Role Of Hepatic Stellate Cells Research Articles

IRF3 activates RB to authorize cGAS-STING-induced senescence and mitigate liver fibrosis.

Cytosolic double-stranded DNA surveillance by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) signaling triggers cellular senescence, autophagy, biased mRNA translation, and interferon-mediated immune responses. However, detailed mechanisms and physiological relevance of STING-induced senescence are not fully understood. Here, we unexpectedly found that interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), activated during innate DNA sensing, forms substantial endogenous complexes in the nucleus with retinoblastoma (RB), a key cell cycle regulator. The IRF3-RB interaction attenuates cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6)-mediated RB hyperphosphorylation that mobilizes RB to deactivate E2 family (E2F) transcription factors, thereby driving cells into senescence. STING-IRF3-RB signaling plays a notable role in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) within various murine models, pushing activated HSCs toward senescence. Accordingly, IRF3 global knockout or conditional deletion in HSCs aggravated liver fibrosis, a process mitigated by the CDK4/6 inhibitor. These findings underscore a straightforward yet vital mechanism of cGAS-STING signaling in inducing cellular senescence and unveil its unexpected biology in limiting liver fibrosis.

Vanillic acid alleviates liver fibrosis through inhibiting autophagy in hepatic stellate cells via the MIF/CD74 signaling pathway

MIF/CD74 signaling pathway and autophagy may be closely related to liver fibrosis. Vanillic acid (VA) is likely to have an anti-liver fibrosis effect, although related studies have not been reported. The aim of this study was to verify the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) autophagy and the MIF/CD74 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, and to investigate the effect of VA on liver fibrosis through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Our results showed that VA significantly attenuated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. The alleviation of liver fibrosis with VA treatment was associated with a reduction of MIF, CD74, α-SMA, LC3B and Collagen 1. In addition, VA, MIF inhibitor (ISO-1) and autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) markedly inhibited the proliferation and migration of HSCs. This study indicates that VA could protect against HSCs activation, proliferation and migration by inhibiting the autophagy in HSCs via the MIF/CD74 signaling pathway so that alleviates liver fibrosis.

Comparison of Engineered Liver 3D Models and the Role of Oxygenation for Patient-Derived Tumor Cells and Immortalized Cell Lines Cocultured with Tumor Stroma in the Detection of Hepatotoxins.

In metabolically active tumors, responses of cells to drugs are heavily influenced by oxygen availability via the surrounding vasculature alongside the extracellular matrix signaling. The objective of this study is to investigate hepatotoxicity by replicating critical features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This includes replicating 3D structures, metabolic activities, and tumor-specific markers. The internal environment of spheroids comprised of cancerous human patient-derived hepatocytes using microparticles is modulated to enhance the oxygenation state and recreate cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Furthermore, the role of hepatic stellate cells in maintaining hepatocyte survival and function is explored and hepatocytes from two cellular sources (immortalized and patient-derived) to create four formulations with and without microparticles are utilized. To investigate drug-induced changes in metabolism and apoptosis in liver cells, coculture spheroids with and without microparticles are exposed to three hepatotoxic drugs. The use of microparticles increases levels of apoptotic markers in both liver models under drug treatments. This coincides with reduced levels of anti-apoptotic proteins and increased levels of pro-apoptotic proteins. Moreover, cells from different origins undergo apoptosis through distinct apoptotic pathways in response to identical drugs. This 3D microphysiological system offers a viable tool for liver cancer research to investigate mechanisms of apoptosis under different microenvironmental conditions.

Friend or foe? The elusive role of hepatic stellate cells in liver cancer.

Liver fibrosis is a substantial risk factor for the development and progression of liver cancer, which includes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Studies utilizing cell fate mapping and single-cell transcriptomics techniques have identified quiescent perisinusoidal hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) as the primary source of activated collagen-producing HSCs and liver cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in HCCand liver metastasis, complemented in iCCA by contributions from portal fibroblasts. At the same time, integrative computational analysis of single-cell, single-nucleus and spatial RNA sequencing data have revealed marked heterogeneity among HSCs and CAFs, with distinct subpopulations displaying unique gene expression signatures and functions. Some of these subpopulations have divergent roles in promoting or inhibiting liver fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. In this Review, we discuss the dual roles of HSC subpopulations in liver fibrogenesis and their contribution to liver cancer promotion, progression and metastasis. We review the transcriptomic and functional similarities between HSC and CAF subpopulations, highlighting the pathways that either promote or prevent fibrosis and cancer, and the immunological landscape from which these pathways emerge. Insights from ongoing studies will yield novel strategies for developing biomarkers, assessing prognosis and generating new therapies for both HCC and iCCA prevention and treatment.

Aspartate Reduces Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis by Suppressing the NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway via Upregulating NS3TP1 Expression.

Aspartate (Asp) can act on liver Kupffer cells, inhibit NOD-like receptor-P 3 (NLRP3) inflammatory bodies, and improve liver inflammation in acute hepatitis. However, the effect of Asp on the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis in chronic liver injury remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Asp on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice and HSCs via the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Liver fibrosis was induced in C57BL/6J mice by intraperitoneally (IP) injecting 0.5 mL/kg 2% CCl4 three times weekly for 8 weeks. Asp was administered to mice by gavage once every morning for 4 weeks. Masson's trichrome staining, Sirius red staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to detect and analyze the pathological changes in liver tissues. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were applied to determine the protein expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen Ⅲ (COL III), NLRP3, and IL-1β. In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression levels. In the liver fibrosis model, the pathological changes in liver tissues improved following treatment with Asp. A marked decrease was observed in protein and mRNA expression levels of α-SMA, COL III, NLRP3, and IL-1β. In addition, HSCs were treated with Asp. The expression levels of α-SMA, COL III, NLRP3, and IL-1β reduced in dose- and time-dependent manners. Furthermore, Asp upregulated the expression of NS3TP1 in vivo and in vitro, and NS3TP1 had a significant inhibitory effect on liver fibrosis. Asp attenuated liver fibrosis and reduced collagen production by suppressing the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway via upregulating the expression of NS3TP1.

A Pathogenic Role of Non-Parenchymal Liver Cells in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease of Infectious and Non-Infectious Origin.

Now, much is known regarding the impact of chronic and heavy alcohol consumption on the disruption of physiological liver functions and the induction of structural distortions in the hepatic tissues in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). This review deliberates the effects of alcohol on the activity and properties of liver non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), which are either residential or infiltrated into the liver from the general circulation. NPCs play a pivotal role in the regulation of organ inflammation and fibrosis, both in the context of hepatotropic infections and in non-infectious settings. Here, we overview how NPC functions in ALD are regulated by second hits, such as gender and the exposure to bacterial or viral infections. As an example of the virus-mediated trigger of liver injury, we focused on HIV infections potentiated by alcohol exposure, since this combination was only limitedly studied in relation to the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the development of liver fibrosis. The review specifically focusses on liver macrophages, HSC, and T-lymphocytes and their regulation of ALD pathogenesis and outcomes. It also illustrates the activation of NPCs by the engulfment of apoptotic bodies, a frequent event observed when hepatocytes are exposed to ethanol metabolites and infections. As an example of such a double-hit-induced apoptotic hepatocyte death, we deliberate on the hepatotoxic accumulation of HIV proteins, which in combination with ethanol metabolites, causes intensive hepatic cell death and pro-fibrotic activation of HSCs engulfing these HIV- and malondialdehyde-expressing apoptotic hepatocytes.

Oroxylin A regulates cGAS DNA hypermethylation induced by methionine metabolism to promote HSC senescence

Relevant studies have recognized the important role of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) senescence in anti-liver fibrosis. Cellular senescence is believed to be regulated by the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. However, underlying exact mechanisms of cGAS-STING pathway in hepatic stellate cell senescence are still unclear. Here, we found that Oroxylin A could promote senescence in HSC by activating the cGAS-STING pathway. Moreover, activation of the cGAS-STING pathway was dependent on DNMT3A downregulation, which suppressed cGAS gene DNA methylation. Interestingly, the attenuation of DNMT activity relied on the reduction of methyl donor SAM level. Noteworthy, the downregulation of SAM levels implied the imbalance of methionine cycle metabolism, and MAT2A was considered to be an important regulatory enzyme in metabolic processes. In vivo experiments also indicated that Oroxylin A induced senescence of HSCs in mice with liver fibrosis, and DNMT3A overexpression partly offset this effect. In conclusion, we discovered that Oroxylin A prevented the methylation of the cGAS gene by preventing the production of methionine metabolites, which promoted the senescence of HSCs. This finding offers a fresh hypothesis for further research into the anti-liver fibrosis mechanism of natural medicines.

Roles of hepatic stellate cells in NAFLD: From the perspective of inflammation and fibrosis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most common diseases and severe problems worldwide because of the global increase in obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. NAFLD includes a wide spectrum of liver diseases, the histological forms of which range from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), which is generally nonprogressive, to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis (LC), and sometimes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unlike NAFL, as the progressive form of NAFLD, NASH is characterized by the presence of inflammation with or without fibrosis in addition to hepatic steatosis. Although it is widely known and proved that persistent hepatic injury and chronic inflammation in the liver activate quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and lead to hepatic fibrosis, the three-step process of “inflammation-fibrosis-carcinoma” in NAFLD has not been investigated and clarified clearly. In this process, the initiation of inflammation in the liver and the function of various liver inflammatory cells have been discussed regularly, while the activated HSCs, which constitute the principal cells responsible for fibrosis and their cross-talk with inflammation, seem not to be investigated specifically and frequently. Also, accumulated evidence suggests that HSCs can not only be activated by inflammation but also participate in the regulation of liver inflammation. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the unique roles of HSCs in NAFLD from the perspective of inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we review the pivotal effects and mechanisms of HSCs and highlight the potential value of HSC-targeted treatment methods in NAFLD.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in lean individuals - Single centre large cohort clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic study.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases and occurs even in lean individuals having normal or low body mass index (BMI). Crucial issue is understanding the clinical, pathobiologic and metabolic characteristics in comparison to obese patients. Very few studies have compared clinicopathological characteristics between lean and obese. Published literature is generally in a small cohort of patients, rarely included over-weight as separate category, and most often had non-standardized use of BMI criteria with discordant conclusions. There is very sparse published literature on liver biopsy-confirmed cohort and that to from Asia; also, none had explored the role of mediators such as stellate cells, progenitor cells and macrophages. To evaluate the prevalence of NAFLD in lean patients in a large cohort of histology-confirmed NAFLD, and explore clinico-pathological spectrum of lean NAFLD in comparison to over-weight and obese. Also, to investigate role of hepatic stellate cells, macrophage polarization and their relation to hepatic progenitor cells, in particular the relation to fibrosis and to different BMI categories. Prospective analysis of eleven-year retrospective cross-sectional data of all consecutive patients of NAFLD diagnosed in the period between the year 2011 and 2021. All histologically confirmed cases of NAFLD fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were stratified to three groups according to BMI based on Asian criteria. Demographic, lab, metabolic, and histological comparisons between lean and overweight-obese patients were performed. Histological grading and staging of NAFLD components were performed by NAS-CRN score. Immunohistochemical and image analysis-based assessment and quantification of stellate cells, progenitor cells, and macrophage polarization was performed. Appropriate statistical methods were applied, and study was approved by the Institutional ethics committee. Lean patients with biopsy-proven diagnosis constituted 21% (n=267) of total NAFLD (n=1273). Other groups were-over-weight patients (232;18.2%), and the highest were obese patients (774; 60.8%). 13.9% of the lean patients with NAFLD were under-weight with BMI<18.5kg/m2. Lean patients had significantly lower BMI and waist circumference along with lesser fasting glucose levels in comparison to the other groups. Rest of the metabolic parameters were nearly similar. Lean patients showed higher serum ALT levels, and histological characteristics such as ballooning of hepatocytes and steatosis were also more marked in comparison to other groups. Lobular inflammation and advanced fibrosis were significantly less common in lean patients with NASH related cirrhosis found in only 20.9% of them. Immunophenotypic studies revealed the inter-relationship of HPCs, HSCs, and macrophages was influenced by the stage of fibrosis and not by the BMI. Prevalence of NAFLD in lean individuals in a histological-confirmed patient cohort was 21%. (n=267/1273). Major strengths of this study are large cohort of lean individuals from a single center, inclusion of only histology-confirmed cases, Asia specific BMI criteria usage, comparative clinical, metabolic, immune-morphologic and image analysis-based characterization, inclusion of over-weight in addition to obese patients, and investigating cross-talk of principal patho-physiologic markers.

Peach Kernel Extracts Inhibit Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Activation of HSC-T6 Hepatic Stellate Cells.

There is an important role for hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in liver fibrosis. As it stands, many traditional Chinese medicine formulations can effectively improve liver fibrosis, whether it is clinically used or in animal studies; however, the efficacy and mechanism of the main formulations remain unclear, including the peach kernel, which contains numerous phytochemicals with a wide range of biological activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate peach kernel's anti-liver fibrosis effects. In this study, peach kernel extracts inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation in HSC-T6 cells and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and connective tissue growth factor induced by LPS in HSC-T6 cells. Furthermore, peach kernel extracts inhibited signal transducers involving protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase, which regulate downstream genes associated with inflammation. As a result, peach kernel extracts inhibited inflammatory responses and subsequently inhibited LPS-induced transformation of activated HSC-T6 cells.

Role of hepatic stellate cells in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major complication of liver trauma, resection, and transplantation. IRI may lead to liver dysfunction and failure, but effective approach to address it is still lacking. To better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver IRI, functional roles of numerous cell types, including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, neutrophils, and sinusoidal endothelial cells, have been intensively studied. In contrast, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are well recognized by their essential functions in facilitating liver protection and repair, have gained less attention in their role in IRI. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the effects of HSCs on the injury stage of liver IRI and their associated molecular mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the regulation of liver repair and regeneration after IRI by HSCs. Finally, we highlight unanswered questions and future avenues of research regarding contributions of HSCs to IRI in the liver.

Potential Therapeutic Targets and Promising Agents for Combating NAFLD.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a growing cause of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer worldwide because of the global increases in obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Contrary to the advancements in therapies for viral hepatitis, effective treatments remain unestablished for patients with NAFLD. NAFLD, including NASH, is characterized by steatosis, inflammation, hepatic necrosis, and fibrosis. Despite our understanding of its pathophysiology, there are currently no effective treatments for NAFLD. In this review, we provide an update on the known pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of NAFLD and the role of hepatic stellate cells, and summarize the potential therapeutic agents, including natural products, for NAFLD.

Cytomegalovirus Latency Exacerbated Small-for-size Liver Graft Injury Through Activation of CCL19/CCR7 in Hepatic Stellate Cells.

The interplay between cytomegalovirus (CMV) latency and graft malfunction after living donor liver transplantation remains poorly defined because of the complexity of clinical confounding factors. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of CMV latency on small-for-size graft injury and to get further insight into the pathogenic role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in this process. Rat orthotopic liver transplantation with small-for-size grafts was performed in a CMV latent model developed in immunocompetent Sprague Dawley rats using Priscott strain. Posttransplant graft injury including hepatocyte damage, stellate cell activation, and fibrogenesis was evaluated. Differential gene expression of HSCs in response to CMV latency was screened by cDNA microarray. Clinical validation was further conducted in human biopsies. CMV latency aggravated hepatocyte apoptosis/necrosis in the early phase and enhanced HSC expansion and graft fibrosis during the middle-late phase in small-for-size liver grafts of the rat model. cDNA microarray mining revealed CCL19/CCR7 as one of the most noteworthy pathways bridging HSC activation and liver graft injury in the presence of CMV latency. Together with CCL19 upregulation, coherent overexpression of CCR7 in accumulated HSCs was confirmed in both rat and human CMV latent recipients. Moreover, addition of CCL19 in vitro promoted HSC migration by increasing the level of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Our data demonstrated that CMV latency aggravated early/late phase liver graft damage and fibrogenesis via CCL19/CCR7/HSCs axis. Blockade of CMV latency-related stellate cell activation may shed light on the strategy of graft protection clinically.

Vitamin A intake forms resistance to hypervitaminosis A and affects the functional activity of the liver

Vitamin A intake forms resistance to hypervitaminosis A and affects the functional activity of the liver

Single-cell RNA transcriptome landscape of hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells in healthy and NAFLD mouse liver

SummaryNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health-care problem with limited therapeutic options. To obtain a cellular resolution of pathogenesis, 82,168 single-cell transcriptomes (scRNA-seq) across different NAFLD stages were profiled, identifying hepatocytes and 12 other non-parenchymal cell (NPC) types. scRNA-seq revealed insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the disease. We discovered a dual role for hepatic stellate cells in gene expression regulation and in the potential to trans-differentiate into myofibroblasts. We uncovered distinct expression profiles of Kupffer cells versus monocyte-derived macrophages during NAFLD progression. Kupffer cells showed stronger immune responses, while monocyte-derived macrophages demonstrated a capability for differentiation. Three chimeric NPCs were identified including endothelial-chimeric stellate cells, hepatocyte-chimeric endothelial cells, and endothelial-chimeric Kupffer cells. Our work identified unanticipated aspects of mouse with NAFLD at the single-cell level and advanced the understanding of cellular heterogeneity in NAFLD livers.

Selective depletion of hepatic stellate cells-specific LOXL1 alleviates liver fibrosis.

The role of LOXL1 in fibrosis via mediating ECM crosslinking and stabilization is well established; however, the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)-specific LOXL1 in the development of fibrosis remains unknown. We generated HSCs-specific Loxl1-depleted mice (Loxl1Gfap-cre mice) to investigate the HSCs-specific contribution of LOXL1 in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Loxl1fl/fl mice were used as the control. Furthermore, we used RNA sequencing to explore the underlying changes in the transcriptome. Results of the sirius red staining, type I collagen immunolabeling, and hydroxyproline content analysis, coupled with the reduced expression of profibrogenic genes revealed that Loxl1Gfap-cre mice with CCl4 -induced fibrosis exhibited decreased hepatic fibrosis. In addition, Loxl1Gfap-cre mice exhibited reduced macrophage tissue infiltration by CD68-positive cells and decreased expression of inflammatory genes compared with the controls. RNA sequencing identified integrin α8 (ITGA8) as a key modulator of LOXL1-mediated liver fibrosis. Functional analyses showed that siRNA silencing of Itga8 in cultured fibroblasts led to a decline in the LOXL1 expression and inhibition of fibroblast activation. Mechanistic analyses indicated that LOXL1 activated the FAK/PI3K/AKT/HIF1a signaling pathway, and the addition of inhibitors of FAK or PI3K reversed these results via downregulation of LOXL1. Furthermore, HIF1a directly interacted with LOXL1 and upregulated its expression, indicating that LOXL1 can positively self-regulate by forming a positive feedback loop with the FAK/PI3K/AKT/HIF1a pathway. We demonstrated that HSCs-specific Loxl1 deficiency prevented fibrosis, inflammation and that ITGA8/FAK/PI3K/AKT/HIF1a was essential for the function and expression of LOXL1. Knowledge of this approach can provide novel mechanisms and targets to treat fibrosis in the future.

Hepatic stellate cells in the injured liver: Perspectives beyond hepatic fibrosis.

Over the last two decades, our understanding of the pathological role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in fibrotic liver disease has increased dramatically. AsHSCs are identified as the principal collagen-producing cells in the injured liver, several experimental and clinical studies have targeted HSCs to treat liver fibrosis. However, HSCs also play a critical role in developing nonfibrotic liver diseases such as cholestasis, portal hypertension, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, this review exclusively focuses on the role of activated HSCs beyond hepatic fibrosis. In cholestasis conditions, elevated bile salts and bile acids activate HSCs to secrete collagen and other extracellular matrix products, which cause biliary fibrosis and cholangitis. In the chronically injured liver, autocrine and paracrine signaling from liver sinusoidal endothelial cells activates HSCs to induce portal hypertension via endothelin-1 release. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), activated HSCs are the major source of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). The crosstalk between activated HSC/CAF and tumor cells isassociated with tumor cell proliferation, migration, metastasis, and chemoresistance. In TME, activated HSCs convert macrophages to tumor-associated macrophages and induce the differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes to regulatory DCs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, respectively. This differentiation, in turn, increases T cells proliferation and induces their apoptosis leading to reduced immune surveillance in TME. Thus, HSCs activation in chronically injured liver is a critical process involved in the progression of cholestasis, portal hypertension, and liver cancer.

The Role of Hepatic Stellate Cells and Angiogenesis in Liver Regeneration Following Partial Hepatectomy in Adult Male Albino Rats: Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

Introduction: Partial hepatectomy is indicated as the main curative approach for traumatic rupture of the hepatic parenchyma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are vital and have a significant importance in their emerging role in hepatic regeneration.Aim of the Work: Study the role of hepatic stellate cells and angiogenesis in liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy in adult male albino rats.Materials and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats(4-6months) weighing 150-200 gm were randomized into 5 groups of eight rats each; group I was the sham control group, and the animals were subjected to 70% partial hepatectomy in groups II, III, IV and V in which they were postoperatively sacrificed 3, 7, 14 and 21 days respectively. At the time of scarification specimens were taken for histological and immunohistochemical studies. H and E and immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and α-smooth muscle actin (α- SMA) were done. Image analysis and statistical analysis of the obtained results were performed.Results: The liver showed disturbed histological architecture with distortion of the neatly arranged hepatocyte plates in group II which was restored in the following groups. Wide distribution of Kupffer cells, was also noted in group II and continued in group III. The PCNA and VEGF activity showed significant positive reaction in groups II and III , insignificant positive immunoreaction was reported in groups IV and V . The α- SMA showed significant positive reaction in group II, insignificant immunoreaction was reported in the remaining other groups.Conclusion: Partial hepatectomy stimulated liver regeneration in the remaining liver lobes with reconstitution of most of the liver mass 21 days postoperatively. This regenerative process was associated with angiogenesis and HSCs activation as denoted by VEGF expression and α- SMA expression respectively.

Endothelin-1 in portal hypertension: The intricate role of hepatic stellate cells.

Portal hypertension is pathologically defined as increase of portal venous pressure, mainly due to chronic liver diseases such as fibrosis and cirrhosis. In fibrotic liver, activated hepatic stellate cells increase their contraction in response to endothelin-1 (ET-1) via autocrine and paracrine stimulation from liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and injured hepatocytes. Clinical studies are limited with ET receptor antagonists in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. Hence, studies are needed to find molecules that block ET-1 synthesis. Accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the perisinusoidal space, tissue contraction, and alteration in blood flow are prominent during portal hypertension. Therefore, novel matrix modulators should be tested experimentally as well as in clinical studies. Specifically, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β1, Wnt, Notch, rho-associated protein kinase 1 signaling antagonists, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and γ, interferon-γ and sirtuin 1 agonists should be tested elaborately against cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension.

The role of hepatic stellate cells in fibrotic liver diseases

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play essential roles in normal and pathophysiological function in liver. In steady state, HSCs contribute to retinoid storage, immune tolerance, and extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis. Upon liver injury, they become activated and lead to morphological and functional changes. Studies have demonstrated that activation of HSCs by various stimuli such as toxins, microbial infection, or metabolic overload can promote the fibrotic changes in liver by production of ECM. Herein, we provide current knowledge about the basic characteristics of HSCs and the mechanism by which they are activated.