Role Of Germany Research Articles

A New Moral World Order: Carl Alexander Simon and the German Colonization of Southern Chile

Abstract This article focuses on overlooked aspects of German colonization in southern Chile by examining the treatise Auswanderung und deutsch-nationale Kolonisation von Süd-Amerika mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Freistaates Chile (Emigration and German National Colonization of South America with Special Attention to the Free State of Chile) by Carl Alexander Simon. Simon was a Romantic artist who advocated for overseas colonization and settled in Chile to promote his ideas. His treatise, which blended poetry and Romantic rhetoric with political ideas, aimed to encourage German occupation of Chile and South America based on the supposed physical and intellectual superiority of the Germans. This article argues that Simon’s work is integral to understanding the intersection of Romanticism and German colonialism in the nineteenth century and how racial and nationalistic sentiments fuelled German colonialism in remote corners of the world. Furthermore, it contributes to discussions on German nation-building overseas and the connections between German colonialism and race, the legacies of German colonialism, German colonial fantasies, and indigeneity and Germanness. Finally, this study of Simon’s work complements existing research on German settlements in Africa, Asia and the Pacific from 1850 onwards, highlighting the importance of considering the role of Germany in the global colonial project.

Walking the line of the double bind: A cross-country comparison on women and men politicians’ self-presentations on social media

Abstract Political leaders play a crucial role in shaping societal perceptions and citizens’ expectations of gender roles. Through their self-presentation on social media, political leaders have the power to either reinforce or challenge existing gender stereotypes, thereby influencing how citizens perceive and interpret gender norms. However, research on how women and men politicians present themselves on social media is scarce. This comparative study contributes to remedying this research gap by content analysing the official Facebook and Instagram pages of 18 political leaders during the 2021 national election campaigns in Germany and Norway. In contrast to earlier research on gendered presentations of politicians in the news, we did not find strong evidence of gendered self-presentations in either country, neither in terms of personalisation nor in terms of gender issue ownership. This could be because gender roles in Germany and Norway have become more fluid, or because the successful politicians we have analysed have been successful due to their ability to “walk the double bind” of needing to conform to both masculine and feminine gender expectations. Our study calls for more comparative research into this field, including studies of lower profile politicians and politicians in countries with lower degrees of gender equality.

Introduction

Abstract This article is an introduction to the Zeitenwende discussion regarding Chancellor Olaf Scholz's announcement of a turning point of German foreign policy in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. After explaining the concept, the text reviews the prior tradition of a “civilian power” and explores the military and economic dimensions of Berlin's “policy reversal.” The article then probes the conflicted “public responses” and discusses the “implementation problems” in order to assess the efficacy of the change of course. The evaluation concludes with some comments on the “future prospects” of Germany's role in what has turned into a lengthy war of attrition.

Akademisiertes Pflegefachpersonal aus Drittstaaten: Professionelles Selbstverständnis vs. berufliche Realität in Deutschland? Eine qualitative Studie am Beispiel migrierter philippinischer Pflegefachpersonen

BackgroundThe recruitment of internationally educated nurses is gaining relevance in Germany in response to the growing shortage of nurses. Differences in nursing qualifications and practices between the country of origin and of destination can irritate the professional self-concept and hinder professional integration. PurposeThe study objective was to examine the development of the professional scope of action to unfold the professional self-concept of academically qualified nurses in Germany. MethodsIn accordance with the episodic interview, eight guided interviews were conducted with Filipino nurses who had migrated to Germany. Data was analyzed by thematic coding. ResultsThe analysis shows two dimensions that impact the professional scope of action: perceived systemic constraints in the transition process and perspectives on professional development. The recruitment and recognition process is associated with high financial and time-related uncertainties and professional devaluation experiences. Migrant nurses experience both a loss of competence and a sense of foreignness in their nursing role in Germany. In order to regain professional scope of action, strategies of continuing education and focusing on more technology-intensive nursing care areas are pursued; only a minority can adapt their self-concept to the circumstances of nursing practice in Germany. DiscussionThe study results demonstrate the importance of paying attention to both the competence profile and the professional self-concept of academically educated nurses in order to offer migrant nurses professional career prospects in Germany. Especially in long-term care, this has proved to be a structural problem. ConclusionTo provide an attractive destination for international academically qualified nursing professionals in Germany, the ratification of international standards, the provision of transparent and independent information, utilization of existing nursing expertise as well as the establishment of career opportunities are recommended.

Germany's Economic Integration: Automotive Industry and FDI Analysis

In this paper, Germany's significant role was explored in regional integration and its competitive edge in the automotive manufacturing industry, underlining the country's strategic involvement in the European Union and World Trade Organisation. Germany’s participation in the EU has been instrumental in promoting economic integration across Europe, benefiting from free trade agreements and contributing to the EU’s status as a major trade bloc. The paper also delves into the reasons behind Germany's prowess in the automotive sector, using Porter's Diamond Model to analyze factors like advanced technology, skilled workforce, strict consumer standards, and supportive industries, all contributing to the country's global competitiveness in this domain. Furthermore, the study investigates the dynamics of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Germany, identifying key attractions for foreign investors such as technological leadership, a robust market, efficient infrastructure, and favorable investment policies. However, challenges like rigorous government regulations on FDI and cultural differences pose potential hurdles for foreign investors. The conclusion emphasizes that while Germany offers substantial opportunities due to its economic strength and market potential, foreign entities must carefully navigate these challenges to successfully invest and operate in the German market.

The role of Germany as a NATO «framework nation»

Unlike its predecessors, Germany used its military potential not to solve exceptionally national issues, but to participate in the activities of multilateral military blocs. At the same time she maintained its ambitions as a power. The combination of two trends has conditioned the Bundeswehrʼs usage as a means that provided Germany with the opportunity to become a framework nation for different multinational military groupings. The article explores the cases of such a role of Germany in the instability zones in the Balkans in the 1990s, in Afghanistan, Lebanon and Mali in the XXI century. The constraints caused by the state of the Bundeswehr for the implementation of the tasks of the Federal Republic of Germany as a «framework nation» are considered. The cases of such Bundeswehr`s activity as NATO Response Force, enhanced and tailored Forward Presence during the confrontation between the West and Russia are considered. The political importance of each case for the change of Germany`s positions in Europe and in the world is presented.

Role-theoretic discourse analysis of German security policy: a case of German parliamentary debate on the mission in Afghanistan.

This article combines linguistic discourse analysis with role theory to create a role-theoretic discourse analysis framework for German security policy. To illustrate this, we employ topos analysis on 30 plenary minutes of parliamentary debates regarding the International Security Assistance Force mission in Afghanistan, conducted by German Members of Parliament between 2001 and 2014. We interpret their perception of Germany's roles in light of key behavioral norms related to German security policy. The parliamentary discourse, shaped by topoi, sets the stage for decisions on German military operations abroad. The use of topoi is influenced by dominant thought patterns, particularly the perspective on Germany's role in security policy held by the political elite. Political decisions, in turn, reflect behavioral preferences guided by these viewpoints. Our research reveals how changes in German security policy are mirrored in the discourse. This discourse is structured around five categories of topoi for legitimizing or delegitimizing military operations abroad: necessity, obligation, self-interest, capability and preparedness, and solution. An evaluation of the use of topoi through the lens of role theory indicates that perceptions of Germany's role have evolved over time, encompassing roles such as a "civilian power," a "normal state," and an "agenda-setting role" in sync with its foreign military engagements.

Expectations of general practitioners on a practice based research network in Germany- a qualitative study within the Bavarian Research Practice Network (BayFoNet)

BackgroundDespite general practitioners' (GPs') key role in Germany`s primary health care, clinical research in general practice is scarce. Clinical research is mainly conducted at inpatient facilities, although their results are rarely transferable. German GPs have no extra time or funding for research, as well as limited research training. To support clinical research in German primary health care, practice-based research networks (PBRNs) are developed. As they will be based on an active involvement of GPs, we need more information on GPs` participation-readiness. The aim of this study was to explore facilitators and barriers to participation in the Bavarian Research Practice Network (BayFoNet) from the GPs`perspective before clinical trials will be performed.MethodsWe have performed semi-structured qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of 20 Bavarian GPs in 2022 under the application of the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR). Transcriptions were analysed according to Kuckartz` qualitative content analysis. The five domains of the CFIR framework served as initial deductive codes.ResultsN = 14 interviewees already agreed to participate in BayFoNet, whereas n = 6 interviewees opted not to participate in BayFoNet at the time of data collection. Main facilitators to conduct clinical research within BayFoNet were the motivation to contribute to evidence strength and quality in general practice, professional development and training of practice staff, as well as networking. Barriers for an active participation were bad experiences with previous clinical studies and lack of resources.ConclusionsPBRNS in Germany have to be promoted and the entire practice team has to be involved at an early stage of development. Professional training of general practice staff and a living network might enhance engagement. Participatory approaches could help to develop acceptable and feasible study designs. Furthermore, PBRNs should support patient recruitment and data collection in general practices and disseminate the results of their research projects regularly to maintain GPs` engagement.Trial registrationDRKS00028805, NCT05667207.

Electricity cost and CO2 savings potential for chlor-alkali electrolysis plants: Benefits of electricity price dependent demand response

Chlor-alkali electrolysis plays a significant role in Germany's electricity demand, with a share of >2%. It offers a promising avenue for leveraging demand response strategies. In times of escalating electricity prices, load shifting can help to maintain economic competitiveness of domestic industries. This study aims to assess the potential for electricity cost savings and related CO2 emission reductions through optimal load shifting practices for chlor-alkali electrolysis, considering both current and projected future electricity prices. The research employs the mixed-integer energy system modeling framework IRPopt to model and optimize a chlorine value chain under various scenarios. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the primary factors driving electricity cost savings. The findings reveal that, based on the 2019 electricity price distribution (before pandemic and energy crisis), load shifting can yield electricity cost savings of 5.8% and CO2 emission reductions of 2.7%. As the share of variable renewable energy sources increases along with other driving factors, the electricity price spread is projected to rise from 28% in 2019 to an average of 87% in 2040 scenarios. Consequently, electricity cost savings rise up to 22% and CO2 emission reductions up to 10%. The primary drivers behind electricity cost savings include electricity price spreads and the utilization and operating range of the electrolyzer. In addition to the business-level advantages, the resulting decrease in residual load and lower CO2 emissions contribute to the integration of variable renewable energy sources and the achievement of decarbonization targets at the economic level.

Ретроспективный анализ и перспективы развития оперативного мышления НАТО

This article reviews Z. Lautsch’s monograph “The Foundations of NATO Operational Thinking. A Retrospective Analysis of Operational Thinking in the 80s and Assessment of Development Prospects”. A brief introduction to the author is given. His approaches to the basic concepts defining operational thinking as a complex phenomenon are reviewed. It is noted that the author uses the points of view of both Western and Soviet military science in his reflections. The author analyses Z. Lautsch’s reflections on Germany’s role in the multinational alliance structure during the last decade of the Cold War. The evolution of NATO operational thinking from air-to-ground combat doctrine in the 1980s to cognitive warfare in the sixth operational domain in the 21st century is examined. The concept of „petty warfare” in the views of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the role of operational command in its conduct are touched upon. Particular attention is paid to analyzing the relationships between the framework states of the North Atlantic Alliance and their role in the development of operational thinking at the present stage. In particular, the role of Germany as a logistics centre for the entire alliance in Europe is emphasised. The importance of rearming the Bundeswehr and enhancing its credibility in the eyes of the population and at European level is noted. It underscores the need to forge links between the military doctrines of all alliance members and to adopt uniform standards for combat and operational training. This direction of development is of primary importance for the USA, France, the UK, Germany and Italy. The author notes that the Western and Eastern models of operational thinking had conceptual similarities in content and scope.

Economic Analysis of Synthetic Natural Gas Production in Germany Considering Different Power-to-Methane Plants

Power-to-Gas technology can play a crucial role in Germany’s energy transition, as it can help decarbonize various sectors. Therefore, this study analyzes the levelized cost of synthetic natural gas production in Germany. For this, different electrolysis technologies, CO2 sources, and scenarios are considered. This study’s objectives are to find out which Power-to-Methane technology causes the lowest levelized cost, how the tremendous change of wholesale electricity prices in 2022 impacted it, and how it changes if an electricity price of 0 €/MW h is assumed. Furthermore, the results are compared with natural gas and biogas prices. Solid oxide electrolyzer cell and biomass as the CO2 source causes the lowest levelized cost. Compared to 2021, the levelized costs have changed significantly in 2022. For example, the values increased by about 54–78% (10 MW) and 65–87% (100 MW). Provided that an electricity price of 0 €/MW h is assumed, the levelized costs decrease by 20–92% (10 MW) and 25–95% (100 MW). Compared to natural gas and biogas prices, only the scenarios with biomass as the CO2 source for 2030 and 2050 are in the range of these values if electricity prices are fully considered. If an electricity price of 0 €/MW h is assumed, all values, apart from a few exceptions, are in the range of the comparative values or below.

The Serbian and Yugoslav Reception of Werner Sombart (1895-2022)

Following the publication of voluminous works such as Socialism and the Social Movement, German Economic Life in the 19th Century and Modern Capitalism, Werner Sombart (1863-1941) became one of the most prominent, most widely read and most translated European intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century. Sombart became very popular not only in Germany but also in other countries in Europe and beyond (particularly in Italy and Japan). As Reiner Grundmann and Nico Stehr have observed, the period after Sombart’s death in 1941 was marked by great changes in European and global sociological and economic thought. Consequently, Sombart was gradually marginalized and removed from the ranks of mainstream authors. Although he was held in high regard by, among others, Fernand Braudel and Joseph Schumpeter, Sombart’s work was neglected due to the paradigm changes in economics and sociology, with priority given to authors who based their research on traditions opposed to German historicism and Marxism.
 The history of this author’s reception among the Serbian and Yugoslav public is characterized by disontinuity and, compared to Max Weber and Karl Marx, insufficient comprehensiveness in its approach. It can be argued that the Serbian academic community has followed the trends in European scholarship from the late 19th century to the present day. In all analyses to date, Werner Sombart’s extensive oeuvre has been reduced to certain aspects (capitalism, social pluralism, a critique of his conceptions).
 Werner Sombart had a significant presence up until 1941. Even in these circumstances Serbian scholars, unlike Croatian ones, devoted more attention to ideas about the twilight and crisis of capitalism, the relationship between the state and the economy, the role of luxury and spending by the rich in the genesis of modern economic life. During communism Sombart’s work was completely marginalized due to ideological factors, a change of paradigm and a negative perception of his role in Germany’s political life. Also, Serbian sociology and social sciences more generally followed the trend of according great recognition to Max Weber, which, until the collapse of communism, had been limited, but following the breakup of Yugoslavia and the beginning of transition, increasingly overt and widespread, replacing the absolute dominance of the Marxist paradigm.
 And while Sombart has been completely neglected by the Croatian public, in Serbia there has been a revival of interest thanks to the recent translations of the study Luxury and Capitalism (2011) and the wartime pamphlet Traders and Heroes (2018). New research has drawn attention not only to the geopolitical aspects of Sombart’s thought, but also to his wartime engagement and the genesis of his ideas, which can be situated within the traditions of reactionary modernism.

Characteristics and completeness of spontaneous reports by reporter's role in Germany: An analysis of the EudraVigilance database using the example of opioid-associated abuse, dependence, or withdrawal.

Spontaneous reporting is based on the experience of all healthcare professionals (HCPs) but also consumers/non-HCPs and therefore reveals a broad picture of a drug's adverse reactions. Recent studies found substantial differences between reports from these varying sources including the reports' completeness. Using the example of opioid-associated abuse, dependence, or withdrawal, this study analyzed the completeness and characteristics of spontaneous reports from Germany focusing on the reporter. Based on EudraVigilance data, we included all cases of abuse, dependence, or withdrawal associated with opioids indicated for pain therapy and filed from Germany until 2018. Completeness and characteristics were analyzed by a reporter (physician, pharmacist, other HCPs, consumers/non-HCPs) and also by time period to account for other influencing factors. In total, 1721 cases were included, mainly filed by physicians (38.5%) and pharmacists (30.7%). Completeness of demographics varied from 74.5% (other HCPs) to 42.7% (consumers/non-HCPs). Consumers/non-HCPs most often provided any indication/comorbidity (75.2%), whereas this was the case for only 20.2% of pharmacists. Large differences between the reporters were found for almost all characteristics. Other HCPs far more often coded a history of drug abuse, dependence, or withdrawal than other reporters (46.9% vs. 11.6%-24.2%, respectively), and fatal outcomes were also mainly filed by other HCPs (68.1% vs. 14.8%-20.4% by all other reporters). Differences in completeness and characteristics were also observed over time. Studies analyzing spontaneous data should consider potential differences between the various reporting groups in terms of completeness and characteristics. Further, the impact of other influencing factors has to be assessed.

Sustainability of coal mining. Is Germany a post-mining model for Colombia?

For centuries, coal mining played a crucial role in Germany's socio-economic history. It not only drove its industrialization but also supported its recovery after World War II. Since the middle of the 20th century in Germany, this industry entered a deep crisis mainly due to its high production costs. This led to the final closure of German hard coal mining in 2018. In Colombia, coal mining has also played an important economic role, especially since the 1980s when the large concessions began. In Germany, the closure of this industry has entailed great challenges, which have been addressed through regional structural transformation processes that continue today. Likewise, Germany's plan to phase out coal from its energy matrix has also entailed great challenges that have increased due to the current energy crisis in Europe. In the case of Colombia, global trends to reduce coal consumption will inevitably affect its national finances in the medium term. A comparative analysis of scenarios of these two countries, along with some projections of energy and coal consumption at world level, show that certain German experiences, especially regarding the processes of regional structural change, can be useful in the definition of strategies for the Colombian context.

The State as a “form of life” and the space as Leistungsraum: the reception of Ratzel in the First and Second World Wars

Abstract. My contribution explores the meaning of war and the role of Germany, which was seen as representing a Mittellage, before the First and the Second World Wars, through the eyes of two main authors who radically reinterpreted and appropriated geographical political thinking, particularly the work of Ratzel. I am referring to the Swedish political scholar Rudolf Kjellen and the “crown jurist” of the Third Reich, Carl Schmitt. The consideration of the triple relation between space, Ratzel and war casts light on Kjellen's and Schmitt's use of Ratzel as a lever in order to promote their idea of politics and political science. Ratzel's concepts offered Kjellen and, in a different way, Schmitt, a means of justifying their way of overcoming and stretching the “limits” of their disciplines and, at the same time, of introducing a new idea of political and geographical organization, which de facto legitimized German expansion, in two crucial periods of German political life – the First and the Second World Wars. As a consequence, their Ratzel was oriented toward militant aims. Moreover, their scientific and political ideas were clearly intertwined – they explicitly rejected the idea of separating their roles as political activists and as members of a scientific community.

Increasing incidence of Trichophyton tonsurans in Munich-A single-centre observation.

Tinea capitis and tinea corporis are highly prevalent fungal skin infections, which globally are mainly caused by Microsporum canis and Trichophyton rubrum, respectively. While in the United States and Great Britain Trichophyton tonsurans is widely prevalent as a causative pathogen, it so far only plays a minor role in Germany. Since the frequency of pathogenic species varies regionally and temporally, this study assesses the proportion of Trichophyton tonsurans infections in the dermatology department of a large university hospital in Germany from 2019 to 2022 and thoroughly characterises the affected patient population. This retrospective study at the Technical University of Munich analyses mycological culture results regarding the identified dermatophyte and infection site. Detailed patient and disease-related information on Trichophyton tonsurans positive patients was obtained. In 2022, 23 patients of 111 dermatophyte culture-positive patients tested positive for Trichophyton tonsurans. This accounted for 20.7% and represented a tenfold increase from 2.1% in 2019. Contact sports were only practiced by 21.7% of patients, and no common hotspot or other linkage could be identified between the cases. Additionally, 47.8% of the patients received a systemic treatment, with 30.4% visiting the clinic more than three times. In 2022, 21.7% were diagnosed with a simultaneous infection of the capillitium and body, whereas this was only observed in 7.1% of cases in 2019 to 2021. This study suggests an increase of Trichophyton tonsurans infections via several routes of transmission.

Onychomycosis guideline update

Self-medication with antimycotic nail polishes plays an important role in Germany due to the numerous OTC drugs available and an increasing number of onychomycosis cases. Older patients in particular are more frequently affected due to slower nail growth and the possible existence of predisposing diseases [1]. But the prevalence is also increasing in children [2]. This makes guideline-based recommendations regarding diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis of onychomycosis all the more important.

Политическая экспертиза украинского кризиса Немецким институтом международных отношений и безопасности: новые выводы о германской стратегической культуре

The article examines the influence of the German think tank ‘German Institute for International and Security Affairs’ (SWP) on German public opinion and, subsequently, on the main parameters of the country’s strategic culture. It was found that the key task of the think tank’s experts is to promote the idea of the need to transform the previous principles of strategic culture in order for Germany's policy to correspond to the new world realities, so that the country could interact more successfully with other states in the military-political sphere. It is possible that analysts promote a similar idea while advising the German government and taking part in its decision-making processes, but at the moment their main task is to interact with the society. The basic principles of the strategic culture of Germany are studied, it is emphasized that due to the legacy of the past, Germany continues to avoid active involvement in the settlement of military conflicts. In addition, it seems impossible for modern Germany to prioritize its own national security interests over the ones of the allies. In this regard, the task of restoring the country's defense capability and turning the Bundeswehr into an effective modern army is interpreted by the experts of the think tank as a need to move from state pacifism to ideologems of a just war rather than as a process of militarization. Experts avoid direct criticism of the strategic culture, focusing on particular cases and calling on Germany to take more active actions. The analysis of Germany's policy on the African continent serves as a vivid example. The article demonstrates the activity of SWP experts in the mass media on the issues regarding the Ukrainian crisis and the role of Germany in its settlement. They demand greater initiative from Germany and the abandonment of existing barriers and restrictions, albeit gradual one. Opinion of expert community representatives stems from the fact that military force is an important factor in international relations, and by using it, Berlin will more effectively fulfill its obligations to ensure national and regional security than before. It seems impossible to unequivocally judge whether the analysts of the think tank have a decisive influence on political decisions, but they definitely take an active part in shaping the public opinion on the change of Germany’s military-political role in the world, so the importance of such expertise should not be ignored.

МІГРАЦІЙНА ПОЛІТИКА ФРН НА СУЧАСНОМУ ЕТАПІ: АНАЛІЗ ПІДХОДІВ ДО БІЖЕНЦІВ В КОНТЕКСТІ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ВИКЛИКІВ

The article examines the main principles of the refugee migration policy of the Federal Republic of Germany, highlights the main migration laws and documents regulating migration flows. Aid to refugees from the countries of North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia in 2015 and Ukrainian refugees who arrived in Germany due to the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation are compared. On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, triggering another war in Europe and leading to a significant humanitarian crisis with over three million Ukrainian refugees. This part of the article explores whether refugees from Ukraine are perceived differently compared to those from other countries. Notably, while the 2015 refugee influx into Germany primarily consisted of young men from the Middle East, the current situation involves mostly women, children, and elderly people from Ukraine. This shift has led to different public and political responses in Germany. Furthermore, the article discusses why Ukrainian refugees have received better conditions compared to the 2015 scenario, highlighting factors like political dimensions, Ukraine's orientation towards Western democracy, geographical proximity invoking a sense of shared fate, and the cultural closeness reflected in the European character of Ukrainian cities. The article also studies the legal mechanisms affecting refugee reception, particularly the “Mass Influx Directive” enacted in 2001 following the displacement during the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. This directive offers a bureaucracy-free method of accepting refugees outside the usual asylum procedure but requires a decision from the EU for its activation. Notably, in 2015, this directive was not applied to Syrian refugees. Instead, Germany unilaterally decided to accept large numbers of Syrian refugees on September 4, 2015. Contrastingly, in 2022, the EU nations collectively decided to activate this directive for Ukrainian refugees soon after the Russian invasion. This directive, triggered in situations like war or persecution impacting large population groups, allows for a bypass of the standard asylum procedure, granting Ukrainian refugees direct protection within the EU without the need for thorough application scrutiny and additional burdens. The conclusion of the article synthesizes the observations on the complexities and dynamics of migration processes in the contemporary world, with a focus on Germany's role as a key player in shaping European migration policy. The analysis of Germany’s approaches to refugees from various regions, especially in the context of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine in 2022, highlights differences in attitudes and methods of assistance. It was established that key German migration laws and documents reflect the dynamic and adaptive nature of state policy, responding to global challenges and changes. The assistance provided to Ukrainian refugees underscores Germany's particular approach towards this group, considering their situation induced by military actions. The primary conclusion is that recipient countries' migration policies are not static; they adapt to external challenges and internal needs. The situation with Ukrainian refugees has been another significant test for the German migration system, where humanitarian commitments intersect with political realities. Germany's efforts in this domain should be considered in formulating international policy aimed at supporting stability and cooperation in Europe. Key words: migration policy, Germany, refugees from the Middle East, Ukrainian refugees, migration space, migrants, cooperation, visa regime, illegal migration.

Unified Germany's Role in the European Union: Hegemon, Co-leader, or Mediator?

Unified Germany's Role in the European Union: Hegemon, Co-leader, or Mediator?