Role Of Auxiliaries Research Articles

Ageing and energy performance analysis of a utility-scale lithium-ion battery for power grid applications through a data-driven empirical modelling approach

Energy storage systems are becoming one of the most relevant technologies to effectively support renewable energy source (RES) deployment at large. The present work proposes a detailed ageing and energy analysis based on a data-driven empirical approach of a real utility-scale grid-connected lithium-ion battery energy storage system (LIBESS) for providing power grid services. The system under investigation is an operative utility-scale LIBESS integrated with a multi-MW PV plant and connected to the medium voltage network, located in Southern-Italy. The ageing and energy analysis has been performed using data measured by the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system directly connected with the LIBESS. This large amount of data is collected in a cloud database and then elaborated using proper software tools. This experimental campaign applied on a commercial LIBESS covers the impact of degradation mechanisms, such as cycle and calendar ageing, the battery and global system efficiency as well as the role of auxiliaries' power consumption under normal and power grid services operations. Thanks to the low complexity of the proposed data-driven model, it could be easily replicated in any other LIBESS facility, both operative in real-world framework and in laboratory context. The state-of-health (SOH) estimated by the degradation model implemented in this work after 3 years of operations and after 356 full-cycles equivalents is equal to 95.88 %, with an average capacity loss compared to the nominal capacity of about 1.37 % per year. Energy analysis revealed an average system global efficiency of 85 % for operations close to the nominal power that decreases to 65 % for operations at low power rates. While considering the grid network services operations, the power grid applications investigated are primary frequency regulation, secondary voltage regulation and PV unbalances reduction. Our results show that primary frequency regulation is the most efficient service in terms of ageing and energy performances. It has been evaluated a capacity loss of 0.03 kWh per each full-cycle equivalent performed during primary frequency regulation. Differently, secondary voltage regulation and PV unbalances reduction present a capacity loss of 0.1 kWh and of 0.05 kWh per each full-cycle equivalent, respectively. At the same time, the global efficiency of primary regulation (around 83 %) is remarkably higher compared to secondary voltage regulation (about 47 %) and to PV unbalances reduction (about 55 %). Results support the relevance to identify the most impacting key performance indicators for effective exploitation of LIBESS in power system and network services applications.

A survey of the provision of orthodontics in Ireland 2018

Workforce planning is important in all aspects of healthcare; in orthodontics, this must take into account several issues including the need for orthodontic treatment, the number of specialist personnel available to provide treatment and the role of orthodontic auxiliaries. The aim of this study was to collect information on the orthodontic workforce in Ireland and to compare this information with previous studies (2001, 2007) in order to determine longitudinal trends in the orthodontic workforce in Ireland. The study was carried out in the form of a survey. The survey included orthodontic specialists practising in the Republic of Ireland. A list of these practitioners was obtained via the Orthodontic Society of Ireland (OSI) and the orthodontic specialist register of the Dental Council of Ireland. The study was circulated both via email and post for completion by March 31, 2018. The electronic version used SurveyMonkey software, which provides a user-friendly interface between the operator and the target population. Data was then collated using both hard copy and online survey responses. The survey showed that the number of orthodontists in Ireland has increased since 2007, with the practitioner ratio to the number of 12-year-olds remaining stable. It also highlights the increasing role for orthodontic auxiliaries, which may affect future workforce levels. Workforce planning must consider current specialist practitioner numbers, population growth and the increasing role of auxiliaries in orthodontic practice, along with the older age profile of practising orthodontists.

Training and scope of practice for orthodontic auxiliaries: where does the uk sit within europe?

Abstract: This article aims to outline the role and training of orthodontic auxiliaries in the UK, including the development of orthodontic therapists (OTs). The limitations and findings from a survey taken to understand the training and scope of orthodontic auxiliaries across Europe are provided and we reflect on the desirability and feasibility of standardized training for OTs, particularly in light of Brexit. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Orthodontic auxiliaries are important members of the dental team. It is important that the training, role and scope of practice of all team members are understood to allow safe delegation and supervision.

Reproductive promiscuity in the variegated fairy-wren: an alternative reproductive strategy in the absence of helpers?

Cooperative breeding, in which auxiliary group members help rear related, but nondescendent young, is often explained by kin selection. Reproductive monogamy is predicted in cooperatively breeding systems, as monogamy increases intragroup relatedness and maximizes auxiliary inclusive fitness. While monogamy is observed across many systems, including eusocial insects and cooperatively breeding mammals, some cooperatively breeding birds exhibit high rates of extrapair paternity. Here we quantify paternity and examine the role of auxiliaries on extrapair paternity in the highly cooperative variegated fairy-wren, Malurus lamberti, a species with both male and female auxiliaries. Extrapair paternity occurred in 55.4% of nests, and 39.8% of offspring were the result of extrapair matings. The presence of both male and female auxiliaries had a positive relationship with the percentage of within-pair young sired by dominant males, however, the presence of male auxiliaries had a stronger impact than the presence of females. The number of extrapair young sired by dominant males decreased as the number of male auxiliaries increased. The total number of young sired by dominant males, however, was not predicted by group size or relatedness to their social partner, nor did group composition or relatedness to the breeding pair predict the reproductive success of subordinate males. We hypothesize that breeders use alternative reproductive strategies in the presence or absence of auxiliaries. Males and females may seek extrapair reproductive opportunities when no help is available in their group and nest survival is expected to be low. When help is available, breeders may reduce extrapair paternity, either to increase intragroup relatedness or because confidence in nest survival is high. Our data suggest that group composition is important in understanding extrapair paternity rates in cooperatively breeding birds and that variation in extrapair paternity rates may be the result of flexible breeding strategies when auxiliary presence and identity varies.

The role of auxiliaries in the immersion dyeing of textile fibres: Part 11 residual inorganic electrolyte levels present during the wash-off of commercial grade reactive dyes

When both 2% omf and 5% omf dyeings on cotton were produced using three commercial grade reactive dyes in the complete absence of added inorganic electrolyte, a substantially modified wash-off process could be used in which both the number of wash-off baths and the liquor ratio utilised for each wash-off bath could be reduced. Measurements of the chloride ion concentration of residual dyebath, wash-off bath and final rinse bath liquors revealed that the reason why such a modified wash-off process could be utilised is due to the inherently very low dye-fibre substantivity that exists within the dyed substrate that results from the absence of added NaCl or Na2SO4 in dyeing.

The role of auxiliaries in the immersion dyeing of textile fibres: Part 3 theoretical model to describe the role of inorganic electrolytes used in dyeing cellulosic fibres with direct dyes

A model is proposed to explain the manner by which the uptake of direct dyes on cellulosic fibres is promoted by the addition of inorganic electrolyte (NaCl or Na2SO4) to the dyebath. According to the model, which invokes the concept of interstitial water in dyeing, the intrinsically low substantivity displayed by direct dyes towards cellulosic fibres in the absence of added electrolyte results from the dye's marked preference for the aqueous dyebath phase, which stems from the dye's high solubility. Adding NaCl or Na2SO4 to a direct dye dyebath promotes dye aggregation which reduces the solubility of the dye in the bulk dyebath phase, so that the inherent preference of the originally highly soluble dye to favour the aqueous phase shifts towards the fibre phase.

The role of auxiliaries in the immersion dyeing of textile fibres: Part 10 the influence of inorganic electrolyte on the wash-off of reactive dyes

The depth of shade of dyeings obtained using three commercial reactive dyes on cotton in the absence of added electrolyte at a 1:2 liquor ratio were of similar magnitude to those secured in the presence of 50 gl-1 NaCl at a 1:10 liquor ratio. In the case of both the 2% omf (on mass of fibre) and 5% omf dyeings which had been produced in the complete absence of added inorganic electrolyte at low liquor ratio, substantially modified wash-off processes could be used that required ≥50% fewer wash baths than conventional wash-off processes that must be used in the case of dyeings produced in the presence of added inorganic electrolyte. Use of the modified wash-off processes enables substantial savings in both energy and water compared to their conventional wash-off counterparts; a 50% saving in proprietary wash-off agent was also secured when a 1:5 liquor ratio was employed for the modified wash-off processes. The ensuing electrolyte-free dyeings displayed excellent levels of wash fastness that were characteristic of those exhibited by commercial reactive dyes on cotton and other cellulosic fibres.

The role of auxiliaries in the immersion dyeing of textile fibres: Part 9 practical aspects of the role of inorganic electrolytes in dyeing cellulosic fibres with pure reactive dyes

The colour strength, as well as the extents of both exhaustion and fixation, achieved for three pure reactive dyes on cotton were promoted by the addition of 50 gl-1 NaCl at each of seven liquor ratios employed (1:50, 1:20, 1:10, 1:6, 1:3, 1:2 and 1:1.5). The depth of shade of dyeings obtained in the absence of added electrolyte using a1:1.5 liquor ratio were of similar magnitude to those secured using 1:10–1:20 liquor ratios in the presence of 50 gl-1 NaCl. The promotional effect on dye uptake imparted by both added electrolyte and reduced liquor ratio was interpreted in terms of their effects on the substantivity of the reactive dyes towards the cotton substrate. The two, seemingly different actions of adding electrolyte such as NaCl or Na2SO4 to the reactive dye dyebath and reducing the liquor ratio used for immersion dyeing have the same result, namely that of encouraging dye aggregation in the dyebath, which reduces the solubility of the direct dye in the dyebath, which, in turn, shifts the inherent preference of the dye to favour the aqueous phase towards the fibre phase. It is thus possible to dye cotton using pure reactive dyes in the complete (ie 100%) absence of added inorganic electrolyte. The ensuing dyeings were of realistic depths of shade and displayed excellent levels of wash fastness.

Perception of Special Needs Dentistry education and practice amongst Australian dental auxiliary students.

The role of dental auxiliaries in collaborative care of patients with special needs is compelling. This study was undertaken to investigate the perceptions of Special Needs Dentistry (SND) education and practice amongst students enrolled in Australian programmes in dental auxiliary, namely dental hygiene, dental therapy and oral health therapy (DH/DT/OHT). All Australian institutions offering DH/DT/OHT programmes (n=14) were invited to participate in a self-administered questionnaire survey, conducted online, involving students across all academic years. Twelve institutions agreed to participate, but only five institutions were included in the final analysis, with a student response rate of 31.1%. Answers to open-ended questions were coded and grouped for measurement of frequencies. Quantitative data were analysed via chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests (significance taken as P<.05). The majority of students could not define SND (87.0%) were not aware of the existence of this specialty (53.5%) and did not have clinical experience treating patients with special needs (68.9%). Nevertheless, they felt comfortable and positive about treating these patients independently. Most agreed that they should receive clinical and didactic education in SND, with many of them expressing interest in pursuing a specialty training in this field. DH/DT/OHT students' comfort levels, positive attitudes and supportiveness for SND suggested positive implications for these practitioners to partake in multidisciplinary management of patients with special needs, thus indicating the need for standardised training requirements and practice guidelines in this area of care.

The role of auxiliaries in the immersion dyeing of textile fibres: Part 8 practical aspects of the role of inorganic electrolytes in dyeing cellulosic fibres with commercial reactive dyes

The colour strength of 2% omf dyeings, as well as the extents of both exhaustion and fixation, achieved for three commercial grade reactive dyes on cotton, were promoted by the addition of 50 gl-1 NaCl at each of seven liquor ratios (1:50, 1:20, 1:10, 1:6, 1:3, 1:2 and 1:1.5). The depth of shade of dyeings obtained in the absence of added electrolyte using a 1:1.5 liquor ratio were of similar magnitude to those secured using a 1:10 liquor ratio in the presence of 50 gl-1 NaCl. The promotion of dye uptake imparted by both added electrolyte and reduced liquor ratio was interpreted in terms of their effects on the substantivity of the reactive dyes towards the cotton substrate. It was concluded that the two, ostensibly different actions of adding electrolyte such as NaCl or Na2SO4 to a reactive dye dyebath and reducing the liquor ratio used for dyeing have the same result, namely that of promoting dye aggregation in the dyebath which reduces the aqueous solubility of the anionic dye, which, in turn, results in the inherent preference of the dye to favour the aqueous phase shifting towards the fibre phase. The results show that it is possible to dye cotton using commercial grade reactive dyes in the complete (ie 100%) absence of added inorganic electrolyte. The dyeings obtained were of realistic depths of shade and displayed excellent levels of wash fastness.

The role of auxiliaries in the immersion dyeing of textile fibres: Part 5 practical aspects of the role of inorganic electrolytes in dyeing cellulosic fibres with direct dyes

Both the colour strength of 2% omf dyeings and the extent of dye exhaustion achieved for three commercial grade direct dyes on cotton were promoted by the addition of 20 gl−1 NaCl at each of eight liquor ratios (1:50, 1:20, 1:10, 1:6, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1.5 and 1:1). The extent of electrolyte-enhanced dye uptake decreased with decreasing liquor ratio. For each of the three dyes, unlevel dyeings were obtained at 1:1 liquor ratio only in the presence of added electrolyte, whereas level dyeings were secured even at 1:1 liquor ratio in the complete absence of added electrolyte. The depth of the dyeings obtained in the absence of added electrolyte using both 1:1 and 1:1.5 liquor ratios were of similar magnitude to those secured using 1:10, 1:20 and 1:50 liquor ratios in the presence of 20 gl−1 NaCl. The promotion of dye uptake imparted by both added electrolyte and reduced liquor ratio were interpreted in terms of their effects on the substantivity of the direct dyes towards the cotton substrate. It is proposed that adding electrolyte to the dyebath and reducing the liquor ratio employed for dyeing have the same consequence in terms of enhancing dye uptake, namely that of encouraging dye aggregation in the dyebath which reduces the aqueous solubility of the anionic dye, which, in turn, results in the inherent preference of the dye to favour the aqueous phase shifting towards the fibre phase.

The role of auxiliaries in the immersion dyeing of textile fibres: Part 7 theoretical models to describe the mechanism by which inorganic electrolytes promote reactive dye uptake on cellulosic fibres

A model is proposed to explain the manner by which the uptake of reactive dyes on cellulosic fibres is promoted by the addition of NaCl or Na2SO4 to the dyebath. The theoretical model invokes the concept of interstitial water in dyeing and suggest that increased dye uptake occurs because the added inorganic electrolyte promotes dye aggregation which reduces the solubility of the dye in the dyebath, so that the inherent preference of the highly soluble dye to favour the aqueous phase shifts towards the fibre phase. It is proposed that the same model can account for the promotion of direct dye uptake imparted by the reduction in the liquor ratio utilised for dyeing. As such, added inorganic electrolyte and reduced liquor ratio are considered to exert a combinatorial promotional effect on reactive dye uptake.

The role of auxiliaries in the immersion dyeing of textile fibres: Part 4 theoretical model to describe the role of liquor ratio in dyeing cellulosic fibres with direct dyes in the absence and presence of inorganic electrolyte

A model is proposed to explain the manner by which the uptake of direct dyes on cellulosic fibres is promoted by a reduction in the liquor ratio used for dyeing. According to the model, which invokes the concept of interstitial water in dyeing, reducing the liquor ratio promotes dye aggregation which reduces the solubility of the dye in the bulk dyebath phase, so that the inherent preference of the dye to favour the aqueous phase shifts towards the fibre phase. It is suggested that the same mechanism accounts for the promotion of direct dye uptake imparted by the addition of inorganic electrolyte to direct dye dyebaths. As such, reduced liquor ratio and added inorganic electrolyte exert a combinatorial promotional effect on direct dye uptake.

The role of auxiliaries in the immersion dyeing of textile fibres part 2: Analysis of conventional models that describe the manner by which inorganic electrolytes promote direct dye uptake on cellulosic fibres

An analysis is provided of the various concepts and theories that have been proposed to account for the manner by which added NaCl or Na2SO4 promotes the uptake of direct dyes on cellulosic fibres. Although conventional approaches to describe the mechanism by which direct dye adsorption occurs entail the use of complex mathematical interpretations of isothermal equilibrium dye adsorption data, such interpretations are unable to satisfactorily explain not only why direct dyes display inherently low uptake on cellulosic fibres in the absence of added inorganic electrolyte but also why added inorganic electrolyte is so effective in promoting dye uptake.

The role of auxiliaries in the immersion dyeing of textile fibres: Part 1 an overview

Although auxiliaries have been a key component of immersion dyeing processes for many years the precise mode of action of many auxiliaries has not been fully resolved. This part of the paper discusses the various types of auxiliary available and the nature of the assistance they provide in immersion dyeing processes, together with both environmental and financial aspects associated with their use, as well as a discussion of the relationship between liquor ratio and the use of auxiliaries in immersion dyeing.

THE SKIRMISH AT GATBERG: A PERSPECTIVE ON THE UTILISATION OF BLACK AUXILIARIES DURING THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR ON THE TRANSKEI BORDER (1899–1902)

The South African War (1899–1902) created major rifts in the post-warsociety as a result of various controversies that emanated from the conflict, whichleft a long legacy of bitterness and in many ways inhibited nation-building in thecountry. One contentious issue that had a major influence on society during and afterthe War was that of the role and participation of black auxiliaries who weredeployed against the Boer forces. After the hostilities had ended, many publicationsdealt with the topic at both a general and an individual level. The aim of the study onwhich this article reports, was to analyse the topic at an individual level, specificallyfocusing on an incident that occurred at Gatberg on 20 November 1901. Theskirmish near the former Transkei border occurred between a Boer commando and ablack unit under the command of a British officer, and resulted in a great deal ofbitterness and controversy that lasted for many years after the conclusion of the War.In the article, the clash is described and placed in its historical context in order toexplain what transpired on that fateful day. The article explains the animosity thatwas generated by the incident, but also the contrasting views that existed after theincident.IntroductionThe deconstruction in historiography of broader events within a postmodernisticcontext significantly highlights lesser-known incidents and role playerswithin the broader ambit. The shifting and thesharpening of the focus onto lesser-knownincidents and role players provide newperspectives or reinforce current perspectivesand insights of events. The deconstructedScientia Militaria

Solvent‐Induced Helical Assembly and Reversible Chiroptical Switching of Chiral Cyclic‐Dipeptide‐Functionalized Naphthalenediimides

Understanding the roles of various parameters in orchestrating the preferential chiral molecular organization in supramolecular self-assembly processes is of great significance in designing novel molecular functional systems. Cyclic dipeptide (CDP) chiral auxiliary-functionalized naphthalenediimides (NCDPs 1-6) have been prepared and their chiral self-assembly properties have been investigated. Detailed photophysical and circular dichroism (CD) studies have unveiled the crucial role of the solvent in the chiral aggregation of these NCDPs. NCDPs 1-3 form supramolecular helical assemblies and exhibit remarkable chiroptical switching behaviour (M- to P-type) depending on the solvent composition of HFIP and DMSO. The strong influence of solvent composition on the supramolecular chirality of NCDPs has been further corroborated by concentration and solid-state thin-film CD studies. The chiroptical switching between supramolecular aggregates of opposite helicity (M and P) has been found to be reversible, and can be achieved through cycles of solvent removal and redissolution in solvent mixtures of specific composition. The control molecular systems (NCDPs 4-6), with an achiral or D-isomer second amino acid in the CDP auxiliary, did not show chiral aggregation properties. The substantial roles of hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions in the assembly of the NCDPs have been validated through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), photophysical, and computational studies. Quantum chemical calculations at the ab initio, semiempirical, and density functional theory levels have been performed on model systems to understand the stabilities of the right (P-) and left (M-) handed helical supramolecular assemblies and the nature of the intermolecular interactions. This study emphasizes the role of CDP chiral auxiliaries on the solvent-induced helical assembly and reversible chiroptical switching of naphthalenediimides.

Periodontal health in Europe: future trends based on treatment needs and the provision of periodontal services – position paper 1

This review gives an update on recent epidemiologic data on periodontal diseases and a description of current periodontal services in Europe. A Medline search of articles published within the last decade with the keywords epidemiology, prevalence, periodontitis, tooth loss, and Europe was performed. Data on provision of dental services originated from international databases. Epidemiologic data on the prevalence of edentulism, the number of missing teeth, the prevalence of probing depth (Community Periodontal Index - CPI >or= 3 or Pocket Depth - PD >or= 4 mm), and clinical attachment loss (CAL >or= 4 mm) displayed a fragmentary picture within Europe. With respect to the limited data on periodontal health, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland ranked as the healthiest among European countries in contrast to Germany where increased tooth loss and the highest prevalence of CAL >or= 4 mm were reported. The role of dental auxiliaries especially of dental hygienists and/or the medico-legal framework in which they work, appears to be an important factor in provision of effective periodontal care. Actual epidemiologic data on periodontal diseases are non-homogeneous and absent from several European countries. This emphasises the need for more national representative epidemiological studies with a uniform design to permit comparability between different nations. Merging actual epidemiologic data with former data on provision of periodontal care may help to explain differences in periodontal parameters on a population basis and to define future provision of dental care.

Oral Cancer Screening: What Have We Learnt and What is There Still to Achieve?

Oral cancer is an important global healthcare problem. In the UK, the incidence is increasing and late-stage presentation is common. Determining the feasibility of a national screening program for oral cancer is therefore an important step in the prevention of the disease. Evidence exists to suggest that an oral examination of high-risk individuals may be a cost-effective screening strategy. However, questions remain over which primary care environment would be the most suitable and the criteria for a positive screen and referral. Further research is needed in the form of clinical trials or demonstration studies in primary care. The impact on secondary care, the role of auxiliaries and training needs also need to be determined. In addition, the assessment of adjunctive aids and evaluation of potential biomarkers are considered important.

Women's Organizations and Democracy in South Africa: contesting authority (review)

Reviewed by: Women's Organizations and Democracy in South Africa: contesting authority Lisa Brownbrownl1@ukzn.ac.za Shireen Hassim (2006) Women's Organizations and Democracy in South Africa: contesting authority. Pietermaritzburg: Univeristy of KwaZulu-Natal Press. In Why Read the Classics, Italo Calvino (2001) notes that 'Diderot had worked out that actually the most rigidly deterministic conceptions of the world are the ones which generate in the individual will an urge to move forward, as though will and free choice can only be effective if they carve out their openings against the hard rock of necessity'. In South Africa, women anti-apartheid activists found themselves in a politically schizophrenic world of rigid conceptions. On the one hand, women formed a key constituency in the struggle against the racial determinism of the apartheid regime; on the other hand, issues important to them as women were seen as divisive to the national liberation cause. The fact that there is a now a comprehensive gender machinery in place including a Women's Charter for effective equality, proportional quotas for women in government and an independent Gender Commission is testament to women's creativity and determination to take up the challenge against some of the most deeply embedded conceptions in the world. The ways in which women struggled to vociferate their needs and to organise themselves as a viable political constituency is the subject of Shireen Hassim's book, a much needed tract on the consolidation of democracy from a gender perspective. The book focuses on two key moments in the history of women's organisations in South Africa: the first begins in the late 1970s with the inception of the civics movement and women's involvement at the local level. The second part focuses on the shift from apartheid to democracy, and [End Page 201] in particular women's involvement in the machinery of the state. Throughout this trajectory there is a constant tension between the need of women's organisations to maintain a degree of autonomy while forming part of wider political alliances. However, rather than set up a polar debate between the struggle for autonomy and political dependency, Hassim fruitfully interrogates the tension between these. She finds that nationalism provided spaces for the politicisation of women, even when it oppressed them. This was particularly evident during the years of exile where women had to compete with the 'heroic masculinity' ideals of political involvement. For women relegated to the kitchen or to the role of helpers and auxiliaries in the struggle, it became obvious that there was a need for transformation not only in the formal political system, but also in the notion of the political itself. Similarly, with the rise of the civics movement women become increasingly involved in bread and butter issues at the grassroots level. Criticised for addressing concerns specific to women such as rape and abortion, women pointed out that it is them that feel the pain. From this 'pain' an indigenous feminist consciousness emerged. Women demanded not only a regime change but also a revolution in gender relations. The theme of a revolution within the revolution reaches a climax at the end of the 1980s, when, for the first time, women openly employ feminist discourse, and agree that there is no liberation without women's liberation. However, the transition to democracy is replete with dangers for women's organisations. In all other liberation struggles they have either been marginalised or co-opted into political elites. The South African case is no exception. Women's voices are represented by political elites rather than by a bottom-up process of participation. At this juncture Hassim mobilises a feminist framework to interrogate what democratic participation in the new South Africa means. She finds that though there are significant gains in formal equality this has often been at the expense of substantive equality: women's political inclusion is not tantamount to transformation. Indeed, gains in formal equality are largely at the expense of a transformation in the social and economic conditions that produce gender inequality. Despite South Africa's national gender machinery, which has sought to mainstream gender in the political system, its political leverage is fragile. Moreover, its ties to...