilitators were availability of and access to the intervention; security, trust, and confidence; patient knowledge of their health situation and use of self-care; and patient preparedness for an uncertain future health situation and the ability to relate to family and friends about it. The key participative barriers were lack of availability of and access to information, mistrust and lack of safety, lack of knowledge of health situation and self-care, and relational issues. All barriers and facilitators were related to health literacy. This scoping review summarizes 4 specific and 3 nonspecific eHealth communication interventions developed and evaluated in various studies involving patients receiving hemodialysis. A knowledge gap exists between low levels of patient participation in eHealth communication and patients' limited access to electronic health records. eHealth communication interventions should implement patient participation and focus on the fact that different modalities of eHealth communication can complement face-to-face communication. RR2-10.2196/38615.

Living one’s calling independently: the role of online labor platforms for different dynamics of calling enactment

PurposeThis study investigates the diverse career experiences of gig workers by looking at a sample of gig workers that are living a calling through online labor platforms (OLPs). Drawing from the systems informed positive psychology (SIPP) framework we examine the experiences and dynamics through which individuals can enact their calling through OLPs.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted 34 semi-structured interviews with gig workers who are able to live their calling through OLPs. The interviews were analyzed by using a grounded theory approach.FindingsOur findings reveal that gig workers sense of living a calling is rooted in the experience of being and feeling independent. Furthermore, we identify three dynamics of calling enactment through OLPs which are: (1) engaging in personal development, (2) constructing social fit and (3) stabilizing finances.Originality/valueWhile many studies document the precarious nature of the gig economy, our paper offers rich insight into positive career experiences of gig workers. Through taking a systemic view on individuals’ ability to live a calling, we illustrate how individuals interact with different features of OLPs to enact their calling. Finally, we suggest that besides direct dynamics of calling enactment there are also indirect dynamics of calling enactment that play an important role in individuals’ ability to live a calling in the gig economy.

Deciphering significant interaction between Clp1 (CF IA) and Ssu72 (CPF) in pre-mRNA processing via in silico approaches

The cleavage and polyadenylation step are indispensable for pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotes. Defective 3′- end maturation of precursor mRNA has catastrophic effects, leading to several diseases in humans. This processing is orchestrated by a complex machinery comprising more than 20 proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Endonucleolytic cleavage followed by the addition of poly(A) tail at the 3′-end of the precursor mRNA requires CPF, CF IA and CF IB proteins. Clp1, a protein factor of the CF IA sub-unit is indispensable for the functioning of this machinery. Based on in silico analysis including molecular docking via different docking servers and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the current study provides key evidence of the Clp1 N-terminal (1–100 amino acids) domain’s interaction with Ssu72. MD simulations consolidate this binding between Clp1 and Ssu72. Our study presents strong evidence of a model where Clp1 (CF IA) associates with Ssu72 (CPF) and both the proteins are vital for tethering the complex for mediating cleavage and polyadenylation reaction during the key events of pre-mRNA 3′-end processing. These findings may pave the way to decipher the individual roles of Clp1 and Ssu72 during pre-mRNA maturation.

From Polarities and Perspectives of Social Media: Instagram, TikTok, and Mental Well-Being in the Post-Pandemic Society

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global mental health, with social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok playing a crucial role in shaping individuals' experiences and well-being. This mixed-methods study investigates the influence of these platforms on mental health outcomes in the post-pandemic era, combining quantitative surveys ( N = 200) with qualitative interviews ( N = 15) across different age groups. The researchers explored relationships between social media use and mental health indicators, examined age-related differences in experiences, and uncovered themes related to social comparison, body image concerns, and the dual role of social media in providing both support and stress. Findings contribute to the growing body of research on social media's impact on mental health, highlighting the complex nature of social media use and its varied effects on different age groups. This study offers insights for mental health professionals, social media platforms, and policymakers in developing targeted interventions and guidelines for promoting healthy social media use and supporting digital well-being in the post-pandemic context.

PhD-DNP Collaboration: An Integrative Review of Scholarly Partnerships in Nursing.

Nurses holding terminal degrees, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Doctor of Nursing Science (DNS), and Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), fulfill different roles in nursing. The continued growth of nursing science and practice is dependent on alliances between these nurses that produce state-of-the-art knowledge and support the translation of evidence to practice. This integrative review described characteristics of scholarly collaborations between nurses holding a research-focused degree, the PhD, and those holding a practice-focused degree, the DNP. Five major nursing, medicine, and education databases were searched for peer-reviewed, original articles addressing or describing the characteristics of PhD-DNP scholarly collaborations, published through March 2023. In total, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria, and an integrative synthesis was conducted using constant comparison and thematic analysis. Findings included one overarching theme, Role Clarification, as well as four subthemes that emerged across the sample, describing key characteristics of collaborative PhD-DNP scholarship: (1) Mutual understanding and appreciation of strengths; (2) Strategic project planning and team building; (3) Clear organizational/administrative directives and guidance; and (4) Shared goals for the nursing profession. Articles describing the collaboration between nurses holding doctoral degrees are limited and provide primarily lower-level research evidence and evidence-based practice outcomes. Despite efforts to foster scholarly collaborations among nurses holding terminal degrees, more research is needed to clarify individual roles, offer tangible strategies for collaboration, and measure outcomes of collaboration benefitting healthcare systems, patient outcomes, and the nursing profession. This integrative review involved only the review of the extant literature.

Comparative study of social studies curriculum in scandinavian countries in developing students' social skills

Social skills play a central role in shaping individuals who are able to adapt and contribute to society. This article analyzes the comparative social studies curriculum in Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Norway and Sweden), focusing on how students’ social skills are developed through their approach to learning. The research method used is a qualitative approach with an emphasis on document analysis and uses a horizontal descriptive approach in the context of comparative education. The results of the comparison found that Denmark emphasizes the integration of social skills in practical learning and research projects, Norway through an integrated approach with its contemporary issues while Sweden applies innovation through technology and community involvement. The comparison between the three countries revealed similarities, differences, as well as challenges and successes in the development of students’ social skills. The conclusions of this analysis provide a foundation for recommending best practices and improvements in social studies curriculum, which can be applied globally to enhance students’ social skills development in this modern era.

Menyelami Etika Konsumsi: Berbelanja Kebutuhan Harian pada Individu yang Mengadopsi Gaya Hidup Berkelanjutan

The problem of excessive consumption and consumer egoism is pervasive in many markets. This phenomenon not only has a negative impact on the environment, but also causes social problems and the economic integrity of society. The culture of consumerism and technology influences consumption behavior, encouraging excessive purchasing and irrational consumption decisions. This research discusses consumption actions carried out by informants which are based on reducing waste and supporting local products. The method used in this research was interviews with 4 informants in Yogyakarta who live a sustainable lifestyle. The aim of this research is to provide a more specific understanding that consumption is not just an economic act, but is a complex social and cultural phenomenon that can provide a deeper picture of humans and their environment. This research aims to understand how consumers consume goods and services to create a positive impact on the environment and economy. By examining the role of technology in driving consumption, it is possible to identify areas where consumers can improve their needs and satisfaction. The research results showed that ethical consumption behavior was carried out by the informants unconsciously. This article highlights the role of individuals in influencing consumption habits and encouraging change towards more responsible consumption.

Screening for Psychosocial Distress: A Brief Review with Implications for Oncology Nursing.

Psychosocial care is an integral component of caring for individuals living with cancer. The identification of psychosocial distress has been acknowledged as a hallmark of quality cancer care, and screening for distress standards has been established in several countries. The purpose of this brief review is to highlight recent developments in screening for distress in oncology populations; to provide insight into significant trends in research and implementation; and to explore implications for oncology nursing practice. This paper reports a brief review of the literature from March 2021 to July 2024 on the topic of screening for distress in oncology. The literature was accessed through PubMed and reviewed by two authors. Trends in the topics presented were identified independently and then discussed to achieve consensus. The search within the designated period produced 47 publications by authors in North America, Australasia, and Europe. Topic trends included the design and adaptation of tools for special populations, the use of technology, descriptions of programs, identification of benefits, challenges, and overcoming barriers to screening for distress. Screening for distress is endorsed as part of the provision of quality oncology care. Nurses have an important role in screening individuals at risk for developing psychosocial problems and acting to reduce the associated morbidity. By continuing to be informed and educated about the emerging developments in screening for distress, nurses can understand and overcome barriers to implementation.

Motivation towards physical activities among Malaysian population by gender and age group

Sports culture among Malaysia Population still lacking and the percentage of inactive people still high and increase since year 2018. The aim of this study is to determine the level and influence of motivation towards physical activities based on gender and age groups. The researchers employed a survey design involving 7,015 respondents aged 13 years and above. Sampling selection across Malaysia was facilitated by Department of Statistic Malaysia based on block calculation and residence area from 13 states and 3 Federal Territories. The researcher employed the Multistage Cluster sampling random strategy by combining the cluster sampling procedure with stratified random sampling. A questionnaire designed by IYRES with high validity (r = 0.95) and reliability (r = .96) employed for data collection. A total of 190 trained enumerators collects the data manually. The findings of the analysis through an independent sample t-test showed that mean score for Males (M = 31.94, SD = 10.70) and for females (M = 29.84, SD = 10.82). p = .000, is significant. The results showed that there were significant differences in the mean of motivation towards physical activity participation between male and female respondents. Comparison by age group using One-way ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in the motivation of involvement in physical activity between the age groups, p = 0.000. Group pre-youth (M = 30.39, SD = 9.56), youth (M = 32.78, SD = 10.06), post youth (M = 30.72, SD = 11.06) and senior citizen 60 years and above (M = 26.76, SD = 10.72). This outcome proves that age does influence motivational factors in physical activity participation. The motivation level among youth is the highest and the elderly above 60 years old the lowest. Motivational factors are influenced by gender and age group in complex ways. Women tend to be more motivated by intrinsic factors such as job satisfaction, relationships, and personal growth, while men often lean towards extrinsic rewards. Younger individuals may be more driven by extrinsic rewards such as prizes, recognition, free gifts and performance achievements. Overall, psychological factors play a critical role in shaping individuals’ attitudes, beliefs, motivations, and behaviors regarding physical activity. By addressing psychological barriers and leveraging motivational strategies, interventions can effectively promote participation in exercise and support individuals in adopting healthier and more active lifestyles.

Maternal separation alters peripheral immune responses associated with IFN-γ and OT in mice

The co-evolution of social behavior and the immune system plays a critical role in individuals' adaptation to their environment. However, also need for further research on the key molecules that co-regulate social behavior and immunity. This study focused on neonatal mice that were separated from their mothers for 4 hours per day between the 6th and 16th day after birth. The results showed that these mice had lower plasma levels of IFN-γ and oxytocin, but higher levels of plasma glucocorticoids (GC), then impacting their social abilities. Additionally, maternal separation led to decreased levels of BDNF, IGF2, and CREB mRNAs in the hippocampus, while levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) remained unaffected. Maternal separation also resulted in increased levels of oxytocin and CRH mRNA in the hypothalamus, as well as an increase in CD45+ lymphocyte subsets in the meninges and choroid plexus (CP), with CD8+ lymphocytes in meninges and CD4+ lymphocytes in CP showing an increase. In IFN-γ-/- mice, a decrease in social preference was observed alongside lower plasma oxytocin levels. Moreover, IFN-γ-/- mice exhibited reduced numbers of oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN), decreased BDNF levels in the PFC and hippocampus, and alterations in CD45+ lymphocytes in CP and meninges, with an increase in CD8+ lymphocytes in meninges and CD4+ lymphocytes in CP. These findings highlight the immunological impact of social stress on IFN-γ regulation, suggesting that the immunomodulatory molecule IFN-γ may influence social behavior by affecting synaptic efficiency in brain regions such as the hippocampus and PFC, which are linked to oxytocin in the PVN.

Public Participation in Rapid Response Services for the Sustainability of Jakarta Smart City

Public participation plays an important role in the development of rapid response services to support the sustainability of Jakarta Smart City. This study aims to explore and analyse the level of public participation in utilising and developing these services, and their impact on urban sustainability. The research method used is a qualitative case study through in-depth interviews and document analysis. The results of the study indicate that the level of public participation in rapid response services in Jakarta Smart City varies greatly. Factors such as accessibility, trust, and awareness are the main determinants of the level of public participation. Citizens who actively participate tend to feel greater benefits from these services, while those who are inactive tend to experience gaps in services. Public participation also has a positive effect on service efficiency and the quality of life of city residents. However, this study also found several obstacles that hinder public participation. Low awareness of the importance of the role of individuals in developing smart cities, limited accessibility, and low digital literacy are the main challenges. To increase sustainable public participation, efforts are needed that involve education, training, and strengthening of information technology infrastructure. In conclusion, public participation has a crucial role in the sustainability of Jakarta Smart City through rapid response services. Effective management of public participation can improve service efficiency, strengthen community engagement, and support sustainable urban development. Therefore, continuous efforts are needed to improve and manage public participation for long-term success. With education, training, and improved technological infrastructure, broader and more equitable participation can be realised, supporting the growth of inclusive and sustainable smart cities in the future.

Family business exposure and succession intention: the role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and business performance

Understanding the next generation’s aspirations to inherit their parents’ business is critically important for securing intrafamily succession and longevity of the family business. Using a large dataset of 42,863 university students from 48 countries, we examine how the entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) of youth moderates the relationship between family business exposure and succession intention. Our results indicate that a greater ESE enhances the influence of family business exposure on succession intention, while the effect of ESE is further moderated by family business performance, implying that this effect is greater in more (rather than less) successful family firms. By underscoring the role of both young individuals’ early engagement in the business and family business success, this study provides valuable implications for family firm leaders and the next generation that may assist in the design of more comprehensive policies for encouraging succession within the family.

Formalizing the role of community key individuals in Utrecht, the Netherlands

Abstract Issue The disconnect between (underserved) communities and governmental bodies in Utrecht, The Netherlands, has led to uneven access to (essential) healthcare services, increasing health inequalities. This gap is often bridged by key community individuals, whose roles have historically been informal. Key individuals are often seen as volunteers who are necessary to gain access to certain communities but are rarely seen as equals in a project team, resulting in mistrust and reduced collaboration on the long term on the side of the key individuals. Description of the problem This practice describes the start of a new foundation in Utrecht that formalizes and compensates key individuals’ roles in public (health) projects. The aim was to empower them and to encourage continued participation. Effects In 2024, the foundation supported key individuals in three government projects, including a childhood vaccination awareness campaign. Interviews revealed that key individuals felt more empowered and equally valued compared to other project members. They also felt a strong responsibility for project success. However, some noted that formal structures could be restrictive. The government felt more convenience working with a formal foundation. Lessons Empowering key individuals is crucial for effective collaboration in public health. There needs to be a balance between formal structures and the flexibility of informal approaches to prevent barriers for key individuals to participate in government projects. Key messages • Formalizing key individual roles enhances public health interventions. • Fair compensation to key individuals fosters sustainable collaboration.

The Effect of Project-Based Learning (PBL) Method on Improving Students' Writing Ability

Education plays a crucial role in shaping intelligent, moral and responsible individuals. The project-based learning (PBL) model emerges as an innovative approach that focuses not only on knowledge transfer, but also the development of students' critical skills, creativity and collaboration. This study aims to analyze the effect of PBL on students' writing ability compared to conventional learning methods. Through a literature study, the data sources obtained show that PBL increases students' engagement, confidence, and in-depth understanding of the material. Students are actively involved in project planning and implementation, which allows them to apply knowledge in a real context, resulting in a more meaningful learning experience. The findings confirm the importance of PBL as an effective method in improving students' writing skills, as well as providing recommendations for educators to integrate PBL in the educational curriculum to create a generation that is ready to face global challenges.