Role Of Common Sense Research Articles

Benchmarks for Automated Commonsense Reasoning: A Survey

More than one hundred benchmarks have been developed to test the commonsense knowledge and commonsense reasoning abilities of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. However, these benchmarks are often flawed, and many aspects of common sense remain untested. Consequently, there is currently no reliable way of measuring to what extent existing AI systems have achieved these abilities. This article surveys the development and uses of AI commonsense benchmarks. It enumerates 139 commonsense benchmarks that have been developed: 102 text-based, 18 image-based, 12 video-based, and 7 based in simulated physical environments. It gives more detailed descriptions of twelve of these, three from each category. It surveys the various methods used to construct commonsense benchmarks. It discusses the nature of common sense, the role of common sense in AI, the goals served by constructing commonsense benchmarks, desirable features of commonsense benchmarks, and flaws and gap in existing benchmarks. It concludes with a number of recommendations for future development of commonsense AI benchmarks; most importantly, that the creators of benchmarks invest the work needed to ensure that benchmark examples are consistently high quality.

The spatial dimension of shifting commonsensical understandings

In this article, I engage with the spatial dimensions of Gramsci’s work and look at common sense through a primarily spatial lens. I discuss how changing commonsensical understandings concerning migration do more than redefine persons as “migrants” or “non-migrants.” As such, I underline how socio-spatial relations are also renegotiated symbolically, in practice, and on multiple scales. Thereby, I take the role of common sense in Lefebvre’s idea of spatial production as an entry point for the analysis. I then link this perspective to migration scholarship that discusses how the relational positioning of localities at specific historic conjunctures influences the differentiation between “migrants” and “non-migrants.” The empirical material was gathered in two fieldwork periods in 2011 and 2018 in the Monte Laa neighborhood of Vienna, Austria. I describe the repositioning of the neighborhood in everyday practices and commonsensical imaginaries both in an urban context and the transnational context of Central and Southeast European space. Comparing commonsensical imaginaries from 2018 with those from 2011, the so-called 2015 “refugee crisis” emerges as a moment of conjunctural rupture.

Russell and Jin Yuelin on Truth: A Comparative Study

Jin Yuelin’s logical and philosophical thought was deeply influenced by the philosophy of Bertrand Russell. The same influence existed also in the case of his view on truth, which was considerably close to the views maintained by Russell in his phase of logical atomism. In their investigations, Russell and Jin not only focused on similar topics, but also occupied similar philosophical positions, such as realism in the domain of ontology, empiricism in epistemology, and the correspondence theory in the domain of the theory of truth. Nevertheless, Jin Yuelin’s view on truth was not only a mere imitation or recapitulation or even plagiarized copy of Russell’s, but also contained innovations and characteristics of its own. Jin, for example, emphasized certain general characteristics of truth, including the notion of truth as a relational quality, that truth is not a matter of degree, and that it is relative neither to time and space nor to the different types of knowledge. By so doing, Jin underlined the objectiveness, reliability, and transcendence of true propositions. By arguing that the correspondence theory of truth possessed strong foundations in common sense, Jin set out to defend the role of common sense in philosophy and science, maintaining that the former cannot be completely eliminated and arguing against the notion that any modification of a part of common sense would ultimately be founded on yet another segment of common sense. Moreover, Jin delivered his own response against the theory of the gap between “subject and object/the internal and the external,” which had been used to question the correspondence theory of truth, proposing a variety of cognitivist theory, which defined facts as “the given” (datum) that has been received and arranged. Most importantly, facts are cognitive constructs created on the basis of “the given” and encapsulate both subjectiveness and objectiveness. Jin Yuelin was a modern Chinese philosopher who had achieved profound erudition in both Chinese and Western thought, and, above all, an independent an profoundly original thinker.

The Long and Winding Road

Abstract Following its welcome revival in the late twentieth century, metaphysics in the analytic tradition has succumbed to decadence, with an astonishing variety of outlandish and extreme positions or “metaphysical follies” being taken seriously. This has caused an inevitable backlash among more scientifically-minded philosophers and incurred the scorn of scientists. Much of the reason for this is the blithe ignoring of empirical science by armchair metaphysicians. The roles of empirical knowledge in good, scientific metaphysics are however unclear. In virtue of its maximal generality, metaphysics is remote from straightforward empirical checks. This article explores, with historical and contemporary examples, the ways in which empirical information may inform and be fed back into metaphysics, the disputed role of common sense, and the delicate balance to be maintained, within a fallibilist, scientific metaphysics, between speculative, categorial and empirical elements.

Krise der Imagination?

A Crisis of Imagination? Remarks on Civic and Aesthetic Education Immanuel Kant’s notion of reflective judgments and Hannah Arendt’s reinterpretation of its value for the understanding of the public domain and the crucial role of common sense are the starting points of the contribution in which central aspects of Jean-Claude Michéa’s recent critique of liberalism are presented. From this perspective it is neither convincing to strictly separate cultural (political) liberalism from economic liberalism nor to share their »negative« anthropology and/or the quasi sacred axiom of moral neutrality (of the state) in both liberal views. The crisis of (political) imagination rests on the crisis of common sense.

Peirce on Intuition, Instinct, & Common Sense

In addition to being a founder of American pragmatism, Charles Sanders Peirce was a scientist and an empiricist. A core aspect of his thoroughgoing empiricism was a mindset that treats all attitudes as revisable. His fallibilism seems to require us to constantly seek out new information, and to not be content holding any beliefs uncritically. At the same time, Peirce often states that common sense has an important role to play in both scientific and vital inquiry, and that there cannot be any “direct profit in going behind common sense.” Our question is the following: alongside a scientific mindset and a commitment to the method of inquiry, where does common sense fit in? Peirce does at times directly address common sense; however, those explicit engagements are relatively infrequent. In this paper, we argue that getting a firm grip on the role of common sense in Peirce’s philosophy requires a three-pronged investigation, targeting his treatment of common sense alongside his more numerous remarks on intuition and instinct. By excavating and developing Peirce’s concepts of instinct and intuition, we show that his respect for common sense coheres with his insistence on the methodological superiority of inquiry. We conclude that Peirce shows us the way to a distinctive epistemic position balancing fallibilism and anti-scepticism, a pragmatist common sense position of considerable interest for contemporary epistemology given current interest in the relation of intuition and reason.

Penrose on What Scientists Know

This paper presents an analysis and critique of Roger Penrose’s epistemological, methodological, and ontological positions. The analysis is relevant not only because Penrose is an influential scientist, but also because of the particular traits of his thought. These traits are directly connected with his background and approach to science: (1) ontological and epistemological realism, (2) mathematical Platonism, (3) emphasis on the continuities of science, (4) epistemological inclusiveness and essential openness of science, (5) the role of common sense, (6) emphasis on the connection between science, ethics, and philosophy. The paper articulates Penrose’s position and criticizes some of its possible shortcomings. It contributes to the perception of science as an open activity, as illustrated in Penrose’s particular approach, and provides an interesting case-study that can contribute to understanding how epistemological and ontological positions are connected with particular scientific practices.

Common sense in Thomas Reid

This paper explains the nature and role of common sense in Reid and uses the exposition to answer some of Reid's critics. The key to defending Reid is to distinguish between two kinds of priority that common sense beliefs are supposed to enjoy. Common sense beliefs enjoy epistemological priority in that they constitute a foundation for knowledge; i.e. they have evidential status without being grounded in further evidence themselves. Common sense beliefs enjoy methodological priority in that they constrain philosophical theory: they serve as pre-theoretical commitments that philosophical theories ought to respect in the absence of good reasons for rejecting them.

Imaginário coletivo: estudos do sensível na teoria do jornalismo

Estudar o imaginário na imprensa supõe, de antemão, questionar os fundamentos que vêm sustentando uma Teoria do Jornalismo bastante difundida no ensino e pesquisa desta área no país – os da objetividade, imparcialidade, clareza e exatidão. Inserida na camisa-de-força da realidade factual e comprovável empiricamente, esta teoria ignora ou recusa as manifestações sensíveis e emocionais, simbólicas e míticas do mundo imaginário, percebidas aquém e além do que nos mostram os recursos do racionalismo e que estão presentes rotineiramente nas temáticas diversas da cobertura jornalística. A questão exige discutir o conceito de imaginário na relação entre sensibilidade e razão, fazendo a opção por uma teoria mais aberta e ampla para investigar o fenômeno jornalístico, o que requer não somente um gesto mais acolhedor quanto à relevância do cotidiano e do senso comum nas teorias jornalísticas, mas uma atitude epistemológico-metodológica mais compreensiva do que explicativa.

Language Choice and Management in Danish Multinational Companies: The Role of Common Sense

Language Choice and Management in Danish Multinational Companies: The Role of Common Sense

The Scottish Tradition in Economics and the Role of Common Sense in Adam Smith's Thought

This essay examines the notion of a 'Scottish Tradition' and the role of common sense in Adam Smith's thought. It is a contribution to the contemporary literature on the 'Scottish Approach' and on the historical investigation of Adam Smith's intellectual background. It argues that a notion of common sense was behind Smith's view of science and that it may provide an epistemological foundation for the Scottish Tradition. The essay attempts to show how the notion of common sense may be seen as a way of emphasising the role of reason and judgement in the conceptualisation of phenomena with pragmatic and aesthetic content.

Scientific realism and Austrian explanation∗

In the recent writing on the methodology of economics there has been a shortage of systematic analyses of realism and explanation and an absence of analysis of their inter-relationships. This article attempts to provide a detailed account of the structure of economic explanation built upon realist and essentialist premises. Invisible-hand explanations characteristic of Austrian economics and the question of using the quantity theory for explaining inflation are used as illustrations. From another perspective, the analysis amounts to providing a reconstructive interpretation of the deep structure of the Austrian approach to explaning economic phenomena. It is suggested that realist-essentialist explanations be analysed in terms of redescription, reduction, ontological identification, and unification: Austrian (as well as some other) explanaions can be analysed as reductive theoretical redescriptions of economic phenomena using ontological identification statements and pursuing ontological unification of apparently diverse phenomena. Among these and other things, questions related to the deductive-nomological model, prediction, the implications of subjectivism and the role of common sense are discussed.

Scepticism and Reasonable Doubt: The British Naturalist Tradition in Wilkins, Hume, Reid, and Newman.

Charting the development of the British tradition of naturalism from the 17th to the 19th century, this book provides fascinating insight into a wide range of thinkers, both Catholic and Protestant, who explored the themes of proof, practice, and the role of common sense. Reappraising what these thinkers can teach us about the relations between belief, action, and skepticism, Ferreira contributes to the philosophical study of naturalist replies to skepticism, as well as to a deeper appreciation of this particular segment of British intellectual history.

Pragmatizmas ir E. Nagelio mokslo filosofija

Straipsnio tikslas – atkreipti dėmesį į tas pragmatizmo idėjas, kurios davė pradžią mokslo filosofijai Amerikoje ir padarė įtaką E. Nagelio mokslinio metodo ir mokslo struktūros sampratai. Aptariamos Ch. Peirce‘o pagrindinės metafizikos idėjos – pasaulio sferos, reiškiamos „Pirmumo“, „Antrumo“ ir „Trečiumo“ kategorijomis, taip pat jo tiesos ir falibilizmo koncepcijos. E. Nagelis iš esmės lieka Ch. Peirce‘o tiesos kaip sutarimo teorijos plėtotojas. Jis sprendimo teisingumo kriterijaus irgi ieško ne atožvalgoje į minties santykį su tikrove (nes nemato objektyvių jų sąlyčio taškų). Ch. Peirce‘o semiotinių idėjų E. Nagelis neperėmė. Mokslo logikos srityje E. Nageliui Ch. Peirce‘o idėjų perteikėjas buvo J. Dewey‘is: vertingiausia mokytojo filosofijoje E. Nageliui pasirodė instrumentinė, operacinė mokslo traktuotė. Vidinei mokslo analizei instrumentinis požiūris labai vertingas sprendžiant loginių principų prigimties problemą. Pastarąją E. Nagelis sprendė idealistiškai, atplėšdamas logikos principus nuo jų objektyvaus pagrindo – materialios tikrovės ir kurdamas natūralistinį logikos be ontologijos variantą.

Common sense as psychosocial reality: A reply to Sjöberg

Attempted explications of common sense can be submitted to consensual validation. Therefore, purely programmatic discussion about common sense may be dispensed with in favor of actual studies. The failures to recognize the fundamental role of common sense may stem from an unreflective presupposition that psychological language and psychological reality are independent realms. Actually, language and psychosocial reality are mutually constitutive, and the total cultural order is built upon common sense. We are not free to choose conceptualizations. Our theorizing must consist of explications of common sense.

Visiting Lectureship Texas Radiological Society

A Visiting Lectureship has been sponsored by the Texas Radiological Society for the three medical schools of Texas: University of Texas Medical School in Galveston, Baylor University College of Medicine in Houston, and the Southwestern Medical School in Dallas. Guest lecturer for the first group of lectures, to be given in January 195G, will be Dr. Franz Buschke, Seattle. His subject will be “The Role of Common Sense in Cancer Therapy.” Further information concerning the date of each lecture may be obtained from R. P. O'Bannon, M.D., Fort Worth, Secretary-Treasurer, or Martin Schneider, M.D., Galveston, President.