Role Of Moral Reasoning Research Articles

Cultural conceptualizations of sight and cultural values

Abstract The relationship between visual experience and cognition manifested in the thinking/knowing/understanding is seeing metaphor, is claimed to be the primary vision metaphor in various languages. However, only a few studies considered its extension to less central domains such as cultural values. The paper seeks to understand how the figurative usages of Hungarian vision verbs refer to the cultural values of morality, respect, and hospitality. Three verbs of vision are invesitaged employing Cultural Linguistic and cognitive semantic analyses, namely, néz ‘look/watch’, lát ‘see’, and tekint ‘look/glance’. It is demonstrated that visual perception in Hungarian has a significant role in moral reasoning; however, there are substantial differences in the ways these vision verbs relate to them. To find a motivational explanation for these differences, the semantic properties of the verbs are identified through contrastive analysis and by observing their semantic profiles within the vision scenario. As a result, a cultural model of each verb is reconstructed. The study gives a refined view on the linkage of sight and cultural values in Hungarian, furthermore, the proposed methodology can be effectively applied to various areas of perception research in a cultural context.

The role of moral reasoning and attitudes regarding bisexuality in the development of bisexual counseling competence.

The role of moral reasoning and attitudes regarding bisexuality in the development of bisexual counseling competence.

The effect of Moral intuition and emotions on Ethical Consumption: The Mediatory Role of Moral Reasoning

The effect of Moral intuition and emotions on Ethical Consumption: The Mediatory Role of Moral Reasoning

Javanese Traditional Songs for Early Childhood Character Education


 
 
 Character education in early childhood is not new, and character education is also not just a transfer of knowledge, but something that needs to be built early on through various stimula- tions. This study aims to develop the character of early childhood through audio-visual media with traditional Javanese songs. Using educational design-based research to develop audio-visual media from traditional songs, this media was tested in the field with an experimental design with a control group. Respondents involved 71 kindergarten students from one experimental class in one control class. The data revealed that character education in children shows the average value of the experi- mental class is higher than the control group, this means character education in children can be built through traditional songs. Further research can be done to improve the character of early childhood through a variety of media that interests children.
 Keywords: Early Childhood, Character Education, Javanese Traditional Songs Media

Peran Moral Reasoning dan Skeptisisme Profesional Memoderasi Role Stress Terhadap Perilaku Disfungsional Internal Auditor

Dysfunctional behavior of the auditor should be avoided to produce quality audit findings based on the fairness of a financial statement. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of moral reasoning and professional skepticism moderating role stress on dysfunctional behavior of auditors. 
 This research was conducted in all branch offices of PT Bank BRI Bali-Nusra Area as many as 29 offices by making the auditor as many as 107 people as sample with saturated sample method in test through regression analysis moderation technique (MRA).
 Based on the results of the analysis, role stress variables have a role in increasing dysfunctional behavior of auditors. Moral reasoning has a role in increasing dysfunctional behavior of auditors. Professional skepticism has a role in increasing dysfunctional behavior of auditors. Moral reasoning and Professional skepticism can strengthen the influence of role stress in increasing dysfunctional behavior of auditors. 
 Keywords: role stress, moral reasoning, professional skepticism, auditor dysfunctional behavior

Moral Reasoning about Ending Life Revisited: Influences of Religiosity and Resilience

ABSTRACT This study examined religiosity, resilience, and age across generation as predictors of moral reasoning and judgments about certain ending of life situations: suicide, physician-assisted suicide (PAS), active euthanasia (AE), and mercy killing (MK). Data was collected from undergraduate students attending a conservative Christian university in the Midwest as well as from an online community forum (N= 153). This study is a replication and expansion of a previous study.1 Measures included the questionnaire developed for Anstee's study, as well as the Christian Religious Internalization Scale, Response to Stressful Experiences Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. Linear regression analysis found identified (autonomous) religiosity as a predictor of moral reasoning and judgments, to the extent that ending of life scenarios are morally wrong. Resilience was found to be a predictor of moral judgments to the extent that MK is morally right. These findings suggest that the internalization of beliefs plays a considerable role in moral reasoning and judgments about ending of life issues. Understanding the role of mechanisms behind moral reasoning on ending of life issues is increasingly relevant as legislation is currently changing.

The influence of moral emotions on online helping behavior: The mediating role of moral reasoning

The influence of moral emotions on online helping behavior: The mediating role of moral reasoning

Associations Between Sport Participation, Goal and Sportspersonship Orientations, and Moral Reasoning

This study examined associations between level of sport participation, goal and sportspersonship orientations, and moral reasoning in sport and nonsport situations and orientation by sport participation interactions. Participants were individuals with elite (n = 176), high school (n = 183), and youth sport (n = 78) participation. When judging sport situations, individuals who participated in elite sports demonstrated poorer moral reasoning than those who participated in high school and youth sports. At low levels of sportspersonship, individuals who participated in youth sports demonstrated higher moral reasoning than those who participated in high school and elite sports. When judging nonsport situations, moral reasoning was positively related to positive sportspersonship and negatively related to ego orientation but did not differ by sport participation. Within sport, sport participation and goal and sportspersonship orientations play a critical role in moral reasoning. However, these orientations may be more important than sport participation in moral reasoning beyond the sport context.

Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Right Temporo-Parietal Junction Modulates the Use of Mitigating Circumstances during Moral Judgments.

Recently, a few transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) studies have shown that the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ) plays a causal role in moral reasoning especially in cases of accidental harms or attempted harms. The profile of results across studies is, however, not entirely consistent: sometimes the stimulation affects predominantly attempted harms while sometimes the stimulation affects predominantly accidental harms. We argue that such discrepancy could reflect different functional contributions of the rTPJ in moral judgments and that the chosen design parameters or stimulation method may differentially bring to light one or the other functional role of the rTPJ. In the current study, we found that tDCS specifically affected accidental harms but not attempted harms. Low cathodal stimulation of the rTPJ led to a marginally significant increase in the severity of judgments of accidental harms (Experiment 1) while higher cathodal current density led to a highly significant decrease in the severity of judgments of accidental harms (Experiment 2). Our pattern of results in the context of our experimental design can best be explained by a causal role of the rTPJ in processing the mitigating circumstances which reduce a protagonist’s moral responsibility. We discuss these results in relation to the idea that the rTPJ may play multiple roles in moral cognition and in relation to methodological aspects related to the use of tDCS.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITY IN TERMS OF RESPECT FOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS

Social responsibility suggests that an individual has responsibility to the community or society in terms of choices about behaviors. Moral responsibility implies a knowledge and understanding of ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ and the ability and willingness to behave morally. These debates reflect the uncertainties about how moral and social responsibility can be conceptualized and promoted within modern societies. Adrift from moral certainties and wary of merely promoting dominant cultural norms, the role of moral reasoning and the ability to rationally choose between moral values is fore fronted, but leaves us with a concern that such choices may lack a coherent value base or ‘morality’. The debate leaves us with the question as to how we promote moral and social responsibility in young people as part of their learning in higher education in ways that promote moral reasoning but also develop values and ethical stances that go beyond, and can contest, the social norms of the times.

What Autism Can Tell Us About the Link between Empathy and Moral Reasoning?

I will discuss the relationship between empathy and moral reasoning among people with autism. I will discuss the deficit that people with autism show in empathy, that affects mostly perspective taking, and the studies conducted by Blair (1996) and Moran et al. (2011), which suggest that people with autism are not significantly impaired in moral reasoning. I will argue that perspective taking might play an important role in moral reasoning. As Moran et al. found, unlike typically developed, people with autism do not judge accidental and attempted harms differently. I will suggest that their deficit in perspective taking might explain this difference. However, I will conclude, studies on autism do not help to assess the influence of the affective components of empathy on moral reasoning.

On Disgust and Moral Judgments: A Review

While there is a continuing debate on whether cognitive or emotional mechanisms underlie moral judgments, recent studies have illustrated that emotions—particularly disgust—play a prominent role in moral reasoning. This review explores the role of disgust in moral judgments. I distinguish between three relevant claims regarding its involvement in moral cognition and argue that the least appealing (i.e., disgust is just anger in disguise) is also the one with the least empirical support.

Family Communication Patterns, Sympathy, Perspective-Taking, and Girls’ Thoughts About Interpersonal Violence

This self report online study explored the process of moral reasoning about interpersonal violence by considering the roles of family communication patterns, mediated by sympathy and perspective-taking (PT) in girls ages 6–16 (N = 253). Using structural equation modeling, findings suggest that families where conversation communication plays a central role nurture abilities to sympathize and PT. Further, younger girls tend to be driven by sympathy, which shifts to PT as they age. These abilities positively correlate with thoughts about interpersonal violence as wrong whether “justified” and independent of severity. Error correlations infer that, at some level, “justified” violence is acceptable and, to a lesser degree, the severity of the violence plays a role in moral reasoning about violence, thus suggesting complex thought.

Morality for skeptics? Morality for Humans Ethical Understanding from the Perspective of Cognitive Science Mark Johnson University of Chicago Press, 2014. 273 pp.

Morality for skeptics? <b>Morality for Humans</b> Ethical Understanding from the Perspective of Cognitive Science <i>Mark Johnson</i> University of Chicago Press, 2014. 273 pp.

Testosterone administration modulates moral judgments depending on second-to-fourth digit ratio

Moral judgment involves the interplay of emotions and social cognitions. The male sex-hormone testosterone might play a role in moral reasoning as males are more utilitarian than females in their moral decisions, and high salivary testosterone levels also are associated with utilitarian moral decisions. However, there is no direct evidence for a role of testosterone in moral reasoning. Recent testosterone administration studies show effects on cognitive empathy and social cooperation, which depend on right-hand's second-to-fourth (2D:4D) digit ratio, a proxy for prenatal sex-hormone (testosterone-versus-estradiol) priming. Here, in a placebo-controlled within-subjects design using 20 young females we show that 2D:4D predicts 44% of the variance in the effects of testosterone administration on moral judgment. Subjects who show an increase in utilitarian judgments following testosterone administration have significantly higher than average 2D:4D (relatively high prenatal estradiol priming), while subjects showing more deontological judgments following testosterone administration have near-significantly lower 2D:4D (relatively high prenatal testosterone priming). We argue that prenatally-organized differences in aromatase, i.e. conversion from testosterone to estradiol in the brain, might underlie these effects. Our findings suggest that early neurodevelopmental effects of sex steroids play a crucial role in the activational effects of hormones on moral reasoning later in life.

The Impact of Partial Sleep Deprivation on Moral Reasoning in Military Officers

The present study explores the impact of long-term partial sleep deprivation on the activation of moral justice schemas, which are suggested to play a prominent role in moral reasoning and the formation of moral judgments and behavior. Participants judged 5 dilemmas in rested and partially sleep deprived condition, in a counterbalanced design. In classroom and field exercises at the Norwegian Naval Academy and the Norwegian Army Academy. Seventy-one Norwegian naval and army officer cadets. The results showed that the officers' ability to conduct mature and principally oriented moral reasoning was severely impaired during partial sleep deprivation compared to the rested state. At the same time, the officers became substantially more rules-oriented in the sleep deprived condition, while self-oriented moral reasoning did not change. Interaction effects showed that those officers who displayed high levels of mature moral reasoning (n = 24) in the rested condition, lost much of this capacity during sleep deprivation in favor of a strong increase in rules-oriented moral reasoning as well as self-orientation. Conversely, officers at low levels of mature moral reasoning in rested condition (n = 23) were unaffected by sleep deprivation. The present data show that long-term partial sleep deprivation has an impact on the activation of moral justice schemas, and consequently on the ability to make moral justice judgments.

A Place for Philosophers in Applied Ethics and the Role of Moral Reasoning in Moral Imagination: A Response to Richard Rorty

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The third eye : exploring Guanxi and relational morality in the workplace

We examine the use of Confucian relational morality as an alternative reference point to that of modernist morality in judging workplace ethical conduct. A semi-structured interview based study involving 46 ethnic Chinese managers and 30 non-Chinese expatriate managers in Singapore, provided evidence of the use of traditional guanxi-linked morality as a moral resource by some of the former group in judging workplace ethical dilemmas. While such morality played only a minor role in moral reasoning, and was largely overshadowed by modernist morality, the research nonetheless demonstrates that moral reasoning reflects wider cultural heritage, and is not merely a function of corporate culture and individual moral development.

Contractualism on saving the many

Imagine three boats, the position of each being equidistant from the other two. You are in the largest boat, alone, and your boat is in excellent condition. The other two boats are rapidly sinking; one contains two people (B&C), the other only one person (A). You only have time to reach one of the boats and save its passengers, before both boats sink beneath the surface, each taking all its remaining passengers with it. As far as common-sense morality is concerned, one's duty as rescuer, under the circumstances, is a straightforward matter: one ought to save the greater number. For some non-consequentialist characterizations of moral reasoning, however, the question of how this claim is to be justified if, in fact, it is justifiable is anything but an obvious matter. T. M. Scanlon's contractualism is a case in point. It excludes appeals to either the aggregate value of outcomes, or to the combined force of individual claims, from valid moral reasoning about the justification of the principles governing the duties we owe one another, which constitute much of what is normally appealed to as 'common-sense morality'. That such appeals are debarred by contractualism from playing any kind of fundamental role in moral reasoning is one of the central features of the view that mark it as a distinctively non-consequentialist characterization of common-sense moral reasoning. The exclusion of appeals to aggregate considerations, or claims on behalf of groups, from valid moral reasoning may lead one to doubt whether a plausible rationale, on contractualist terms, for the duty to save the greater number is even available. For how is a duty to save the many to be justified if one cannot appeal to the force of considerations like 'the claim of the many'? Some kind of aggregation of claims, one might think, has to be allowed to play a role in valid moral reasoning if the duty to save the many, rather than the one, is to prove to be morally defensible.' This suggests that a plausible rationale for the duty to save the many cannot be developed in contractualist terms, a conclusion that is certainly damaging for contractualism's claim to provide an illuminating characterization of common-sense moral reasoning about the kinds of duties we owe one another.

Rational Rights

Abstract A rational moral code must satisfy the condition of completeness. This same condition applies to a set of moral rights, where it takes the form of requiring that all the rights in that set be compossible: that their respective correlatively entailed duties be jointly fulfillable. Such joint fulfillability is guaranteed only by a set of fully differentiated individual domains. And if moral rights are to play any independent role in moral reasoning - any role logically independent of the values that bring persons into conflict - those domains must be determined by rules which are not derived from those values.