Role Of Drug Use Research Articles

Teman Sebaya dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Penggunaan Narkoba pada Remaja Kelas 12 di SMK Taruna Bhakti Cianjur

Introduction: The development of today's era has affected a person's behavior, especially the effect of peers. Peers can affect behavior, the effect is in the form of positive effect and negative effect. The effect of peers plays an important role in drug use, this is because it is a condition of convenience to be accepted by members of their peer group. Objectives: This study aims to determine the relationship between peers’ effect on drug use in adolescent class 12 at Taruna Bhakti Cianjur Vocational School, 2021. Method: This study used quantitative research with correlation research and used a cross-sectional design where the population in this study was 12th-grade students at SMK Taruna Bhakti Cianjur with a total sample of 82 students. The sampling technique used is random sampling. The instrument consisted of 2 questionnaires, namely the peer influence questionnaire and the drug use questionnaire which the researcher made himself. Data analysis used in this study was univariate and bivariate analysis using the chi-square test. Result: Found the results of the analysis relationship between peers’ effect on drug use it is found that there are as many as 38 (46,3%) respondents to peers effect positive effect on drug use make use of. while the respondent to peers effects a negative effect on drug use, there 26 (53,7%). The statistical test results obtained the value of pvalue= 0,002 smaller than 0,05. Conclusion: there is a relationship between peers’ effect on drug use in adolescents. According to the doctor's advice, it is wiser to use drugs.

Perceived Stress Predicts Drug Use in Transgender Women: The Mediating Role of Loneliness.

Drug use is quite common in transgender women, but the mechanisms of the drug use remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of loneliness in perceived stress and the drug use among transgender women. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to September 2018 in Shenyang and Kunming, China, among 247 transgender women. Chinese Perceived Stress Scale, the Chinese version of 8-item UCLA Loneliness Scale, a drug use questionnaire, and a demographic characteristic questionnaire were included in the survey. Descriptive analysis, logistic regression, and mediation analysis were done using SPSS Statistics version 26.0 and Mplus version 8.3. The mean age of transgender women in the study was 33.04 years (standard deviation=8.14). Around 33.20% (n=82) of transgender women reported ever using one kind of drugs, the most commonly used drugs were rush (79.20%), ice (8.50%), and 5-MeO-DIPT (8.50%). Univariate logistic regression showed that perceived stress (odds ratio [OR]=1.73, 95% bootstrap confidence intervals [CI]=1.27-2.36) and loneliness (OR=1.62, 95% CI=1.23-2.13) had a significant association with drug use, all p [ps] <0.01. The effect of perceived stress on drug use was partially mediated by feeling of loneliness (estimate=0.09, standard error=0.04, p<0.05), the mediating effect (0.09) accounted for 27.27% of the total effect (0.33). Perceived stress can positively predict drug use. Loneliness plays an important role in drug use among transgender women.

Unconscious Conflict Adaptation of Heroin Abstainers.

Conflict adaptation is representative of the dynamic cognitive control process, which reflects the adaptability and flexibility of personal cognitive processing. Cognitive control plays an important role in drug use and relapse in addicts. Previous studies have identified conscious conflict adaptation in drug addicts. The present study examined unconscious conflict adaptation in persons with heroin use disorder using an arrow version meta-contrast masking task. The results found that persons with heroin use disorder had smaller unconscious conflict adaptation compared to the healthy control group. This may be a result of functional brain damage caused by long-term drug use.

Witkacy on Drugs

Witkacy on Drugs

Ethnic Identity, Empowerment, Social Support and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Black Adolescent Girls: Examining Drug Use as a Mediator.

Substance abuse and sexual health research tends to overlook the resiliency skills that Black adolescent girls possess. Using a strengths-based lens, this study examines the role of protective factors: (e.g. ethnic identity, social support, and psychological empowerment) on sexual risk behaviors testing drug use as a mediator among a sample of Black adolescent girls. The study uses a sample (N = 340) female adolescents (13-17 years old) who identified as being Black only and reside in a northeastern urban community in New Jersey. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypothesized model of the mediating role of drug use on sexual risk behaviors among this sample. Findings revealed that drug use significantly mediated the relationship between social support, ethnic identity, and psychological empowerment on sexual risk behaviors, with high ethnic identity scores having the strongest relationship on low sexual risk behaviors and low levels of drug use. Given the rise of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States among Black adolescent girls, findings from this study can contribute to development of culturally appropriate and innovative strategies to reduce risky behaviors by promoting social and cultural strengths among Black girls living in urban communities.

Negotiating sex work and client interactions in the context of a fentanyl-related overdose epidemic

Despite awareness of the role of drug use in shaping sex worker/client interactions, these dynamics remain poorly understood in the context of illicit fentanyl-driven overdose epidemics. This study examined sex workers’ experiences negotiating client interactions amidst a toxic drug supply in Vancouver, Canada. Findings draw from two ethnographic studies. The first, conducted between December 2016 and May 2017, examined the rapid implementation of several low-threshold supervised consumption sites. The second investigated experiences of women accessing a women-only site from May 2017 to June 2018. Data included 200 hours of fieldwork and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 34 street-based sex workers who use illicit drugs. Data were analysed thematically with attention to the risk environment. Participants described providing harm reduction services to clients as a means to reduce overdose-related risks, thus increasing sex workers’ hidden labour. Participants, comments regarding criminalisation and stigma surrounding drug use and sex work indicated a reticence to report overdoses, thereby potentially increasing the risks of overdose-related harms, including death. There is an urgent need for sex worker-led overdose prevention strategies that prioritise health and safety of sex workers and their clients with specific attention to how the criminalisation of particular drugs, practices and people contributes to overdose-related risks.

Uyuşturucu Madde Kullanıcıları ve Esrar

Drug abuse is a major social problem faced by all countries. From the past to the present, although there are many different drugs, some have a more important place than others. One of the most important drugs in the drugs trade is cannabis which is the most produced and most used drug substance in the world and in Turkey. It has a different position among other drugs because it is herbal. Over time, this feature has caused a common belief in society that it is harmless. Despite this general belief, it has been proven by many studies that cannabis causes serious damage to individuals’ physical and mental well-being. In this research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 cannabis users living in the Turkish cities of Istanbul (7), Mersin (7) and Diyarbakir (6). In this context, issues such as how cannabis users experience cannabis for the first time, how they make it permanent, and what they experience under the influence of cannabis are analyzed. The conclusion reached is that friends and peers have an important role in drug use. According to the findings, the first experience and the experience when they get high provides important information on drug use. This information is thought to be effective in fighting drug abuse.

The role of drug use in the spread and course of HIV-infection: a comprehensive view of the situation

Intention. To conduct an analysis of HIV infections spread among drug users and subsequently show how HIV spreads in the society under interaction of drug addicts with other people.Methodology. An analysis of studies related to the area of research made by leading scientists in the field of epidemiology, infectology, narcology, psychiatry for a long-term period has been performed.Results and Discussion. Long-term study and thorough analysis demonstrate a persisting role of drug use and drug users in the spread of HIV infection and viral hepatitis through sexual contact and injection equipment and show main mechanisms of involvement all social groups in infection process.Conclusion. Injecting drug users represent a large number of people living with HIV, the least adherent to antiretroviral therapy and setting the stage for HIV transmitting in healthy population and maintaining the epidemic process at a high level.

Illicit drug use and the genetic overlap with Cannabis use

BackgroundThe use of illicit substances is correlated, meaning that individuals who use one illicit substance are more likely to also use another illicit substance. This association could (partly) be explained by overlapping genetic factors. Genetic overlap may indicate a common underlying genetic predisposition, or can be the result of a causal association. MethodsPolygenic scores for lifetime cannabis use were generated in a sample of Dutch participants (N = 8348). We tested the association of a PGS for cannabis use with ecstasy, stimulants and a broad category of illicit drug use. To explore the nature of the relationship: (1) these analyses were repeated separately in cannabis users and non-users and (2) monozogytic twin pairs discordant for cannabis use were compared on their drug use. ResultsThe lifetime prevalence was 24.8 % for cannabis, 6.2 % for ecstasy, 6.5 % for stimulants and 7.1 % for any illicit drug use. Significant, positive associations were found between PGS for cannabis use with ecstasy use, stimulants and any illicit drug use. These associations seemed to be stronger in cannabis users compared to non-users for both ecstasy and stimulant use, but only in people born after 1968 and not significant after correction for multiple testing. The discordant twin pair analyses suggested that cannabis use could play a causal role in drug use. ConclusionsThe genetic liability underlying cannabis use significantly explained variability in ecstasy, stimulant and any illicit drug use. Further research should further explore the underlying mechanism to understand the nature of the association.

S99. DRUG ABUSE AFFECTS THE RISK OF STRESSFUL HALLUCINATIONS IN THE GENERAL DUTCH POPULATION

BackgroundAuditory (AH) and visual (VH) hallucinations can be very stressful for patients with psychotic disorders. These hallucinations also occur in healthy individuals, but mostly without the accompanying stress seen in patients. This study assesses AH and VH in a general population and examines whether or not hallucinations are stressful. The aim of the current investigation is to identify factors that predict the presence or absence of hallucinatory distress. This information is of importance to understand the transition of transient and harmless hallucinations towards distressing ones, which is a crucial step in the development of psychosis. We examined the effect of drug usage on the risks of experiencing distress from AH and VH across the Dutch population (≥ 14 years of age) by means of an online survey.MethodsParticipants filled out the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences and a questionnaire about drug usage during the past week and month. Only participants who reported having experienced AH and/or VH during the past week or month were included in the analysis. Participants were divided into 3 age-groups (young: aged 14 – 22; middle-aged: aged 23 – 30; older: aged 31 – 100) to control for the effect of age. Prevalence rates were calculated and binary logistic regression was used to analyze odds ratios (ORs) (with gender and level of education as covariates).ResultsThe total sample consisted of 3897 participants. The usage of cannabis during the past week or month increased the risk of experiencing more frequently AHs for older individuals (OR = 2.00) and the usage of the psychoactive drug 4-Fluoramphetamin (4-FA) decreased the risk of experiencing more frequently VHs for middle-aged individuals (OR = 0.24). Moreover, older individuals had a decreased risk of experiencing distressing AHs if they consumed alcohol (OR = 0.52) and a decreased risk of experiencing distressing VHs if they consumed at least one drug during the past week or month (OR = 0.59), without any one drug in particular driving this effect. Interestingly, the usage of alcohol deceased the risk of experiencing distressing AH for individuals who frequently experience AHs (OR = 0.71) as well as for individuals who seldom experience VHs (OR = 0.52). Strikingly, for individuals who frequently experience VHs the usage of nitrous oxide (N2O), a drug rapidly gaining popularity among adolescents, increased the risks of experiencing distressing VH threefold (OR = 3.58).DiscussionThe current study suggests a crucial role of drug use on the risks of experiencing frequent and distressing AH and VH in middle-aged and older individuals. Whereas the increased risk of experiencing more frequently AHs for individuals who used cannabis support previous findings, the decreased risk of experiencing frequently VHs for participants who used the psychoactive substance 4-FA is more puzzling. Our data further highlights the possibility that individuals who more frequently experience AH as well as those who do seldom experience VH may use alcohol as self-medication. Results propose that recent usage of N2O imposed a threefold increased risk of experiencing distressing VH. As N2O is becoming an increasingly popular recreational drug, but as of yet little is known about its possible negative impact on VH, these results should be taken as incentive for further studies. In conclusion, the current results suggest that drug use are associated with frequency of and level of distress caused by hallucinations in the general population. As such, these factors could be important targets for early interventions aimed at individuals who are not, but may be at risk of becoming, part of a clinical population.

Patterns and Correlates of New Drug Initiation among Female Exotic Dancers: The Contribution of Occupational and Structural Risks

Introduction: Exotic dance clubs (EDCs) can play pivotal roles in the production of drug-related risks for female exotic dancers (FED). We aimed to characterize the structural and occupational factors associated with new drug initiation post-EDC entry among new FED (N = 117) in Baltimore, Maryland. Materials and Methods: Logistic regression models tested the associations of new drug uptake, measured as initiating any illicit drug (including non-prescribed and diverted prescription narcotics) not used prior to EDC employment, with structural (e.g. debt sources, housing instability) and occupational (e.g. sex work, dancing as sole income source) vulnerabilities. Results: Most FED were younger than 24 years-old (60%), identified as Black/African American (61%), and did not complete high school (56%). Twenty-nine (25%) reported using any new drug post-EDC entry, with cocaine (34%) cited most frequently among newly initiated substances. In multivariable analysis, drug initiation was significantly associated with cumulative debt sources (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.82, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.19–2.77), dancing as only income source (AOR = 4.21, CI: 1.29–13.71), and sex work (AOR = 9.26, CI: 2.74–31.32). Conclusions: Our findings implicate co-occurring structural and occupational factors in FED’s initiation of illicit drugs proceeding EDC employment. Results demonstrate the coping role of drug use for FED in stressful working environments and the multiple vulnerabilities associated with illicit drug uptake. The study reinforces a need for harm reduction interventions (i.e. debt relief, employment connections, increased hourly pay) that consider the contribution of overlapping financial insecurities to the production of occupational risks motivating drug uptake.

Associations of Personality Traits and Emotional Intelligence: Comparing Individuals in Rehabilitation from Drug Misuse, Occasional Users and Non-Users

Background: Personality traits and Emotional Intelligence abilities have gained a central place in the etiology of drug use, although understudied until recently. Objective: To examine the associations between personality traits and Emotional Intelligence in people that are in process of rehabilitation from drug misuse, to compare them with occasional users and non-users and to estimate the factors associated with the likelihood of drug misuse. Methods: 244 individuals (52.5% male) participated in the study. Sixty of them were suffering from drug misuse disorders, thirty-two were individuals that used drugs occasionally and 142 were non-users. Personality was assessed with the EPQ and Emotional Intelligence with the WEILS. Results: Results suggested that in drug misuse, emotional use and regulation are positively correlated with extraversion, and negatively correlated with neuroticism, whilst people that misuse drugs differ from occasional and non-users in emotional use and regulation, and in all personality traits except extraversion. Regression analyses proposed that a combination of sex, age, emotional regulation, and neuroticism contributes to the likelihood of a person abusing drugs, as opposed to occasional or no use. Conclusion: Our findings showcase that Emotional Intelligence and personality traits indeed play an important role in drug use, specifically when considering factors that protect from or drive towards misuse. Such results call for the implementation of preventive programs for occasional drug users and therapeutic interventions for people that misuse drugs, targeting the levels of neuroticism and enhancing the ability of regulating the negative emotions, to protect from drug misuse.

Depressive Symptoms Following Recent Sexual Assault: The Role of Drug and Alcohol Use, Acute Stress, and Assault Characteristics.

Sexual assault is a common traumatic experience that can have a wide-ranging impact on psychological functioning, including experience of depressive symptoms. Although many studies have examined lifetime rates of depression among those with sexual assault history, less is known regarding risk factors for depressive symptoms following recent sexual assault. The study examined whether drug use history is uniquely related to depressive symptoms following recent assault. N = 65 individuals, 95.4% female; 73.8% White; M(SD)age = 28.89 (10.29), who had recently experienced sexual assault (less than 60 days) and completed a SAMFE (sexual assault medical forensic examination) were interviewed via phone and completed questionnaires regarding depressive and acute/post-traumatic stress symptoms and substance use history. Demographic information as well as information related to the assault was also collected. 68.7% of the sample reported clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire, scores ⩾ 12). In a linear regression adjusted for acute/post-traumatic stress (b = 0.26, p < .01) and other variables, polydrug use was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (b = 3.26, p = .04). Single-drug use (b = 0.96), physically forced sexual assault (b = -1.11), victim-perpetrator relationship (b = 0.15), prior sexual assault (b = -1.02), alcohol misuse (b = -0.09), age (b = 0.07), race (b = 2.78), and days since assault (b = -0.02) were not significantly associated with depressive symptoms (all ps > .05). Results highlight the potential role of drug use history in increasing risk of experiencing clinically significant depressive symptoms following recent assault.

Metabolites Alterations in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Methamphetamine Users in Abstinence: A 1H MRS Study.

Background: The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) contains various neurotransmitter systems and plays an important role in drug use. Broad body of literature on how methamphetamine (MA) affects the structure and metabolism in the animal's mPFC is emerging, while the effects on metabolites of mPFC among human is still unclear. In this study, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) was used to measure metabolites of mPFC in methamphetamine dependent subjects.Methods: Sixty-one subjects with a history of MA dependence (fulfiled the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition criteria) and 65 drug-naïve control subjects (age19–45) completed 1H MRS scans using 3.0T Siemens MRI scanner. Single voxel spectra were acquired from the mPFC bilaterally using a point resolved spectroscopy sequence (PRESS). The 1H MRS data were automatically fit with linear combination model for quantification of metabolite levels of n-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (mI), glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine(GPC+PC), phosphocreatine plus creatine (PCr+Cr), and glutamate (Glu). Metabolite levels were reported as ratios to PCr+Cr.Results: The MA group showed a significant reduction in NAA/PCr+Cr ratio and elevation in Glu/PCr+Cr ratio and mI/PCr+Cr ratio, compared with healthy control. No significant correlation was found between metabolite ratios and MA use variables.Conclusions: MA use is associated with a significant increased Glu/PCr+Cr ratio, mI/PCr+Cr ratio and reduced NAA/PCr+Cr ratio in the mPFC of MA dependence subjects. These findings suggest that Glu may play a key role in MA induced neurotoxicity.

Social cohesion, condom use, and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers living with HIV in the Dominican Republic.

This cross-sectional study examines the relationship between social cohesion with consistent condom use (CCU) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among the Abriendo Puertas (Opening Doors) cohort of female sex workers (FSWs) living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the Dominican Republic (n = 228). Using data from the follow-up survey of the cohort, we conducted multivariate logistic regression to explore these dynamics. Social cohesion was significantly associated with CCU between FSWs living with HIV and their clients in the last month (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-2.45) and STI prevalence among FSWs (AOR: 3.76, CI: 1.159-12.162). Social cohesion was not associated with CCU between FSWs living with HIV and their steady partners. However, both illicit drug use in the past six months (AOR = 0.11, CI: 0.023-0.57) and pregnancy intentions (AOR = 0.11; CI: 0.02-0.42) were significantly associated with CCU with steady partners. Findings highlight the differential role of social cohesion on condom use outcomes between FSWs living with HIV and their paying clients versus steady partners. Research on the pathways via which cohesion influences condom use among sex workers and their clients is merited, as is research regarding the role of drug use and pregnancy intentions on condom use with steady partners.

Experiences of structural vulnerability among exotic dancers in Baltimore, Maryland: Co-occurring social and economic antecedents of HIV/STI risk

BackgroundWomen who grow up in economic scarcity often face limited opportunities for upward mobility, as a result of challenges securing stable housing, quality education, and steady employment. Chronic instability may limit the capacity of women to protect themselves against HIV/STI-related harm when engaging in sexual activity or drug use. Characterizing the structural contexts that facilitate HIV/STI risk among women are critical to effective design and implementation of drug and sexual harm reduction interventions. MethodsSemi-structured in-depth interviews were completed with 25 female exotic dancers working in Baltimore City and County exotic dance clubs July 2014–May 2015. Using thematic analysis, interviews were examined to understand the nature of structural vulnerability experienced by dancers during their early lives through the initial months of exotic dancing, including an examination of the roles of drug use and social relationships in engagement of sexual risk behavior. ResultsDancers depicted early experiences of social and economic disadvantage, which accumulated through early adulthood. Substance use emerged as an important subject for the majority of women, operating cyclically as both precursor to and product of accumulating social and economic hardship. Dancers revealed social strategies that buffered the effects of structural vulnerability and minimized exposure to workplace-related drug and sexual harms. ConclusionThis study provides insight on an understudied group of at-risk women with a unique demographic profile. Findings illustrate how the effects of structural vulnerability, substance abuse, social strategies, and opportunities for economic gain through sexual services in the workplace converge to produce varying levels of HIV/STI risk among exotic dancers.

Lower Gray Matter Density in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Putamen Can Be Traceable in Chronic Heroin Dependents after over 3 Months of Successful Abstinence

Background: In recent years, a few studies have addressed the effect of chronic heroin use on brain structure with respect to volume and shape; however, the literature in this field is sparse and further studies are necessary to generate robust replications. Objectives: In this study, we intended to assess gray matter density (GMD) differences between successfully abstinent heroin dependents and healthy subjects. Indirect evidences for the causal role of drug use in the GMD differences are also targeted here by testing the hypothesis on the correlation between GMD differences and duration of drug use. Patients and Methods: Using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphology (VBM) technique, changes in gray matter volume and density were evaluated in 18 abstinent heroin dependents and 20 age-, education- and gender-matched healthy subjects. Heroin dependents were all male, and at least 3 months successfully abstinent (mean abstinence duration = 9.2 ± 5.2 months). Results: Decreased GMD in the right anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral putamen were found in abstinent heroin dependents in comparison to controls, corrected for multiple comparisons (P < 0.05). Also, partial correlation analysis, corrected for age, showed negative correlations between total intracranial volume (TIV) and total GMD (r = -0.61 and -0.44, respectively) with the duration of opiate usage in heroin dependents. GMD in the right putamen also had negative correlation with the duration of drug abuse (r = -0.49) and a weak negative correlation was observed between left putamen density and duration of drug abuse (r = -0.42). Examination of the negative correlation between the duration of drug abuse before the age of 25 years and total GMD, while controlling for age, showed weak negative results (r = - 0.44). Conclusion: Specific structural changes were noticeable in prefrontal and striatal areas in the heroin dependents even after a period of successful abstinence. Our results on the interaction between duration of drug use and some of these structural changes provides preliminary ideas for reciprocal cause and effect roles for brain structural changes and heroin abuse. These findings might also imply that brain structures are unable to return to normal state and cannot recover spontaneously even after months of abstinence. This evidence reminds us of the importance of neurorehabilitation interventions after termination of drug use.

Pathways linking drug use and labour market trajectories: the role of catastrophic events

People affected by substance use disorders often experience sub-optimal employment outcomes. The role of drug use in processes that produce and entrench labour market precarity among people who inject drugs (PWID) have not, however, been fully described. We recruited 22 PWID from ongoing prospective cohort studies in Vancouver, Canada, with whom we conducted semi-structured retrospective interviews and then employed a thematic analysis that drew on concepts from life course theory to explore the mechanisms and pathways linking drug use and labour market trajectories. The participants' narratives identified processes corresponding to causation, whereby suboptimal employment outcomes led to harmful drug use; direct selection, where impairment, health complications or drug-seeking activities selected individuals out of employment; and indirect selection, where external factors, such as catastrophic events, marked the initiation or intensification of substance use concurrent with sudden changes in capacities for employment. Catastrophic events linking negative transitions in both drug use and labour market trajectories were of primary importance, demarcating critical initiation and transitional events in individual risk trajectories. These results challenge conventional assumptions about the primacy of drug use in determining employment outcomes among PWID and suggest the importance of multidimensional support to mitigate the initiation, accumulation and entrenchment of labour market and drug-related disadvantage.

Some of the people, some of the time: field evidence for associations and dissociations between stress and drug use.

Stress's role in drug use is supported by retrospective interview and laboratory studies, but prospective data confirming the association in daily life are sparse. This study aims to assess the relationship between drug use and stress in real time with ambulatory monitoring. For up to 16weeks, 133 outpatients on opiate agonist treatment used smartphones to report each time they used drugs or felt more stressed than usual. They rated stress-event severity on a 10-point scale and as a hassle, day spoiler, or more than a day spoiler. For analysis, stress reports made within 72h before a reported use of cocaine or opioid were binned into 24-h periods. Of 52 participants who reported stress events in the 72-h timeframe, 41 reported stress before cocaine use and 26 before opioid use. For cocaine use, the severity of stressors, rated numerically (r effect = 0.42, CL95 0.17-0.62, p = 0.00061) and percent rated as "more than a day spoiler" (r effect = 0.34, CL95 0.07-0.56, p = 0.0292)], increased linearly across the three days preceding use. The number of stressors did not predict cocaine use, and no measure of stress predicted opioid use. In ecological momentary assessment (EMA) from the whole sample of 133, stress and drug use occurred independently and there was no overall relationship. EMA did not support the idea that stress is a necessary or sufficient trigger for cocaine or heroin use after accounting for the base rates of stress and use. But EMA did show that stressful events can increase in severity in the days preceding cocaine use.

Compulsive buying: Earlier illicit drug use, impulse buying, depression, and adult ADHD symptoms

This longitudinal study examined the association between psychosocial antecedents, including illicit drug use, and adult compulsive buying (CB) across a 29-year time period from mean age 14 to mean age 43. Participants originally came from a community-based random sample of residents in two upstate New York counties. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to study the relationship between the participant's earlier psychosocial antecedents and adult CB in the fifth decade of life. The results of the multivariate linear regression analyses showed that gender (female), earlier adult impulse buying (IB), depressive mood, illicit drug use, and concurrent ADHD symptoms were all significantly associated with adult CB at mean age 43. It is important that clinicians treating CB in adults should consider the role of drug use, symptoms of ADHD, IB, depression, and family factors in CB.