Role Of Government In Regulation Research Articles

The influence of the pandemic COVID-19 on the food supply chain management

Food supply chain management is a main object of the food security. How to form an effective food supply chain in pandemic conditions is the one of the most important questions nowadays. The agro-food system is becoming not only a tool for solving many economic and social problems that arise in the context of a pandemic, but itself is experiencing a serious impact from consumers, business, and the state. The pandemic negatively affected the agri-food system of different countries. Among the main problems, we will single out the reduction in demand for fresh food, disruptions in the supply of incoming resources, both for the production of products and for their sales, a shortage of labour, especially seasonal. The article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food supply chains in Russia. Using the example of supply chains in St. Petersburg, we show that the food supply chain tends to be shorter because of the consumer’s willingness to buy food direct from farmers avoiding risks to be infected with COVID-19. Another change in food supply chain is the increasing role of government in regulation of food security in region.

National approaches towards implementation of artificial intelligence: Singapore’s experience

The object of this research is the relations in the area of implementation of artificial intelligence technologies. The subject of this research is the normative documents of Singapore that establish requirements towards development and application of artificial intelligence technologies. The article determines the peculiarities of Singaporean approach towards regulation of relations in the indicated sphere. Characteristic is given to the national initiative and circle of actors involved in the development and realization of normative provisions with regards to implementation of digital technologies. The author explores the aspects of private public partnership, defines the role of government in regulation of relation, as well as gives special attention to the question of ensuring personal data protection used by the artificial intelligence technologies. Positive practices that can be utilized in Russian strategy for the development of artificial intelligence are described. Singapore applies the self-regulation approach towards the processes of implementation of artificial intelligence technologies, defining the backbone role of the government, establishing common goals, and involving representative of private sector and general public. Moreover, the government acts as the guarantor of meeting the interests of private sector by creating an attractive investment regime and citizens, setting strict requirements with regards to data usage and control over the artificial intelligence technologies. A distinguishing feature of Singaporean approach consists in determination of the priority sectors of economy and instruments of ensuring systematicity in implementation of artificial intelligence. Singapore efficiently uses its demographic and economic peculiarities for proliferation of the technologies of artificial intelligence in Asian Region; the developed and successfully tested on the national level model of artificial intelligence management received worldwide recognition and application. Turning Singapore into the international center of artificial intelligence is also instigated by the improvement of legal regime with simultaneous facilitation in the sphere of intellectual property. These specificities should be taken into account by the Russian authors of national strategy for the development of artificial intelligence.

Hierarchical systems and their evolution in Buddhist communities of Central Asia

This article examines the hierarchical systems established in Buddhist communities of Central Asia.  Hierarchies are viewed in the spiritual context: by level of taking of vows, educational attainment, level of practical implementation of knowledge, rank in the institution of “Reincarnated Lamas”; as well as hierarchies important in administrative context, such as levels of responsibility, governance of monasteries, rank within the structure of state administration, and interaction with government institutions. It is noted that genetically all of them ascend to Teacher – student hierarchy. This work explores the evolution of these hierarchies under the changing historical conditions, as well their complex interrelations. It is demonstrated that hierarchical system evolved depending on such factors, as the development of monastic education, increased role in the communities of “Reincarnated Lamas”, shift in the role of monasteries within state administration along with the role of government in regulation of the religious institutions. It is determined that hierarchies partially intersected, but also diverged due to the possibility of relatively autonomous practice of Sutra and Tantra, which formed different types of communities –  sangha and ganachakra respectively. In Russia, Buddhist communities were integrated into the system of state-religious relations, which required centralization of religious community resulting in the fact that the administrative church structures took the central stage. Liberalization of state control of the religious activity in post-Soviet Russia led to the emergence of multiple secular Buddhist associations that practiced Mahayanist and tantric methods structured as ganachakra. The central place was held by the structure of religious hierarchy along with “Teacher – student” relations. The conclusion is made that such structural differentiation of Buddhist communities is the results of the natural course of self-determination of various traditions in the conditions of freedom of religion.

Separate question on prevention of alcohol abuse within the framework of administrative regulation of the Russian Federation

The object of this research is the social relations established in the context of regulatory impact of the government upon the model of alcohol consumption. The author explores the questions of effectiveness and sufficiency of measures taken within the framework of administrative legislation. The subject of this research is the legal norms, scientific sources and law enforcement practice that characterizes the key vectors of government activity on prevention of alcohol abuse. The scientific novelty consists in consideration of state policy in this regard, with the exclusion of repressive intervention into social relations associated with alcohol consumption if they do not cross the boundaries of acceptable behavior manifested in the facts of alcohol abuse. The article is dedicated to the questions of state policy aimed at prevention of alcohol abuse in the Russian Federation. The author reviews the role of government in regulation of social relations in this area, as well as determines the regulatory mechanism, including the norms of administrative legislation. The recent Russia’s experience in the struggle against drunkenness and alcoholism is described. The content of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation is analyzed for determining the forms of regulatory influence upon the level and model of alcohol consumption. The author highlights the peculiarity of preventive impact of the norms of administrative legislation for actions related to alcohol abuse; notes separate flaws of administrative regulation in the area of prevention of alcohol abuse. Recommendations are made on the improvement of administrative legislation and law enforcement practice regarding the prevention of alcohol abuse.  

Hierarchical systems and their evolution in Buddhist communities of Central Asia

This article examines the hierarchical systems established in Buddhist communities of Central Asia.  Hierarchies are viewed in the spiritual context: by level of taking of vows, educational attainment, level of practical implementation of knowledge, rank in the institution of “Reincarnated Lamas”; as well as hierarchies important in administrative context, such as levels of responsibility, governance of monasteries, rank within the structure of state administration, and interaction with government institutions. It is noted that genetically all of them ascend to Teacher – student hierarchy. This work explores the evolution of these hierarchies under the changing historical conditions, as well their complex interrelations. It is demonstrated that hierarchical system evolved depending on such factors, as the development of monastic education, increased role in the communities of “Reincarnated Lamas”, shift in the role of monasteries within state administration along with the role of government in regulation of the religious institutions. It is determined that hierarchies partially intersected, but also diverged due to the possibility of relatively autonomous practice of Sutra and Tantra, which formed different types of communities –  sangha and ganachakra respectively. In Russia, Buddhist communities were integrated into the system of state-religious relations, which required centralization of religious community resulting in the fact that the administrative church structures took the central stage. Liberalization of state control of the religious activity in post-Soviet Russia led to the emergence of multiple secular Buddhist associations that practiced Mahayanist and tantric methods structured as ganachakra. The central place was held by the structure of religious hierarchy along with “Teacher – student” relations. The conclusion is made that such structural differentiation of Buddhist communities is the results of the natural course of self-determination of various traditions in the conditions of freedom of religion.

Austrian Economics Today

The recent financial and economic crisis has raised doubts about mainstream economics which, according to many observers, were not able to predict this event and had considerable difficulties in providing convincing explanations and policy prescriptions to deal with its consequences. This has led to a revival of heterodox alternatives to neoclassical economic theories, including Post-Keynesian, institutionalist, and even Marxist alternatives to the accumulated wisdom of general equilibrium economics. Most of these heterodox approaches lead to policy recommendations more to the “left” of neoclassical ones, implying a more active role of government in regulation and stabilization policies. On the other hand, for a long time public choice theorists have pointed towards the danger of government failure under such “paternalistic” schemes of public policy design. In any case, now the door seems to be open for a re-evaluation of alternative approaches to economics and for recognizing the requirement of dealing with critiques of the neoclassical paradigm. Austrian Economics, or more precisely the Austrian School of Economics, is unique in providing a theoretical framework which, although distinctly different from Walrasian general equilibrium, rests on methodological individualism and the assumption of rationality of economic agents, two pillars of neoclassical economics, and leads to policy conclusions that are located to the “right” of the mainstream in pleading for unfettered markets, free trade and minimal government. Even if some of the Austrians’ propositions are deemed provocative and unrealistic by many economists, it is worthwhile examining this alternative framework which has a long and distinguished career hearkening back to the time of the neoclassical revolution in the 1870s (Menger 1871). A reconsideration of the Austrian contribution may provide insights which help explain economic phenomena of today and enrich the corpus of economic theory in various ways. The Austrian School of Economics was founded by Carl Menger, continued in the “second generation” by Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk and Friedrich von Wieser, in the “third generation” by Ludwig von Mises, and later by such eminent economists as Oskar Morgenstern and Nobel laureate Friedrich August von Hayek. While all these economists came from the Austrian part of the Habsburg monarchy and later from Atl Econ J (2014) 42:121–122 DOI 10.1007/s11293-014-9408-4

How do countries regulate the health sector? Evidence from Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

The health sectors in many low- and middle-income countries have been characterized in recent years by extensive private sector activity. This has been complemented by increasing public-private linkages, such as the contracting-out of selected services or facilities, development of new purchasing arrangements, franchising and the introduction of vouchers. Increasingly, however, experience with the private sector has indicated a number of problems with the quality, price and distribution of private health services, and thus led to a growing focus on the role of government in regulation. This paper presents the existing network of regulations governing private activity in the health sectors of Tanzania and Zimbabwe, and their appropriateness in the context of emerging market realities. It draws on a comparative mapping exercise reviewing the complexity of the variables currently being regulated, the level of the health system at which they apply, and the specific instruments being used. Findings indicate that much of the existing regulation occurs through legislation. There is still very much a focus on the 'social' rather than 'economic' aspects of regulation within the health sector. Recent changes have attempted to address aspects of private health provision, but some very key gaps remain. In particular, current regulations in Tanzania and Zimbabwe: (1) focus on individual inputs rather than health system organizations; (2) aim to control entry and quality rather than explicitly quantity, price or distribution; and (3) fail to address the market-level problems of anti-competitive practices and lack of patient rights. This highlights the need for additional measures to promote consumer protection and address the development of new private markets such as for health insurance or laboratory and other ancillary services.

Dying to Know: A Historical Analysis of the Right-to-Know Movement

The history of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard is presented, with the implications for the role of government in regulation of job health and safety. The gaining of the Right-to-Know about chemical exposure was a significant achievement for labor, although it took fifteen years to gain a national standard. Labor and community group coalitions, divisions between chemical producers and chemical users, economic forces, third-party law-suits, and the difficulties in NIOSH/OSHA obtaining chemical identities were all important factors in gaining a standard. Chemical producers shifted from an ideology of “everything is safe” to “everything is dangerous,” and finally had to mount a campaign to get the Reagan administration to issue a national standard as a way to pre-empt state and local laws. The case illustrates the relatively greater power of industry, but that workers were able to gain increased control over their work through organizing.