Role Of Chitosan Research Articles

Role of Chitosan in the Coloring of Berries and Phytochemical Changes in Physalis angulata L. During Harvest Maturity

Physalis angulata L. berries are green in the initial stage of maturity and turn yellow when fully mature due to an increase in carotenoids. However, the coloration of the epidermis of the berry should not be the reference for harvesting maturity, since the calyx is fully closed. The use of an edible chitosan coating delays the color changes in the berry by reducing the respiration rate. This work studies the effect of harvest maturity and chitosan on the shelf life and berry coloring in Physalis angulata L. Three factors were considered, being harvest maturity stage (green mature (GM), yellowish-green (YG) and yellow (Y)), chitosan coating (0, 0.5, and 1%), and storage time (10, 20, 30 days). The fruits were stored at 20 °C and 85% Rh. The results showed that on the harvesting stage, chitosan coating had a significant effect on the quality and shelf life of berries during storage time. The value of carotenoid and phenol contents, flavor index, chroma, and hue significantly increased with berry maturity. Chitosan delayed the decrease in chlorophyll, phenol contents, antioxidant capacity, berry maturity, and color change. The results show that in the berries coated with 1% chitosan during storage, changes in color were less in comparison with the control condition (no chitosan). The highest decrease of hue angle and color index (17.92°) was observed in the control. The highest total antioxidant (78.42%) was observed after 30 days of storage in MG berries treated with a 0.5% chitosan coating.

The Role of Chitosan and Gelatin-Based Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review.

Guided bone regeneration facilitates the growth of new bone in areas where there is a bone defect or insufficiency. This technique involves placing a barrier membrane over the bone graft site, and the membrane prevents the invasion of soft tissue (such as gingival tissue) into the bone graft area. This allows the slower-growing bone cells to populate the area without competition, promoting proper bone regeneration. When combined, chitosan and gelatin create composite scaffolds that leverage the strengths of both materials. Chitosan provides structural integrity and antimicrobial properties, and gelatin enhances cell attachment and proliferation, which improves mechanical properties and makes it more suitable for supporting bone regeneration in load-bearing areas.This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness ofchitosan and gelatin-based scaffolds in bone regeneration. Various databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILAC, and Google Scholar were screened to adhere to the eligibility criteria. The included studies in the review were the in vivo and in vitro assessment of the chitosan and gelatin efficiency as a scaffold. Six studies were investigated for the involvement of chitosan and gelatin-based scaffolds in bone regeneration. Of these, two in vivostudies examined bone regeneration by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) using different staining techniques, while the remaining four in vitro studies used histologic and histometric analysis where stem cells, chemicals, and other biopolymers were compared. Chitosan and gelatin scaffolds consistently showed better results in terms of bone repair throughout all six experiments. Gelatin's capacity for regeneration can be increased by mixing itwith chitosan. For additional advancement, future researchers need to focus on incorporating biopolymers.The potential of scaffolds composed of gelatin and chitosan to replace tissue lost due to periodontitis shows great clinical significance.

The role of chitosan in promoting the catalytic activity of bismuth ferrite as peroxymonosulfate activator for antibiotics removal

Chitosan possesses electron-rich amino (−NH2) and hydroxyl (-OH) moieties which can anchor with transition metal ions during synthesis. Herein, chitosan was employed as an additive to prepare bismuth ferrite (BFO) via hydrothermal approach. The characterization studies revealed that adding chitosan during BFO synthesis leads to the creation of more oxygen vacancies. The performance of chitosan modified BFO (CMB) was evaluated as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator for ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal. Apparently, the addition of 10 wt% chitosan during BFO synthesis (CMB-10) resulted in 1.7 times increase of performance compared to the pristine BFO. Increasing the catalyst loading and PMS dosage resulted in positive effect with 5.7 and 1.9 times rate enhancement, respectively. The CMB-10 exhibited tolerance against pH variation, water matrix, and interfering species. The scavenging experiments indicated that singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radicals (O2•-) and sulfate radicals (SO4•-) played a major role in CIP degradation. These reactive oxygen species were generated from PMS activation via Fe3+/Fe2+ and Bi5+/Bi3+ coupling, and oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface. The CIP degradation pathways were also elucidated based on the detected CIP intermediates. Overall, this study provides insights into the use of chitosan to prepare sustainable materials for pollutants removal via PMS activation.

Advances in Chitosan-based Drug Delivery Systems in Melanoma: A Narrative Review.

Melanoma accounts for the minority of skin cancer cases. However, it has the highest mortality rate among the subtypes of skin cancer. At the early stages of the disease, patients show a good prognosis after the surgery, but developing metastases leads to a remarkable drop in patients' 5-year survival rate. Despite the advances made in the therapeutic approaches to this disease, melanoma treatment is still facing several obstacles. Systemic toxicity, water insolubility, instability, lack of proper biodistribution, inadequate cellular penetration, and rapid clearance are some of the challenges that should be addressed in the field of melanoma treatment. While various delivery systems have been developed to circumvent these challenges, chitosan-based delivery platforms have indicated significant success. Chitosan that is produced by the deacetylation of chitin can be formulated into different materials (e.g., nanoparticle, film, and hydrogel) due to its characteristics. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that chitosan-based materials can be used in drug delivery systems while offering a solution for the common problems in this area, such as enhancing biodistribution and skin penetration as well as the sustained release of the drugs. Herein, we reviewed the studies concerning the role of chitosan as a drug delivery system in melanoma and discussed how these drug systems are used for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., doxorubicin and paclitaxel), genes (e.g., TRAIL), and RNAs (e.g., miRNA199a and STAT3 siRNA) successfully. Furthermore, we take a look into the role of chitosan-based nanoparticles in neutron capture therapy.

Synthesis of Chitosan and Ferric-Ion (Fe3+)-Doped Brushite Mineral Cancellous Bone Scaffolds.

Biodegradable scaffolds are needed to repair bone defects. To promote the resorption of scaffolds, a large surface area is required to encourage neo-osteogenesis. Herein, we describe the synthesis and freeze-drying methodologies of ferric-ion (Fe3+) doped Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate mineral (DCPD), also known as brushite, which has been known to favour the in situ condition for osteogenesis. In this investigation, the role of chitosan during the synthesis of DCPD was explored to enhance the antimicrobial, scaffold pore distribution, and mechanical properties post freeze-drying. During the synthesis of DCPD, the calcium nitrate solution was hydrolysed with a predetermined stoichiometric concentration of ammonium phosphate. During the hydrolysis reaction, 10 (mol)% iron (Fe3+) nitrate (Fe(NO3)3) was incorporated, and the DCPD minerals were precipitated (Fe3+-DCPD). Chitosan stir-mixed with Fe3+-DCPD minerals was freeze-dried to create scaffolds. The structural, microstructural, and mechanical properties of freeze-dried materials were characterized.

Role of Chitosan in Post Harvest Disease Management

Post harvest losses due to microbial spoilage remain a significant challenge in agriculture, affecting both food security and economic sustainability. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, showed potential in recent years as a means of reducing post harvest diseases in fruits and vegetables. This review investigates into the complex role that chitosan plays in managing post harvest diseases. It emphasises the antimicrobial qualities, capacity to trigger defence mechanisms in plants, development of physical barriers, regulation of enzymatic activity, compatibility with biological control agents, and ecological sustainability of chitosan. Chitosan based treatments offer an environmentally sustainable approach to prolonging the period of the shelf life of produce by effectively preventing the growth of microbes, enhancing the plant's natural resistance to pathogens, and maintaining post harvest quality. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of chitosan in disease management is essential for optimizing its application and integrating it into integrated disease management strategies in agricultural practices.

The role of chitosan in mitigating tert-butylhydroquinone induced cognitive impairment and neurotoxicity in a rat model.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), chitosan, and their combination on memory and neurobiochemical parameters in a rat model. The primary objectives were to assess the cognitive effects of TBHQ, explore the cognitive-enhancing properties of chitosan, and evaluate the combined effects of these substances. A rat model was employed for behavioral tests, biochemical analyses, and histological examinations. Rats were exposed to TBHQ, chitosan, or a combination of both, and cognitive function was assessed through behavioral tests. Biochemical analyses focused on neurobiochemical parameters associated with memory and oxidative stress. Histological examinations were conducted to observe any structural changes in the brain. TBHQ exposure was associated with memory impairments and increased oxidative stress, indicating potential neurotoxic effects. Chitosan supplementation demonstrated cognitive-enhancing effects and showed promise in mitigating the memory impairments and oxidative stress induced by TBHQ. The combination of chitosan and TBHQ presented a potential protective effect on neurological health. Chitosan supplementation alongside TBHQ may mitigate memory impairments and oxidative stress associated with TBHQ exposure in a rat model. The study provides valuable insights into the cognitive effects of TBHQ and the neuroprotective potential of chitosan, highlighting the need for further research to elucidate molecular pathways and clinical implications. These findings contribute to understanding chitosan's role in safeguarding neurological health in conditions where TBHQ exposure is a concern, warranting further investigations for translational applications in human health.

Role of chitosan in intestinal integrity: TLR4 and IFNAR signaling in the induction of E-cadherin and CD103 in mice

Chitin and its derivative chitosan (Q) are abundant structural elements in nature. Q has modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and also regulates the expression of adhesion molecules. The interaction between cells expressing the αEβ7 integrin and E-cadherin facilitates tolerogenic signal transmission and localization of lymphocytes at the frontline for interaction with luminal antigens. In this study we evaluated the ability of orally administered Q to stimulate E-cadherin and CD103 expression in vitro and in vivo. Our findings show that Q promoted epithelial cell migration, accelerated wound healing and increased E-cadherin expression in IEC-18 cells and isolated intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) after Q feeding. The upregulation of E-cadherin was dependent on TLR4 and IFNAR signaling, triggering CD103 expression in lymphocytes. Q reinforced the E-cadherin-αEβ7 axis, crucial for intestinal barrier integrity and contributed to the localization of lymphocytes on the epithelium.

Insight into the role of chitosan in rapid recovery and re-stabilization of disintegrated aerobic granular sludge

The disintegration and instability of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems during long-term operation pose significant challenges to its practical implementation, and rapid recovery strategies for disintegrated AGS are gaining more attention. In this study, the recovery and re-stabilization of disintegrated AGS was investigated by adding chitosan to a sequencing batch reactor and simultaneously adjusting the pH to slightly acidic condition. Within 7 days, chitosan addition under slight acidity led to the re-aggregation of disintegrated granules, increasing the average particle size from 166.4 μm to 485.9 μm. Notably, sludge volume indexes at 5 min (SVI5) and 30 min (SVI30) decreased remarkably from 404.6 mL/g and 215.1 mL/g (SVI30/SVI5 = 0.53) to 49.1 mL/g and 47.6 mL/g (SVI30/SVI5 = 0.97), respectively. Subsequent operation for 43 days successfully re-stabilized previous collapsed AGS system, resulting in an average particle size of 750.2 μm. These mature and re-stabilized granules exhibited characteristics of large particle size, excellent settleability, compact structure, and high biomass retention. Furthermore, chitosan facilitated the recovery of COD and nitrogen removal performances within 17–23 days of operation. It effectively facilitated the rapid aggregation of disintegrated granules by charge neutralization and bridging effects under a slightly acidic environment. Moreover, the precipitated chitosan acted as carriers, promoting the adhesion of microorganisms once pH control was discontinued. The results of batch tests and microbial community analysis confirmed that chitosan addition increased sludge retention time, enriching slow-growing microorganisms and enhancing the stability and pollutant removal efficiency of the AGS system.

The Role of Chitosan, a Potential Organic Substance, in Combating Salt Stress in Tomato

Domates yetiştiriciliğinde verim kayıplarına neden olan kritik faktörlerden birisi toprak tuzluluğudur. 
 Tuzluluğun neden olduğu stres ile mücadele son zamanlarda küresel bir konu haline gelmiştir. Kitosanın 
 abiyotik streslerin bitkiler üzerinde neden olduğu zararlı etkilerini azaltmada rolü olduğu bilinmektedir. 
 Toksik olmayan, biyolojik olarak uyumlu, biyolojik olarak parçalanabilen ve organik bir takviye olarak 
 kullanılan kitosan, tarımsal üretimde son yıllarda büyük ilgi görmektedir. Bu çalışmada, tuz stresi 
 altındaki domates fidelerinde kitosanın morfolojik büyüme parametrelerine etkisi ve çekirdek hasarını 
 iyileştirmedeki rolü incelenmiştir. Domates fidelerinde tuz hasarının boyutu ve kitosanın buna karşı 
 etkisi morfolojik parametreler ve Comet assay ile DNA hasarı değerlendirilmiştir. Tuz stresinin fideler 
 üzerindeki morfolojik etkisi bitki boyu, gövde yüksekliği, gövde çapı, yaprak alanı ve yaprak sapı 
 uzunluğu verilerinden elde edilmiştir. Stres etkisiyle oluşan DNA hasar düzeyi, DNA hasarının göstergesi 
 olarak kabul edilen kuyruk uzunluğu, kuyruk DNA % değeri ve kuyruk momenti ile belirlenmiştir. 
 Uygulanan kitosanın domates fidelerinin morfolojik özellikleri üzerinde olumlu etkisi olduğu 
 saptanmıştır. Kitosan takviyesinin bazı dozlarda DNA hasarını azaltmada etkili olmuştur. Çalışma 
 sonuçlarımız uygulanan tuzun domates fidelerinde doz miktarına bağlı olarak strese neden olduğunu ve 
 kitosanın domates fidelerini tuz stresinin yıkıcı etkilerinden korumak için etkin bir şekilde 
 kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

The role of chitosan in enhancing the solubility and antibacterial activity of emodin against drug-resistant bacteria

Similar to most anthraquinone compounds, the pharmacological properties of emodin are limited because of its low water solubility. In this study, the formulation of chitosan and emodin (EMD/CS) was prepared by a bottom-up method with precipitation and sonication steps in order to enhance the solubility of emodin. Thanks to the interactions of oxygen-and nitrogen-containing groups in chitosan with emodin molecules, the solubility of emodin in the formulation was remarkably increased to 0.5 mg/mL. The EMD/CS particles were well dispersed and distributed in a range of sub-micrometer with an average particle size of 342 nm. The EMD/CS formulation exhibited synergic antibacterial activity of emodin and chitosan, against drug-resistant bacterial strains, namely Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7). When the compositions of emodin and chitosan increased, the antibacterial effectiveness of the EMD/CS formulation increased. The EMD/CS formulation with compositions of 0.5 mg/mL of emodin and 9.0 mg/mL of chitosan could significantly inhibit the proliferation of E. coli O157:H7. Meanwhile, the EMD/CS formulation with a lower concentration of emodin (0.4 mg/mL) and chitosan (7.2 mg/mL) could cause an extermination effect on MRSA. The enhanced solubility of EMD/CS formulation suggests that this formulation can be a potential candidate for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by drug-resistant bacterial pathogens.

The Advances in Chitosan-based Drug Delivery Systems for Colorectal Cancer: A Narrative Review.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered a lethal cancer all around the world, and its incidence has been reported to be increasing. Chemotherapeutic drugs commonly used for treating this cancer have shown some drawbacks, including toxicity to healthy cells and non-precise delivery. Thus, there is a necessity for discovering novel diagnostic and therapeutic options to increase the survival rate of CRC patients. Chitosan, as a natural polymer, has attracted a lot attention during the past years in different fields, including cancer. Studies have indicated that chitosan-based materials play various roles in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers. Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown to serve as anti-cancer agents, which provide sustained drug release and targeted delivery of drugs to the tumor site. In this paper, we review available literature on the roles of chitosan in CRC. We discuss the applications of chitosan in designing drug delivery systems as well as anti-cancer activities of chitosan and involved signaling pathways.

A Novel Approach for the Treatment of Aerobic Vaginitis: Azithromycin Liposomes-in-Chitosan Hydrogel.

Biocompatible mucoadhesive formulations that enable a sustained drug delivery at the site of action, while exhibiting inherent antimicrobial activity, are of great importance for improved local therapy of vaginal infections. The aim of this research was to prepare and evaluate the potential of the several types of azithromycin (AZM)-liposomes (180-250 nm) incorporated into chitosan hydrogel (AZM-liposomal hydrogels) for the treatment of aerobic vaginitis. AZM-liposomal hydrogels were characterized for in vitro release, and rheological, texture, and mucoadhesive properties under conditions simulating the vaginal site of application. The role of chitosan as a hydrogel-forming polymer with intrinsic antimicrobial properties was explored against several bacterial strains typical for aerobic vaginitis as well as its potential effect on the anti-staphylococcal activity of AZM-liposomes. Chitosan hydrogel prolonged the release of the liposomal drug and exhibited inherent antimicrobial activity. Additionally, it boosted the antibacterial effect of all tested AZM-liposomes. All AZM-liposomal hydrogels were biocompatible with the HeLa cells and demonstrated mechanical properties suitable for vaginal application, thus confirming their potential for enhanced local therapy of aerobic vaginitis.

Chitosan Enhances Intestinal Health in Cats by Altering the Composition of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites.

The interaction between gut microbiota and the health of the host has gained increasing attention. Chitosan is a natural alkaline polysaccharide with a wide range of beneficial effects. However, rare studies have been observed on the effects of dietary chitosan supplementation on intestinal health in cats. A total of 30 cats with mild diarrhea were divided into three groups, receiving a basic diet with 0 (CON), 500 (L-CS) or 2000 (H-CS) mg/kg chitosan. Samples of blood and feces were collected and analyzed for serology and gut microbiota composition. The results demonstrated that chitosan alleviated symptoms of diarrhea, with enhanced antioxidant capability and decreased inflammatory biomarker levels in serum. Chitosan reshaped the composition of gut microbiota in cats that the beneficial bacteria Allobaculum was significantly increased in the H-CS group. Acetate and butyrate contents in feces were significantly higher in the H-CS group in comparison to the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of dietary chitosan in cats enhanced intestinal health by modulating their intestinal microbes and improved microbiota-derived SCFA production. Our results provided insights into the role of chitosan in the gut microbiota of felines.

Role of chitosan against grapevine downy mildew

The study of environmentally friendly active principles against downy mildew represents one of the main challenges in viticulture. In this context, the aim of the present trial was to investigate the efficacy of chitosan as a resistance elicitor against downy mildew and to study the metabolites involved in the interaction plant-chitosan-pathogen by a metabolomics approach. The experiments were carried out on potted vines of Merlot R18 grafted on SO4 rootstock, Guyot trained, during 2022. Leaf disks pre-treated with chitosan were infected by Plasmopara viticola sporangia in 3 phenological phases and the development of infection was recorded. The most significant findings were: 1) Chitosan resulted as an effective elicitor of defense mechanism against Plasmopara viticola. 2) The elicitor activity of chitosan was explained mainly through the induction of some secondary metabolites (terpenes and resveratrol), fatty acids (involved in the biosynthesis of sterols), and hormones (brassinosteroids and abscisic acid). 3) The best efficacy corresponded to the application of chitosan 48 hours before the infection. The timing of the treatment was, therefore, one of the key factors for the success of chitosan treatment.

The Role of Chitosan in Improvisation the Drought Stress in Carum copticum through Biochemical and Essential Oil Components

The Role of Chitosan in Improvisation the Drought Stress in Carum copticum through Biochemical and Essential Oil Components

In-vivo study on the rat heart for studying the impact of the antioxidant activity of nanohybrid composite of fluoride-based on chitosan nanoparticles

The goal of this study is to see how a sublethal dosage of sodium fluoride with and without chitosan affects cardiac function indicators and the role of chitosan as an antioxidant material. These activities were seen in albino rats using a variety of biochemical markers and confirmed by DNA and RNA analysis. Twenty-eight adult males were divided into four groups at random (n = 7), also the animals were fed a well-balanced commercial diet. The effect of chitosan nanoparticles in reducing fluoride ions toxicity in the rat heart by loading them on the Cs NPs surface to generate a physiologically suitable composite (Cs@NaF). Different methods such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to describe the produced nanocomposite.The following procedures can be summarized from the present research:- Cs@NaFprotected rats by avoiding changes in lipid peroxidation in the organ, and the increased oxidative stress index shows enhanced intracellular ROS generation caused by NaF, which interacts with macromolecules in cells, including DNA, causing oxidative DNA damage.- Heart DNA and RNA concentration in treated rats with Cs, NaF were decreased while pre-administration of Cs@NaF treated rats the concentration of DNA and RNA were partially recovered.- NaF increased blood cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels while decreasing HDL, while the alterations in rat serum lipids were mitigated by pre-administration of Cs@NaF-treated rats.Cs@NaF hybrid nanocomposite is recommended as an alternative because the presence of Cs NPs helped to mitigate some of the negative effects of fluoride therapy.

Plant extract delivery and antibacterial properties of nano bacterial cellulose in the presence of dendrimer, chitosan, and herbal materials

This study mainly aimed to evaluate the antibacterial impact of bacterial cellulose (BC) including dendrimer, chitosan, Henna, Green tea and Malva sylvestris in various bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The produced bacterial cellulose was evaluated by antimicrobial (AATCC 25923 and AATCC 27853), cytotoxicity, swelling, drug delivery, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy tests. Antibacterial activity raised with increasing concentration of herbals and the most of antimicrobial effect belonged to G. tea. Cytotoxic test demonstrated that all of the samples did not have cytotoxic effect and viability percent for sample of BC with Henna, G. tea, and M. sylvestris extract were respectively 95.87%, 94.69% and 90.64%. Among the samples, the G. tea sample has the most swelling. In addition, delivery of the drug in water and phosphate buffer medium was the controlled release. Additionally, the most of the release related to the herbal drug Henna. SEM results showed BC with a highly porous three dimensional network structure. The considerable role of chitosan and dendrimer was evident in drug uptake and release. FTIR analysis demonstrated the presence of active groups in BC structure.

Role of chitosan in titanium coatings. trends and new generations of coatings.

Survival studies of dental implants currently reach high figures. However, considering that the recipients are middle-aged individuals with associated pathologies, research is focused on achieving bioactive surfaces that ensure osseointegration. Chitosan is a biocompatible, degradable polysaccharide with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, capable of inducing increased growth and fixation of osteoblasts around chitosan-coated titanium. Certain chemical modifications to its structure have been shown to enhance its antibacterial activity and osteoinductive properties and it is generally believed that chitosan-coated dental implants may have enhanced osseointegration capabilities and are likely to become a commercial option in the future. Our review provided an overview of the current concepts and theories of osseointegration and current titanium dental implant surfaces and coatings, with a special focus on the in vivo investigation of chitosan-coated implants and a current perspective on the future of titanium dental implant coatings.

Chitosan-Based Materials: An Overview of Potential Applications in Food Packaging.

Chitosan is a multifunctional biopolymer that is widely used in the food and medical fields because of its good antibacterial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibiting activity and its degradability. The biological activity of chitosan as a new food preservation material has gradually become a hot research topic. This paper reviews recent research on the bioactive mechanism of chitosan and introduces strategies for modifying and applying chitosan for food preservation and different preservation techniques to explore the potential application value of active chitosan-based food packaging. Finally, issues and perspectives on the role of chitosan in enhancing the freshness of food products are presented to provide a theoretical basis and scientific reference for subsequent research.