Role Of Biomarkers In Diagnosis Research Articles

The Role of Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Sepsis and Acute Kidney Injury.

Sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI) are two major public health concerns that contribute significantly to illness and death worldwide. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential for achieving the best possible outcomes. To date, there are no specific clinical, imaging, or biochemical indicators available to diagnose sepsis, and diagnosis of AKI based on the KDIGO criterion has limitations. To improve the diagnostic process for sepsis and AKI, it is essential to continually evolve our understanding of these conditions. Delays in diagnosis and appropriate treatment can have serious consequences. Sepsis and AKI often occur together, and patients with kidney dysfunction are more prone to developing sepsis. Therefore, identifying potential biomarkers for both conditions is crucial. In this review, we talk about the main biomarkers that evolve the diagnostic of sepsis and AKI, namely neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), proenkephalin (PENK), and cell-free DNA.

The role of biomarkers in diagnosis of COVID-19: a systematic review

The role of biomarkers in diagnosis of COVID-19: a systematic review

Diagnostic work up: Laboratory and biomarkers.

This chapter will focus on the diagnostic work around sexual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, especially laboratory tests and biomarkers. A number of methods to analyze if sexual dysfunction is caused by neural pathology, vascular dysfunction or other mechanisms are now available. Other methods can be used to differentiate between psychogenic/functional reasons behind sexual dysfunction and organic ones. The role of biomarkers for diagnosis, but also for understanding the reason behind and for counteracting sexual dysfunction is becoming more evident. There is also a rich and increasing number of scales and other instruments available for detecting and quantifying sexual hypo- and hyperactivity. When investigating the reason behind sexual dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease comorbidities should also be considered. Finally, early and pronounced sexual dysfunction might in some cases be an indication that differential diagnosis, like Multisystem Atrophy, should be thought about. All these aspects of the diagnostic procedures around sexual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease will be covered in this chapter.

A review on role of biomarkers in diagnosis and treatments of various cancers

This article is focused mainly on the role of the remote presence robot in health care facilities. This article has a view of the advantages, disadvantages, objectives, uses of RPRT in health care settings, and in different departments, and precautions to be taken while using RPR. In recent decades the usage of remote presence robots has been used in many clinical settings like ICU, emergency departments, medical, surgical, neurological units, and operating rooms. Remote presence robot technology RPRT, is an advanced robotics device technology that enables health care professionals to provide real-time clinical services to patients. This has been increasing in both outpatient and inpatient settings. RPRT in medical education can teach the professional curriculum to students in an interactive way as teachers do. RPR can even enable teachers to teach and interact with students remotely. The world's first hospital to introduce remote presence robots in the university of California, Los Angeles in its neurosurgery intensive care unit. The application of RPRT will increase doctor access for patients, families, and hospital staff in clinical care settings.

Dental health in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and the role of biomarkers in diagnosis

Because the oral cavity is the entrance portal and part of the gastrointestinal tract, oral manifestations occur in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Oral manifestations of IBD manifest as a systemic complication or extraintestinal manifestation that may precede, exacerbate, or regress with changes in disease severity. Some of these manifestations are aphthous ulcers, gingivitis, periodontitis, halitosis and others. The oral cavity is one of the most affected areas in patients with CKD - 25-30% of patients. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between dental health and chronic inflammatory bowel disease and the role of biomarkers in their diagnosis. For the period between December 2020 and March 2021 is conducted a systematic analysis of scientific publications in the available databases (PubMed, BioMedCentral, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science), examining the relationship between dental health and chronic inflammatory bowel disease and the role of biomarkers in their diagnosis.

O.6 Laboratory biomarkers of severe COVID-19 in pregnancy

Introduction: Elevated D-dimer is associated with worse outcomes from COVID-19 in non-pregnant adults.[1]Kermali M, Khalsa RK, Pillai K, et al. The role of biomarkers in diagnosis of COVID-19- A systematic review. Life Sci 2020 Aug 1;254:117788Google Scholar We analysed laboratory parameters of pregnant women with PCR swab positive COVID-19 to identify biomarkers associated with severe infection. Methods:After ethical approval, anonymised observational data were collected on pregnant women admitted with PCR swab positive COVID-19. Infection was classified as mild (asymptomatic screen positive/mild symptomatic) or severe (requiring organ support). Information collected included symptoms, demographic and pregnancy data, blood results and outcome data. Sequential women having planned caesarean section with negative COVID-19 PCR were controls. Results: 34 women with PCR positive COVID-19 were recruited between 10 June–31 December 2020; 15 were asymptomatic. Median day of presentation from symptom onset was 3 (IQR, range) (3, 0–12). Control, mild and severe groups had median ages of 32, 30.5 and 31; gestation of 39, 38+6 and 31+5 and BMI of 27, 28, 28, respectively. The proportion of smokers was 12%, 11% and 17%; and diabetics 13%, 14% and 17%. BAME was 23%, 40% and 67%. In the severe group, 6 required supplemental oxygen, 1 progressed to invasive ventilation. None required renal support. Discussion: Lymphocytopenia and higher CRP at admission were associated with increased disease severity similar to non- pregnant adults. BAME women were over represented in the severe COVID-19 group. D-dimers were indistinguishable between mild and severe COVID-19 groups in contrast to non- pregnant adults so cannot be used as a predictive biomarker.

Quality of Life and Increasing Role of Biomarkers in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Prediction of Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a long term serious complication associated with diabetes and is defined as the ulceration in diabetic patients caused due to peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease of lower limbs. It is one of the major and leading causes of lower extremity amputations and increased morbidity. Increased podiatric pressure, abnormal glycemic parameters and many other causes leads to healing and non-healing ulcers in diabetic patients. Quality of life in DFU patients vary depending upon the stages of ulcers and duration of ulcers. DFU patients with healed ulcer will have higher quality of life than the patient with non-healed and chronic ulcers. Health related quality of life decreased progressively with the poor healing of wounds. In current scenario biomarkers are playing a major role in drug discovery, preclinical pharmacological studies, clinical trials and post marketing studies. The general biomarker discussed in this review are transforming growth factor, procalcitonin, calprotectin, cystatinC, Osteoprotegerin-1, edothelin-1, CXCL-6, CXCL-12, Epithelial neutrophil activator, hypoxia inducible factor-1, Growth factors, Nitric oxide, Stem progenitor cell, Matrix metalloproteinase, Fibrinogen and Serpin B3. These above mentioned biomarkers are gaining importance in current scenario thus reducing morbidity and mortality rate.

Corrigendum to “Role of Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Prognostic Evaluation of Acute Pancreatitis”

Corrigendum to “Role of Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Prognostic Evaluation of Acute Pancreatitis”

Clinical features and first degree relative breast cancer, their correlation with histological tumor grade: a 5-year retrospective case study of breast cancer in Mizoram, India.

The aim was to assess the association of histological tumor grade with other clinical features and epidemiological factors of women with invasive breast carcinoma. A retrospective study of 103 Mizo breast cancer patients visiting hospitals was made in Aizawl, Mizoram, Northeast India. With a prior consent, information on epidemiological factors and family history in relation to cancer was obtained. Clinical reports were obtained from their medical records. The frequency of distribution was calculated for age at diagnosis and tumor characteristics. Statistical analysis for different variables was done using a chi-square test. p < 0.05 was considered significant. The histological tumor grades in our studies were found to be associated with lymph node invasion (p < 0.021), different subtype of hormone receptor such as ER status (p < 0.004), ER/PR status (p < 0.007), HER2/neu status (p < 0.014), and ER/PR/HER2 status (p < 0.025). A patient with a family history of breast cancer in their 1st degree relative is also seen to have association in determining the tumor grade (p < 0.003). Reproductive history, lifestyle and dietary habits, tobacco, and alcohol consumption were found to have no influence on breast cancer tumor grade. Our results showing significant correlation between status of lymph node, ER, PR, and HER2/neu oncoprotein and family history with 1st degree relative breast cancer are the first time report to target and focus on the possible role of biomarkers for diagnosis among the Mizo tribal breast cancer patients.

Biomarkers in sepsis

Objectives To perform a systematic review of the different categories of sepsis biomarkers including the new promising biomarkers and their role in diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis. Data sources Data were obtained from Medline databases (PubMed, Medscape, and Science Direct) and from materials available on the network from 2003 to April 2017. Study selection The initial search presented 30 articles. The research studies that met the inclusion criteria were 10 articles. All articles studied the role of biomarkers in diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis. Data extraction If the studies did not fulfill the inclusion criteria, they were excluded. Study quality assessment included whether ethical approval was gained, eligibility criteria specified, appropriate controls mentioned, adequate information provided, and assessment measures defined. Data synthesis Comparisons were made by structured review with the results tabulated. Results The use of combined biomarkers can be more efficient than using a single biomarker in diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis. Conclusion Biomarkers play a vital role for early diagnosis of sepsis, to predict outcome, and to guide choice of antibiotic therapy. In these modern times, clinicians encounter the laboratory results on a daily basis. Therefore, proper interpretation and wise use of biomarkers are necessary. Combination approaches of biomarkers with new techniques have shown promising results and need to be further evaluated.

Role of Urinary Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis.

Role of Urinary Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis.

A Clinical Approach to the Diagnosis of Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome: A Review.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) refers to pathologic changes that have been found in some individuals with a history of repetitive traumatic impact to the head (hereinafter referred to as head trauma). These changes cannot be assessed during the clinical evaluation of a living patient. The neuropathologic features, taxonomy, history, role of biomarkers in diagnosis, and existing criteria of CTE are reviewed. Previous criteria have been proposed to approach the living patient; however, a unified, specific approach is needed for the practicing clinician. We propose a new diagnostic construct for the clinical syndrome associated with repetitive exposure to head trauma: traumatic encephalopathy syndrome. This clinical paradigm will provide the framework for a diagnosis of probable, possible, and unlikely traumatic encephalopathy syndrome, with included discussion regarding the minimum exposure, nature of the clinical course, and additional clinical features needed for diagnosis. While prospective longitudinal studies are ongoing to further elucidate the association of exposure to head trauma, clinical features, and the development of pathologic changes, a corresponding clinical construct for diagnosis is necessary.

Role of biomarkers in diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity of Crohn’s disease

Role of biomarkers in diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity of Crohn’s disease

Role of Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Prognostic Evaluation of Acute Pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis is a potentially life threatening disease. The spectrum of severity of the illness ranges from mild self-limiting disease to a highly fatal severe necrotizing pancreatitis. Despite intensive research and improved patient care, overall mortality still remains high, reaching up to 30–40% in cases with infected pancreatic necrosis. Although little is known about the exact pathogenesis, it has been widely accepted that premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreatic acinar cell is the trigger that leads to autodigestion of pancreatic tissue which is followed by infiltration and activation of leukocytes. Extensive research has been done over the past few decades regarding their role in diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of severe acute pancreatitis. Although many standalone biochemical markers have been studied for early assessment of severity, C-reactive protein still remains the most frequently used along with Interleukin-6. In this review we have discussed briefly the pathogenesis and the role of different biochemical markers in the diagnosis and severity evaluation in acute pancreatitis.

Candida kefyr as a cause of bloodstream infection and adjunctive role of biomarkers in its diagnosis

A rare case of bloodstream infection caused by Candida kefyr is described. The diagnosis was established by repeatedly isolating the yeast in blood cultures and by detecting C.kefyr-specific DNA in serum samples. Demonstration of elevated serum levels of β-D-glucan and Candida mannan also provided additional diagnostic evidence. The identity of the isolates was confirmed by PCR sequencing of the ITS region of rDNA. This is the first report of C.kefyr candidemia from Kuwait and the Middle East. The report highlights emerging clinical significance of rare Candida spp. in etiology of candidemia and reinforces the adjunctive role of biomarkers in diagnosis.

Diagnostic values of biomarkers in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

An acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) plays an important role in the disease progression and significantly reduces the patients' quality of life. The aim of this review was to summarize published findings about a possible role of biomarkers in diagnosis, management and predicting outcomes in COPD patients. Creactive protein and serum amyloid A are the most investigated biomarkers in this field. Measurement of copeptin and proadrenomedullin may be useful in predicting shortterm outcomes. Biomarkeroriented management of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD could be important for choosing medications.

Abstract TP223: Role of Plasma Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes

Objectives: Identifying underlying stroke etiology plays critical role in acute management and secondary prevention strategies. Despite advanced diagnostics, up to 35% of ischemic strokes (IS) remain undetermined. We sought to evaluate the association between IS subtypes and plasma levels of biomarkers as representative of distinct etiologies underlying stroke subtypes. Methods: We prospectively measured plasma high sensitivity-C reactive protein (hs-CRP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, F2-isoprostane (F2-isoP), Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity assay (ORAC), homocysteine and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG), in patients presenting within 9 hours from acute ischemic stroke (AIS) onset. Stroke subtype was assigned by a stroke neurologist according to the Causative Classification of Stroke System (CCSS) criteria. Results: There were 489 AIS subjects enrolled in this study [mean (SD) age 70.1 (15.1) y; 43.4% female; median (IQR) NIHSS 6 (3-13); 40.7% received IV tPA]. Among these AIS, 51% were of cardioembolic (CE), 17% of atherothrombotic, 7% of lacunar, 5% of other, and 20% of undetermined subtype. Patients with CE stroke were older and more likely to be female, non-smokers, have atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure, but not carotid stenosis (all p&lt;0.05). CE stroke subtype was also associated with greater stroke severity, and baseline levels of MMP-2 (p= 0.001) and ORAC (p= 0.008), as compared to other CCSS subtypes. In multivariate logistic regression analysis including all univariate predictors with p&lt;0.05 as well as treatment with IV t-PA, baseline MMP-2 (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-5.8; p= 0.006) and ORAC (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3-5.1; p= 0.007) was independently associated with CE stroke subtype. Conversely, the “other” stroke subtype was associated with lower levels of MMP-2 (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.02-0.3; p= 0.001), and homocysteine levels were independently correlated with undetermined subtype (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.1; p= 0.008). Conclusions: In AIS patients, hyperacute plasma biomarkers are associated with specific stroke subtypes, reflective of the underlying pathophysiology. If validated in future studies, plasma biomarkers may play valuable role in early diagnosis and guide management of specific AIS subtypes.

The Role of Biomarkers for Diagnosis of and Therapeutic Decisions Related to Invasive Aspergillosis in Children

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a feared opportunistic infection for many immuncompromised children resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Timely diagnosis based on traditional testing modalities and clinical evaluation has proven to be challenging. Assays designed to measure IA biomarkers such as galactomannan (GM) and beta-D-glucan (BG) represent a potential significant improvement in the ability to diagnose pediatric IA. However, as with any new diagnostic tool, clinicians need to be aware of the operating characteristics of these assays in order to apply them in the appropriate settings. Published adult and pediatric data regarding GM and BG testing are reviewed and guidance regarding the appropriate utility of these assays in children is offered.

Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury and Development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Potential Role for Biomarkers in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment?

The diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) upon autopsy in a growing number of athletes and soldiers alike has resulted in increased awareness, by both the scientific/medical and lay communities, of the potential for lasting effects of repetitive traumatic brain injury. While the scientific community has come to better understand the clinical presentation and underlying pathophysiology of CTE, the diagnosis of CTE remains autopsy-based, which prevents adequate monitoring and tracking of the disease. The lack of established biomarkers or imaging modalities for diagnostic and prognostic purposes also prevents the development and implementation of therapeutic protocols. In this work the clinical history and pathologic findings associated with CTE are reviewed, as well as imaging modalities that have demonstrated some promise for future use in the diagnosis and/or tracking of CTE or repetitive brain injury. Biomarkers under investigation are also discussed with particular attention to the timing of release and potential utility in situations of repetitive traumatic brain injury. Further investigation into imaging modalities and biomarker elucidation for the diagnosis of CTE is clearly both needed and warranted.

Injury Markers but not Amyloid Markers are Associated with Rapid Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common cause of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the time between the diagnosis of MCI and the diagnosis of dementia is highly variable. In this study we investigated which known risk factors and biomarkers of AD pathology were associated with rapid progression from MCI to dementia. Of the 203 subjects with MCI, 91 progressed to AD-type dementia and were considered to have MCI-AD at baseline. Subjects with MCI-AD were older, more frequently female and carrier of the APOE-ε4 allele, had lower scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), more medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) and lower levels of Aβ1-42 and increased levels of t-tau and p-tau in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compared to subjects without AD-type dementia at follow up. Of the 91 subjects with MCI-AD, we had data available of CSF (n = 56), MTA (n = 76), and APOE-genotype (n = 63). Among the subjects with MCI-AD, MTA (hazard ratio (HR) 2.2, p = 0.004) and low MMSE score (HR 2.0 p = 0.007) were associated with rapid progression to dementia. High CSF t-tau (HR 1.7, p = 0.07) and p-tau (1.7, p = 0.08) tended to be associated with rapid progression to dementia. CSF Aβ1-42, APOE status, age, gender, and educational level were not associated with time to dementia. Our findings implicate a different role for biomarkers in diagnosis and prognosis of MCI-AD. While amyloid markers can be used to identify MCI-AD, injury markers may predict rapid progression to dementia.