Role Of Borrowing Research Articles

ANOTHER LANGUAGE BASIS OF THE TERMINOLOGY OF THE NATURE MUSEUM CASE

The article examines the place and role of borrowings in the Ukrainian term system of the natural museum case. The composition of borrowings is clarified and the specifics of the functioning of types of foreign language term units are determined. The expediency of application of borrowed term units in the modern Ukrainian language has been determined. The reasons for the appearance of a significant number of borrowings in the terminological vocabulary have been clarified. It was revealed that the terminology of the natural museum area contains a significant layer of units of Greek-Latin origin, as well as borrowings from German, French, Italian, Arabic, and Dutch languages, which makes it possible to talk about the international character of the terminology. The largest part of terms of foreign origin in the studied terminology are borrowings from classical languages - Latin and Greek. The Latin language had a special role in medieval Europe, as it almost completely dominated in science, education and other spheres of life. Even from that time, Latinisms became a source of replenishment of scientific terminologies of all European languages. Since classical Latin was filled with Greek borrowings, the Greek language also became a lexical reserve for the construction of new terms. Mixed language constructions formed by combining two bases of the type Latin + Greek, Greek + Latin, French + Latin are also considered. The solution of urgent tasks regarding the organization and further replenishment of the studied term system of the Ukrainian language in accordance with modern economic and scientific and technical development requires a deep study of the sources, ways and methods of term formation inherent in the Ukrainian literary language. The involvement of foreign loanwords enables Ukrainian terminology to organically fit into the global scientific and technical context. Entering the term system, foreign language units undergo appropriate phonetic, morphological and semantic adaptation, which contributes to the expansion and enrichment of the modern Ukrainian term system of natural museum case.

Current trends in language ecosystem for a sustainable world

The article touches upon the issues of neology and ecolinguistics that are relevant for modern linguistics. From the point of view of ecolinguistics, language is an ecosystem capable of constantly changing and self-regulating. In this ecosystem, new words are constantly being formed, the meanings of old words are changing, which reflects the most significant processes and changes taking place in society at the moment of its development. The aim of this article is to identify current trends in language development reflecting the sustainable development of modern society: the features of the functioning of derived neologisms in modern English, the role of borrowings in replenishing the vocabulary of the language, as well as the study and determination of the specifics of their use in various spheres of life. The studied neologisms reflect almost all areas of life of modern English-speaking society, while most of the new lexical units are vocabulary related to everyday life, household needs, medicine and science caused by the coronavirus pandemic.

GERMANISMS AND THEIR ADAPTATION IN ENGLISH (BASED ON MATERIALS OF SOCIO-POLITICAL SPHERE AND SPHERE OF ECONOMY)

The article deals with Germanisms and their adaptation in English on materials of socio-political sphere and sphere of economy. The role and place of foreign borrowings in the lexical structure of the English language are determined. It was found out that the role of borrowings (loan-words) in different languages is different and depends on the specific conditions of development of each language. The borrowing rate in English is much higher than in other languages. In English, compared to other languages, it was possible to borrow foreign words in direct contact: first with foreign conquerors, who constantly replaced each other in the British Isles, and later due to trade expansion and colonial activity of the British themselves.

SYNONYMOUS FEATURES OF NATIVE AND BORROWED WORDS IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE

This article gives popular views on language, language enrichment and the role of borrowing in it and highlights the features of Uzbek native words. It presents the definitions of some selected native and borrowed words, which have the same meaning, and explains their usage area. The article gives a comprehensive comparative and lexical analysis of the selected words and this research learns the synonymic character of borrowings with native words.

Impacts of service quality on future intentions of loan purchase under the mediating of borrowers’ bank image and moderating Fatwa and Sharia supervisory board reputation

The purpose of this study is to test the moderating role of fatwa and Sharia supervisory board unit reputation in the relationship between service quality dimensions and borrowers’ bank image. It will also assess the mediating role of borrowers’ bank image in the relationship between service quality dimensions and future purchase intentions of loans. Questionnaire surveys are used to collect data by convenience sampling from the loan borrowers in Saudi Arabian Islamic banks. Structural equation modeling was performed to analyze 370 usable responses. The study finds that service quality dimensions have varying effects on loans future purchase intentions, the borrowers’ bank image fully and partially mediates the relationship between service quality dimensions and loans future purchase intentions (LFPI), and the fatwa and Sharia supervisory board reputation moderating the influence of service quality responsiveness on borrowers’ bank image. Bank image and fatwa and Sharia supervisory board reputation influences on future purchase intention were assessed by personal loan borrowers, and future studies could be conducted on other bank loan borrowers (corporate) according to their difference in the goal of loaning. The bank managers should be aware of the fatwa board's reputation influences on borrowers’ bank image and loan future purchase intentions. This research adds to the existing body of reputation and image management literature in the Islamic banking context by comprehending how specified service quality dimensions can improve the borrowers’ bank image and increase loan purchase intentions. The study is the first attempt to discover empirical support to the role of fatwa and Sharia supervisory board reputation in increasing the bank’s image and loans future purchase intentions at Islamic banks.

The role of borrowing in crisis coping among ultra-poor households in rural Bangladesh

In this study, we show how decisions to borrow from different formal and informal sources are associated with different types of disasters. We estimate the associations between loans from different sources using monthly panel data from Northern Bangladesh. Households borrow from different sources to cope with disasters. The cost of loans, however, may vary by the source of funds. MFI loans, while low in terms of interest cost, usually require a savings deposit, loan or application fee, with a longer trip or waiting time. Hence, households resort to loans from informal sources to deal with crises. We estimate the impulse responses of loans from different sources, which clearly show a hump-shape centring for the months of disasters. Pre-emptive loans are associated only with partially anticipated shocks. Aggregate shocks also limit how much households can borrow from their local peers. Our findings rationalise the roles played by both informal and formal micro-loans in crisis coping in Bangladesh, where the market for microfinance is ubiquitous. The development of the emergency credit market and the introduction of insurance services in rural areas will require the non-price costs of such financial products to be lowered.

The role of borrowings in the growth of language vocabulary

The role of borrowings in the growth of language vocabulary

ШЛЯХИ ПОЯВИ ЗАПОЗИЧЕНЬ В СУЧАСНІЙ АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ МОВІ. ЇХ АСИМІЛЯЦІЯ ТА ВЖИВАННЯ

Important and characteristic or peculiar features of any language and its vocabulary are mobility, changeability, striving for improvement and development. Any language in a certain extent enriches by new words at the expense of its own resources and of course at the expense of borrowings. The role of borrowings is different in different languages and it depends on the concrete historical circumstances of language development. In English the percent of loan words is higher than in other languages thanks to the historical events. At the present stage, a new impulse is being traced to a more careful and detailed study of neologisms, which is due to the rapid growth of their number, that is, the frequent appearance of new realities naturally, necessitates the acceleration of the nomination process. One of the means of the emergence of new lexical units is borrowing. The relevance of the topic of the article is also due to the increased attention of scholars to the borrowed vocabulary as a component of the vocabulary of English and the anthropocentric orientation of modern linguistic studies, the need to systematize foreign-language lexical units in modern marine English at semantic level. The study of borrowing in these aspects corresponds to the current categorical approaches to the study of linguistic phenomena, as it combines the parameters of both the traditional and the new linguistic paradigm.

ЗАПОЗИЧЕННЯ ЯК ДЕТЕРМІНАНТА ДИНАМІКИ ЛЕКСИКОНУ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ XVI–XVII СТ.

The language situation in Ukraine in the XVI–XVII centuries by V. Nimchuk definition, was «the most complicated in Europe (if not worldwide)», because the languages «manifested the competition of different ideologies and political-economic systems. Languages were opposing worlds and harbingers of a new world view birth, or the concept of the world» (I. Farion). In the researched period in Ukraine different languages were developed and used: Ukrainian, Church Slavonic, Greek, Latin, Hebraic, Yiddish, Armenian, Turkish, Kipchak-Tatar, Polish, German, Hungarian, Italian, French and others. The result of the language interaction became the lexical borrowings, the amount of which was increased in the XVI–XVII centuries, that was caused by both intralingual and external reasons. It is important to outline the types of changes of the dynamics of Ukrainian lexicon of study period to determine the influence mechanisms of borrowings on the structure of the language-recipient.The purpose. Article is dedicated to explanation of extralingual factors of development of lexicon Ukrainian language of XVI–XVII ct., role of borrowings in this process and their coexistence with native lexic. Changes of lexic of thematical groups of names of persons by their job of kind of business, which were in XVI–XVII ct., are analized. This lexic reflects state of development of craft and industry in Ukraine in period, which being invesigated, and witnesses level of economical, legal, political and cultural development, presence of own and adopted crafts.Research methods. General scientific methods (induction, deduction, analysys, synthesis), special linguistic methods (descriptional, linguo-cultural, systematic-classicifical) and quantity calculation approach are used in this work.Main results of study. Ukrainian literal sources of XVI–XVII ct. prove borrowings from Latin, Greek, Church-Slavic, Polish, German, Italian, French, Hungarian, Romanian, Lituanian, Dutch, Russian, Belorussian, Chekh, Arabian and Turkish languages. These lexems got into Ukrainian language either direct or with mediatory of other languages, most Polish or Chekh, wich was caused by complex lingual or extralingual factors.Scientific novelty of research results. Adoptions as an element of development of Ukrainian lexicon of XVI–XVII ct. made different impact to the development of particular TGL and LSG, which was caused by chain of lingual and extralingual factors and caused multidimention of TGL and non-uniform dencity of outer lexic inside them. Saturation of particular ideographic spheres by borrowings depended on many reasons, in particular, from state of development of corresponding TGL and LSG, actuality of shpere of nomination by itself, existence (and their quantity) of native semantic dublets. Linguists-historicians has different quantity of using of words, remote by time, which allows us to extract particular meanings or their shades from their basement. A linguist is bound to outgoing material, which does not allow him to reach completeness of modelling of lexicon dynamic. Conclusions and specific suggestions of the autor. It’s notices, that using of achievemnts of dialectology, archeology, ethnography, history, folkloristics will allow to contribute significant amends into understanding of specifics of development of Ukrainian language in XVI–XVII ct. Investigation of Ukrainian language realm in diachrony through the prism of literal sources forces an activisation of new lexicographic studies. Creation of array of texts is an important step in modern Ukrainian lexicographic studies, because it supports complex investigation of language material, it’s availability to specialists in different spheres of knowledge

Соціокомунікативний підхід до проблеми запозичень в українській податковій термінології

The influence of scientific terminology on the formation of the national language is manifested in the expansion of the terminological vocabulary of the Ukrainian language at the expense of words associated with new types of mental and practical activity, in interaction with the lexical system of living, spoken language, in categorical differentiation of lexemes (belonging to different categories – names processes, objects, phenomena, individuals, institutions), in the formation of the first system formations on the disparate terms basis. Tax terminology belongs to the ancient layers of the lexical system, its formation depends on many linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and ordering were the least studied of Ukrainian Linguistic issues. The least studied in linguistic-Ukrainian studies were the questions of the functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and organization. The analysis of the historical background of economic activity in the Ukrainian language aspect, is closely linked to the Ukrainian political history. In addition, we take into account the geopolitical situation that arose as a result of the distribution of Ukrainian lands for several centuries between different states, where Ukrainians followed to legislations of these countries, where the rights and status of the Ukrainian language manifested itself in different ways. Different linguistic and political orientations of the regions of Ukraine had influenced on the formation of the tax terminology on the Dnieper and Dniester territories. As follows, there were extralinguistic factors of analyzed terms borrowing which had the main influence on the process, such as: Integration processes in science, the high level of development of this science-applied discipline in the countries of Western Europe. The long existence of Ukraine in conditions of economic, socio-political and cultural dependence on neighbouring states. As a result of the historical and political factors, the stages of free, natural development of terminology, dominance in all spheres of special language, specifically Ukrainian vocabulary, as alternating with the stages of artificial Russification, polonization or Germanization of the economic vocabulary of the Ukrainian language with parallel withdrawal from the circulation of terms created on its own linguistic basis. The sources of the Ukrainian tax terminology were such languages as Latin, Greek, French, German, Lithuanian, Italian, English, Turkish, Arabic, Polish. The situation of uncertainty and ambiguity of approaches that has developed in Ukraine in the field of scientific language (scientific style in general) requires serious linguistic analysis and developing of specific recommendations for the creation and use of terms due to their solidity in science and the language, convenience, and the correspondence of the Ukrainian language system. That is why particular importance is the question of the correlation of the national language and foreign languages terms, the role of borrowing in the system of development modern Ukrainian terminology. The best option is to use national terms if they correspond to the optimal aesthetic, linguistic and cultural characteristics, psychological characteristics. The situation of uncertainty ambiguity of approaches which has developed in Ukraine in the field of the scientific language, (the scientific style in general),needs serious linguistic analysis and making specific recommendations as for creating and using terms, considering on their solidity in science and language, convenience, compliance with the Ukrainian language system.

ПРОБЛЕМА ДЕФІНІЦІЇ ТЕРМІНА “ОКАЗІОНАЛІЗМ”

The article is devoted to the theoretical problem of defining the term “neologism”. Considering the dynamism and constant replenishment of the ocasional vocabulary fund, there is some problem in defining the very term “occasional”. The article reviews the definition of the concept of “neologism” and “occasionality” by Ukrainian and foreign linguists. Often, researchers interpret this concept more narrowly or broadly, by contrasting or comparing the concepts of “neologism”, “individually-authorial word”, and others. Neologism is the word or its lexical meaning, which, unlike the well-known and conventional lexical units or their traditional meanings, is characterized by novelty and perceived as unusual. Neologisms include lexical-semantic units that have a stylistic newness. Secondly chronological understanding of neologisms is also known. The content of this concept is much wider. It covers all new phenomena in the field of vocabulary or lexical semantics that arose during a certain, predetermined period, regardless of whether the stylistic tone of freshness and unusualness, of unconsciousness, whether it has already disappeared, or maybe it wasn’t felt even at the time of the appearance of neologism. The history of the issue and the multidimensional views of the researchers on the development of the theory of occasional word-formation are described. The role of borrowing in the formation of the neologistic vocabulary is considered. The place of the borrowed word in the active and passive dictionary is determined by the function of borrowing itself. Occasionalisms are considered as means of expressive influence on the reader, which are actualized in the language creation of many contemporary Ukrainian authors. For the reason that the formation of the individual language tastes of the writer is always influenced by the linguistic experience of his predecessors, and knowledge of various spheres of the spiritual life of the peoples of the world, numerous areas of science, art and culture, and at the same time, a close connection with the language of the native culture, with folk creativity and conversational tradition.

Three Korean transcription systems for Mandarin loanwords

Abstract This paper investigates the factors involved in the adaptation of loanwords and how these factors influence each other through a case study of three systems of transcription for Mandarin loanwords in Korean. The result of this study demonstrates that perception, phonology, and source-language orthography are all important factors in the three systems of transcription. This study provides empirical evidence to what causes speakers of the same native language – in our case, Korean – to propose different adapted forms for the same source input and argues that variation in adaption patterns can be viewed as results of different constraints and different rankings of the same constraints. Last, this study invites researchers to pay more attention to the role of borrowers in the hope of building a more robust model of loanword adaptation.

РОЛЬ ЗАПОЗИЧЕНЬ У ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ РЕАЛЬНОГО СЕКТОРА ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article considers the volumes and role of borrowing in the financing of investment activities of non-financial corporations. In modern conditions, debt financing provides about 20% of the financial resources of enterprises in the real sector of the economy. The volume and influence of factors on the change in the volume of attraction of financial resources by enterprises of the real sector of the economy are determined. It was established that the scale of borrowing in the securities market is limited due to the growth of the issue of government bonds of the domestic loan. An increase in the role of a bank loan in financing investments will largely depend on lowering the cost of the loan. Recommendations on the growth of investment activity of non-financial corporations are given due to the growth of borrowing in the banking and securities markets

The influence of borrowings and internationalisms on the development of diplomatic terminology

Purpose of the study. The article analyzes the lexico-semantic features of the terminology system of diplomacy, the ways of its development, the role of borrowings and internationalisms in the construction of this professional sublanguage, examines the pragmatic functionality of the terminological units of the given terminology system, analyzes the lexical conjugation of the terms of the Ukrainian terminology, with their correspondences in German, French, English and Russian, as well as aspects of the normalization of this professional sublanguage. The terms of diplomacy of the modern Ukrainian language served as an object of research. The tasks of this research led to a comprehensive research methodology - the main method is analytical and descriptive (study of the ways of term formation in the structural and semantic aspects). The statistical method (a quantitative study of the relationships between various facts) was also used for contrasting (the functioning of diplomatic terms in Ukrainian, English, German, French and Russian). The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the terminology of diplomacy is studied at the micro- and macrolevels, the interrelation and differences in the TOE of the indicated terminology system in different languages are shown. Conclusions. The result of the study was the manifestation of certain regularities and features of the development of the terminology system of diplomacy, some linguistic aspects of the functioning of terms on the example of a professional sublanguage of diplomacy.

Finance, inflation and employment: a post-Keynesian/Kaleckian analysis

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the post-Keynesian/Kaleckian macroeconomic literature. We develop a macroeconomic model that explicitly integrates the role of borrowing and cash payment commitments on outstanding debt (interest plus principal repayment) into the consumption and investment expenditures, as well as into the inflation-generating process. We explore the way that finance influences the distribution effects of inflation in the demand-side of a money/credit-using economy; we suggest a new Phillips curve that encapsulates the impact of financial commitments on wage and profit claims. We argue that high debt and cash payment commitments are likely to be associated with a positive demand-side effect of inflation on the rate of employment; and that they might be conducive to a negative supply-side effect of employment on the inflation rate. © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Cambridge Political Economy Society. All rights reserved.